1
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Sahara S, Warner KA, Herzog AE, Zhang Z, Nör JE. Therapeutic inhibition of Bmi-1 ablates chemoresistant cancer stem cells in adenoid cystic carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2023; 142:106437. [PMID: 37267716 PMCID: PMC10960194 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2023.106437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adenoid Cystic Carcinomas (ACC) typically show modest responseto cytotoxic therapy. Cancer stem cells (CSC) have been implicated in chemoresistance and tumor relapse. However, their role in ACC remains unknown. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the impact of targeting ACC CSCs with Bmi-1 inhibitors on resistance to cytotoxic therapy and tumor relapse. MATERIALS AND METHODS Therapeutic efficacy of a small molecule inhibitor of Bmi-1 (PTC596; Unesbulin) and/or Cisplatin on ACC stemness was evaluated in immunodeficient mice harboring PDX ACC tumors (UM-PDX-HACC-5) and in human ACC cell-lines (UM-HACC-2A,-14) or low passage primary human ACC cells (UM-HACC-6). The effect of therapy on stemness was examined by salisphere assays, flow cytometry for ALDH activity and CD44 expression, and Western blots for Bmi-1 (self-renewal marker) and Oct4 (embryonic stem cell marker) expression. RESULTS Platinum-based agents (Cisplatin, Carboplatin) induced Bmi-1 and Oct4 expression, increased salisphere formation and the CSC fraction in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, PTC596 inhibited expression of Bmi-1, Oct4 and pro-survival proteins Mcl-1 and Claspin; decreased the number of salispheres, and the fraction of ACC CSCs in vitro. Silencing Claspin decreased salisphere formation and CSC fraction. Both, single agent PTC596 and PTC596/Cisplatin combination decreased the CSC fraction in PDX ACC tumors. Notably, short-term combination therapy (2 weeks) with PTC596/Cisplatin prevented tumor relapse for 150 days in a preclinical trial in mice. CONCLUSION Therapeutic inhibition of Bmi-1 ablates chemoresistant CSCs and prevents ACC tumor relapse. Collectively, these results suggest that ACC patients might benefit from Bmi-1-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sosuke Sahara
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kristy A Warner
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexandra E Herzog
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zhaocheng Zhang
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jacques E Nör
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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The Landscape and Therapeutic Targeting of BRCA1, BRCA2 and Other DNA Damage Response Genes in Pancreatic Cancer. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:2105-2120. [PMID: 36975505 PMCID: PMC10047276 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45030135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genes participating in the cellular response to damaged DNA have an important function to protect genetic information from alterations due to extrinsic and intrinsic cellular insults. In cancer cells, alterations in these genes are a source of genetic instability, which is advantageous for cancer progression by providing background for adaptation to adverse environments and attack by the immune system. Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have been known for decades to predispose to familial breast and ovarian cancers, and, more recently, prostate and pancreatic cancers have been added to the constellation of cancers that show increased prevalence in these families. Cancers associated with these genetic syndromes are currently treated with PARP inhibitors based on the exquisite sensitivity of cells lacking BRCA1 or BRCA2 function to inhibition of the PARP enzyme. In contrast, the sensitivity of pancreatic cancers with somatic BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations and with mutations in other homologous recombination (HR) repair genes to PARP inhibitors is less established and the subject of ongoing investigations. This paper reviews the prevalence of pancreatic cancers with HR gene defects and treatment of pancreatic cancer patients with defects in HR with PARP inhibitors and other drugs in development that target these molecular defects.
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3
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Roering P, Siddiqui A, Heuser VD, Potdar S, Mikkonen P, Oikkonen J, Li Y, Pikkusaari S, Wennerberg K, Hynninen J, Grenman S, Huhtinen K, Auranen A, Carpén O, Kaipio K. Effects of Wee1 inhibitor adavosertib on patient-derived high-grade serous ovarian cancer cells are multiple and independent of homologous recombination status. Front Oncol 2022; 12:954430. [PMID: 36081565 PMCID: PMC9445195 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.954430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective A major challenge in the treatment of platinum-resistant high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is lack of effective therapies. Much of ongoing research on drug candidates relies on HGSOC cell lines that are poorly documented. The goal of this study was to screen for effective, state-of-the-art drug candidates using primary HGSOC cells. In addition, our aim was to dissect the inhibitory activities of Wee1 inhibitor adavosertib on primary and conventional HGSOC cell lines. Methods A comprehensive drug sensitivity and resistance testing (DSRT) on 306 drug compounds was performed on three patient-derived genetically unique HGSOC cell lines and two commonly used ovarian cancer cell lines. The effect of adavosertib on the cell lines was tested in several assays, including cell-cycle analysis, apoptosis induction, proliferation, wound healing, DNA damage, and effect on nuclear integrity. Results Several compounds exerted cytotoxic activity toward all cell lines, when tested in both adherent and spheroid conditions. In further cytotoxicity tests, adavosertib exerted the most consistent cytotoxic activity. Adavosertib affected cell-cycle control in patient-derived and conventional HGSOC cells, inducing G2/M accumulation and reducing cyclin B1 levels. It induced apoptosis and inhibited proliferation and migration in all cell lines. Furthermore, the DNA damage marker γH2AX and the number of abnormal cell nuclei were clearly increased following adavosertib treatment. Based on the homologous recombination (HR) signature and functional HR assays of the cell lines, the effects of adavosertib were independent of the cells' HR status. Conclusion Our study indicates that Wee1 inhibitor adavosertib affects several critical functions related to proliferation, cell cycle and division, apoptosis, and invasion. Importantly, the effects are consistent in all tested cell lines, including primary HGSOC cells, and independent of the HR status of the cells. Wee1 inhibition may thus provide treatment opportunities especially for patients, whose cancer has acquired resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy or PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Roering
- Institute of Biomedicine and Finnish Cancer Center (FICAN) West Cancer Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- *Correspondence: Pia Roering, ; Olli Carpén,
| | - Arafat Siddiqui
- Institute of Biomedicine and Finnish Cancer Center (FICAN) West Cancer Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Vanina D. Heuser
- Institute of Biomedicine and Finnish Cancer Center (FICAN) West Cancer Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Swapnil Potdar
- High Throughput Biomedicine Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Piia Mikkonen
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Oikkonen
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yilin Li
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Pikkusaari
- Institute of Biomedicine and Finnish Cancer Center (FICAN) West Cancer Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Krister Wennerberg
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johanna Hynninen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Seija Grenman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kaisa Huhtinen
- Institute of Biomedicine and Finnish Cancer Center (FICAN) West Cancer Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annika Auranen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Tays Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Carpén
- Department of Pathology, Precision Cancer Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- *Correspondence: Pia Roering, ; Olli Carpén,
| | - Katja Kaipio
- Institute of Biomedicine and Finnish Cancer Center (FICAN) West Cancer Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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4
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Abbotts R, Dellomo AJ, Rassool FV. Pharmacologic Induction of BRCAness in BRCA-Proficient Cancers: Expanding PARP Inhibitor Use. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2640. [PMID: 35681619 PMCID: PMC9179544 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family of proteins has been implicated in numerous cellular processes, including DNA repair, translation, transcription, telomere maintenance, and chromatin remodeling. Best characterized is PARP1, which plays a central role in the repair of single strand DNA damage, thus prompting the development of small molecule PARP inhibitors (PARPi) with the intent of potentiating the genotoxic effects of DNA damaging agents such as chemo- and radiotherapy. However, preclinical studies rapidly uncovered tumor-specific cytotoxicity of PARPi in a subset of cancers carrying mutations in the BReast CAncer 1 and 2 genes (BRCA1/2), which are defective in the homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair pathway, and several PARPi are now FDA-approved for single agent treatment in BRCA-mutated tumors. This phenomenon, termed synthetic lethality, has now been demonstrated in tumors harboring a number of repair gene mutations that produce a BRCA-like impairment of HR (also known as a 'BRCAness' phenotype). However, BRCA mutations or BRCAness is present in only a small subset of cancers, limiting PARPi therapeutic utility. Fortunately, it is now increasingly recognized that many small molecule agents, targeting a variety of molecular pathways, can induce therapeutic BRCAness as a downstream effect of activity. This review will discuss the potential for targeting a broad range of molecular pathways to therapeutically induce BRCAness and PARPi synthetic lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Abbotts
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.J.D.); (F.V.R.)
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Anna J. Dellomo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.J.D.); (F.V.R.)
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Feyruz V. Rassool
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.J.D.); (F.V.R.)
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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5
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Gupta N, Huang TT, Horibata S, Lee JM. Cell Cycle Checkpoints and Beyond: Exploiting the ATR/CHK1/WEE1 Pathway for the Treatment of PARP Inhibitor–Resistant Cancer. Pharmacol Res 2022; 178:106162. [PMID: 35259479 PMCID: PMC9026671 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPis) have become a mainstay of therapy in ovarian cancer and other malignancies, including BRCA-mutant breast, prostate, and pancreatic cancers. However, a growing number of patients develop resistance to PARPis, highlighting the need to further understand the mechanisms of PARPi resistance and develop effective treatment strategies. Targeting cell cycle checkpoint protein kinases, e.g., ATR, CHK1, and WEE1, which are upregulated in response to replication stress, represents one such therapeutic approach for PARPi-resistant cancers. Mechanistically, activated cell cycle checkpoints promote cell cycle arrest, replication fork stabilization, and DNA repair, demonstrating the interplay of DNA repair proteins with replication stress in the development of PARPi resistance. Inhibitors of these cell cycle checkpoints are under investigation in PARPi-resistant ovarian and other cancers. In this review, we discuss the cell cycle checkpoints and their roles beyond mere cell cycle regulation as part of the arsenal to overcome PARPi-resistant cancers. We also address the current status and recent advancements as well as limitations of cell cycle checkpoint inhibitors in clinical trials.
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6
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Aurora Kinases as Therapeutic Targets in Head and Neck Cancer. Cancer J 2022; 28:387-400. [PMID: 36165728 PMCID: PMC9836054 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The Aurora kinases (AURKA and AURKB) have attracted attention as therapeutic targets in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Aurora kinases were first defined as regulators of mitosis that localization to the centrosome (AURKA) and centromere (AURKB), governing formation of the mitotic spindle, chromatin condensation, activation of the core mitotic kinase CDK1, alignment of chromosomes at metaphase, and other processes. Subsequently, additional roles for Aurora kinases have been defined in other phases of cell cycle, including regulation of ciliary disassembly and DNA replication. In cancer, elevated expression and activity of Aurora kinases result in enhanced or neomorphic locations and functions that promote aggressive disease, including promotion of MYC expression, oncogenic signaling, stem cell identity, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and drug resistance. Numerous Aurora-targeted inhibitors have been developed and are being assessed in preclinical and clinical trials, with the goal of improving head and neck squamous cell carcinoma treatment.
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7
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Mueller S, Cooney T, Yang X, Pal S, Ermoian R, Gajjar A, Liu X, Prem K, Minard CG, Reid JM, Nelson M, Haas-Kogan D, Fox E, Weigel BJ. Wee1 kinase inhibitor adavosertib with radiation in newly diagnosed diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma: A Children's Oncology Group phase I consortium study. Neurooncol Adv 2022; 4:vdac073. [PMID: 35733515 PMCID: PMC9209747 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdac073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Children with diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPG) have a dismal prognosis. Adavosertib (AZD1775) is an orally available, blood-brain barrier penetrant, Wee1 kinase inhibitor. Preclinical efficacy against DIPG is heightened by radiation induced replication stress. Methods Using a rolling six design, 7 adavosertib dose levels (DLs) (50 mg/m2 alternating weeks, 50 mg/m2 alternating with weeks of every other day, 50 mg/m2, then 95, 130, 160, 200 mg/m2) were assessed. Adavosertib was only given on days of cranial radiation therapy (CRT).The duration of CRT (54 Gy over 30 fractions; 6 weeks) constituted the dose limiting toxicity (DLT) period. Endpoints included tolerability, pharmacokinetics, overall survival (OS) and peripheral blood γH2AX levels as a marker of DNA damage. Results A total of 46 eligible patients with newly diagnosed DIPG [median (range) age 6 (3-21) years; 52% female] were enrolled. The recommend phase 2 dose (RP2D) of adavosertib was 200 mg/m2/d during days of CRT. Dose limiting toxicity included ALT elevation (n = 1, DL4) and neutropenia (n = 1, DL7). The mean Tmax, T1/2 and Clp on Day 1 were 2 h, 4.4 h, and 45.2 L/hr/m2, respectively. Modest accumulation of adavosertib was observed comparing day 5 versus day 1 AUC0-8h (accumulation ratio = 1.6). OS was 11.1 months (95% CI: 9.4, 12.5) and did not differ from historical control. Conclusion Adavosertib in combination with CRT is well tolerated in children with newly diagnosed DIPG, however, compared to historical controls, did not improve OS. These results can inform future trial design in children with high-risk cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Mueller
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Tabitha Cooney
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sharmistha Pal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ralph Ermoian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Amar Gajjar
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tenesse
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Children’s Oncology Group, Monrovia, California
| | - Komal Prem
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Charles G Minard
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Joel M Reid
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Marvin Nelson
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Radiology, Keck USC School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Daphne Haas-Kogan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth Fox
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tenesse
| | - Brenda J Weigel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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8
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Jain A, Bhardwaj V. Therapeutic resistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Current challenges and future opportunities. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:6527-6550. [PMID: 34754151 PMCID: PMC8554400 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i39.6527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Although chemotherapeutic regimens such as gemcitabine+ nab-paclitaxel and FOLFIRINOX (FOLinic acid, 5-Fluroruracil, IRINotecan, and Oxaliplatin) significantly improve patient survival, the prevalence of therapy resistance remains a major roadblock in the success of these agents. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms that play a crucial role in PDAC therapy resistance and how a better understanding of these mechanisms has shaped clinical trials for pancreatic cancer chemotherapy. Specifically, we have discussed the metabolic alterations and DNA repair mechanisms observed in PDAC and current approaches in targeting these mechanisms. Our discussion also includes the lessons learned following the failure of immunotherapy in PDAC and current approaches underway to improve tumor's immunological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Jain
- The Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Vikas Bhardwaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
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9
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Inhibition of the DSB repair protein RAD51 potentiates the cytotoxic efficacy of doxorubicin via promoting apoptosis-related death pathways. Cancer Lett 2021; 520:361-373. [PMID: 34389435 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The anthracycline derivative doxorubicin (Doxo) induces DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by inhibition of DNA topoisomerase type II. Defective mismatch repair (MMR) contributes to Doxo resistance and has been reported for colon and mammary carcinomas. Here, we investigated the outcome of pharmacological inhibition of various DNA repair-related mechanisms on Doxo-induced cytotoxicity employing MMR-deficient HCT-116 colon carcinoma cells. Out of different inhibitors tested (i.e. HDACi, PARPi, MRE11i, RAD52i, RAD51i), we identified the RAD51-inhibitor B02 as the most powerful compound to synergistically increase Doxo-induced cytotoxicity. B02-mediated synergism rests on pleiotropic mechanisms, including pronounced G2/M arrest, damage to mitochondria and caspase-driven apoptosis. Of note, B02 also promotes the cytotoxicity of oxaliplatin and 5-fluoruracil (5-FU) in HCT-116 cells and, furthermore, also increases Doxo-induced cytotoxicity in MMR-proficient colon and mammary carcinoma cells. Summarizing, pharmacological inhibition of RAD51 is suggested to synergistically increase the cytotoxic efficacy of various types of conventional anticancer drugs in different tumor entities. Hence, pre-clinical in vivo studies are preferable to determine the therapeutic window of B02 in a clinically oriented therapeutic regimen.
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10
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Gorecki L, Andrs M, Korabecny J. Clinical Candidates Targeting the ATR-CHK1-WEE1 Axis in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:795. [PMID: 33672884 PMCID: PMC7918546 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective killing of cancer cells while sparing healthy ones is the principle of the perfect cancer treatment and the primary aim of many oncologists, molecular biologists, and medicinal chemists. To achieve this goal, it is crucial to understand the molecular mechanisms that distinguish cancer cells from healthy ones. Accordingly, several clinical candidates that use particular mutations in cell-cycle progressions have been developed to kill cancer cells. As the majority of cancer cells have defects in G1 control, targeting the subsequent intra‑S or G2/M checkpoints has also been extensively pursued. This review focuses on clinical candidates that target the kinases involved in intra‑S and G2/M checkpoints, namely, ATR, CHK1, and WEE1 inhibitors. It provides insight into their current status and future perspectives for anticancer treatment. Overall, even though CHK1 inhibitors are still far from clinical establishment, promising accomplishments with ATR and WEE1 inhibitors in phase II trials present a positive outlook for patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Gorecki
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (L.G.); (M.A.)
| | - Martin Andrs
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (L.G.); (M.A.)
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (L.G.); (M.A.)
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11
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Downregulation of Cell Cycle and Checkpoint Genes by Class I HDAC Inhibitors Limits Synergism with G2/M Checkpoint Inhibitor MK-1775 in Bladder Cancer Cells. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020260. [PMID: 33670166 PMCID: PMC7916885 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since genes encoding epigenetic regulators are often mutated or deregulated in urothelial carcinoma (UC), they represent promising therapeutic targets. Specifically, inhibition of Class-I histone deacetylase (HDAC) isoenzymes induces cell death in UC cell lines (UCC) and, in contrast to other cancer types, cell cycle arrest in G2/M. Here, we investigated whether mutations in cell cycle genes contribute to G2/M rather than G1 arrest, identified the precise point of arrest and clarified the function of individual HDAC Class-I isoenzymes. Database analyses of UC tissues and cell lines revealed mutations in G1/S, but not G2/M checkpoint regulators. Using class I-specific HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) with different isoenzyme specificity (Romidepsin, Entinostat, RGFP966), cell cycle arrest was shown to occur at the G2/M transition and to depend on inhibition of HDAC1/2 rather than HDAC3. Since HDAC1/2 inhibition caused cell-type-specific downregulation of genes encoding G2/M regulators, the WEE1 inhibitor MK-1775 could not overcome G2/M checkpoint arrest and therefore did not synergize with Romidepsin inhibiting HDAC1/2. Instead, since DNA damage was induced by inhibition of HDAC1/2, but not of HDAC3, combinations between inhibitors of HDAC1/2 and of DNA repair should be attempted.
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12
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Goss KL, Koppenhafer SL, Waters T, Terry WW, Wen KK, Wu M, Ostergaard J, Gordon PM, Gordon DJ. The translational repressor 4E-BP1 regulates RRM2 levels and functions as a tumor suppressor in Ewing sarcoma tumors. Oncogene 2020; 40:564-577. [PMID: 33191406 PMCID: PMC7856031 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01552-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), which is a heterodimeric tetramer composed of RRM1 and RRM2 subunits, is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) and essential for both DNA replication and the repair of DNA damage. The activity of RNR is coordinated with the cell cycle and regulated by fluctuations in the level of the RRM2 subunit. Multiple cancer types, including Ewing sarcoma tumors, are sensitive to inhibitors of RNR or a reduction in the levels of either the RRM1 or RRM2 subunits of RNR. Here, we show that the expression of the RRM2 protein is dependent on active protein synthesis and that 4E-BP1, a repressor of cap-dependent protein translation, specifically regulates the level of the RRM2 protein. Furthermore, inhibition of mTORC1/2, but not mTORC1, activates 4E-BP1, inhibits protein synthesis, and reduces the level of the RRM2 protein in multiple sarcoma cell lines. This effect of mTORC1/2 inhibitors on protein synthesis and RRM2 levels was rescued in cell lines with the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of 4E-BP1. In addition, the inducible expression of a mutant 4E-BP1 protein that cannot be phosphorylated by mTOR blocked protein synthesis and inhibited the growth of Ewing sarcoma cells in vitro and in vivo in a xenograft. Overall, these results provide insight into the multifaceted regulation of RRM2 protein levels and identify a regulatory link between protein translation and DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli L Goss
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Stacia L Koppenhafer
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Torin Waters
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - William W Terry
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kuo-Kuang Wen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jason Ostergaard
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Peter M Gordon
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - David J Gordon
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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Du X, Li J, Luo X, Li R, Li F, Zhang Y, Shi J, He J. Structure-activity relationships of Wee1 inhibitors: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 203:112524. [PMID: 32688199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Wee1 kinase plays an important role in regulating G2/M checkpoint and S phase, and the inhibition of it will lead to mitotic catastrophe in cancer cells with p53 mutation or deletion. Therefore, the mechanism of Wee1 kinase in cancer treatment and the development of its inhibitors have become a research hotspot. However, although a variety of Wee1 inhibitors with different scaffolds and considerable activity have been successfully identified, so far no one has systematically summarized the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of Wee1 inhibitors. Previous reviews mainly focused on its mechanism and clinical application. To facilitate the rational design and development of Wee1 inhibitors in the future, this paper systematically summarizes its structural types, SARs and binding modes according to the Wee1 inhibitors reported in scientific journals, and also summarizes the regulatory effect of Wee1 kinase on cell cycle and the progress of its inhibitors in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingkai Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaojiao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Rong Li
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Feng Li
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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14
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DNA Repair and Ovarian Carcinogenesis: Impact on Risk, Prognosis and Therapy Outcome. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071713. [PMID: 32605254 PMCID: PMC7408288 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is ample evidence for the essential involvement of DNA repair and DNA damage response in the onset of solid malignancies, including ovarian cancer. Indeed, high-penetrance germline mutations in DNA repair genes are important players in familial cancers: BRCA1, BRCA2 mutations or mismatch repair, and polymerase deficiency in colorectal, breast, and ovarian cancers. Recently, some molecular hallmarks (e.g., TP53, KRAS, BRAF, RAD51C/D or PTEN mutations) of ovarian carcinomas were identified. The manuscript overviews the role of DNA repair machinery in ovarian cancer, its risk, prognosis, and therapy outcome. We have attempted to expose molecular hallmarks of ovarian cancer with a focus on DNA repair system and scrutinized genetic, epigenetic, functional, and protein alterations in individual DNA repair pathways (homologous recombination, non-homologous end-joining, DNA mismatch repair, base- and nucleotide-excision repair, and direct repair). We suggest that lack of knowledge particularly in non-homologous end joining repair pathway and the interplay between DNA repair pathways needs to be confronted. The most important genes of the DNA repair system are emphasized and their targeting in ovarian cancer will deserve further attention. The function of those genes, as well as the functional status of the entire DNA repair pathways, should be investigated in detail in the near future.
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15
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Wang H, Cao Q, Zhao Q, Arfan M, Liu W. Mechanisms used by DNA MMR system to cope with Cadmium-induced DNA damage in plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 246:125614. [PMID: 31883478 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is found widely in soil and is severely toxic for plants, causing oxidative damage in plant cells because of its heavy metal characteristics. The DNA damage response (DDR) is triggered in plants to cope with the Cd stress. The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system known for its mismatch repair function determines DDR, as mispairs are easily generated by a translesional synthesis under Cd-induced genomic instability. Cd-induced mismatches are recognized by three heterodimeric complexes including MutSα (MSH2/MSH6), MutSβ (MSH2/MSH3), and MutSγ (MSH2/MSH7). MutLα (MLH1/PMS1), PCNA/RFC, EXO1, DNA polymerase δ and DNA ligase participate in mismatch repair in turn. Meanwhile, ATR is preferentially activated by MSH2 to trigger DDR including the regulation of the cell cycle, endoreduplication, cell death, and recruitment of other DNA repair, which enhances plant tolerance to Cd. However, plants with deficient MutS will bypass MMR-mediated DDR and release the multiple-effect MLH1 from requisition of the MMR system, which leads to weak tolerance to Cd in plants. In this review, we systematically illustrate how the plant DNA MMR system works in a Cd-induced DDR, and how MMR genes regulate plant tolerance to Cd. Additionally, we also reviewed multiple epigenetic regulation systems acting on MMR genes under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetong Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Urban Integrated Pest Management and Ecological Security, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, PR China.
| | - Qijiang Cao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Urban Integrated Pest Management and Ecological Security, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, PR China.
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Agricultural College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, PR China.
| | - Muhammad Arfan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, PR China.
| | - Wan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, PR China.
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16
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Li A, Schleicher SM, Andre F, Mitri ZI. Genomic Alteration in Metastatic Breast Cancer and Its Treatment. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2020; 40:1-14. [PMID: 32213086 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_280463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer (mBC) remains responsible for the majority of breast cancer deaths. Whereas clinical outcomes have improved with the development of novel therapies, resistance almost inevitably develops, indicating the need for novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of mBC. Recent investigations into mBC genomic alterations have revealed novel and potential therapeutic targets. Most notably, therapies against PIK3CA mutation and germline BRCA1/2 mutations have solidified the role of targeted therapy in mBC, with treatments against these alterations now approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on the basis of clinical benefit for patients with mBC. Familiarity with relevant genomic alterations in mBC, technologies for mutation detection, methods of interpreting genomic alterations, and an understanding of their clinical impact will aid practicing clinicians in the treatment of mBC as the field of breast oncology moves toward the era of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Li
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR
| | | | - Fabrice Andre
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Zahi I Mitri
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR
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17
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Ghelli Luserna Di Rorà A, Bocconcelli M, Ferrari A, Terragna C, Bruno S, Imbrogno E, Beeharry N, Robustelli V, Ghetti M, Napolitano R, Chirumbolo G, Marconi G, Papayannidis C, Paolini S, Sartor C, Simonetti G, Yen TJ, Martinelli G. Synergism Through WEE1 and CHK1 Inhibition in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111654. [PMID: 31717700 PMCID: PMC6895917 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Screening for synthetic lethality markers has demonstrated that the inhibition of the cell cycle checkpoint kinases WEE1 together with CHK1 drastically affects stability of the cell cycle and induces cell death in rapidly proliferating cells. Exploiting this finding for a possible therapeutic approach has showed efficacy in various solid and hematologic tumors, though not specifically tested in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Methods: The efficacy of the combination between WEE1 and CHK1 inhibitors in B and T cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B/T-ALL) was evaluated in vitro and ex vivo studies. The efficacy of the therapeutic strategy was tested in terms of cytotoxicity, induction of apoptosis, and changes in cell cycle profile and protein expression using B/T-ALL cell lines. In addition, the efficacy of the drug combination was studied in primary B-ALL blasts using clonogenic assays. Results: This study reports, for the first time, the efficacy of the concomitant inhibition of CHK1/CHK2 and WEE1 in ALL cell lines and primary leukemic B-ALL cells using two selective inhibitors: PF-0047736 (CHK1/CHK2 inhibitor) and AZD-1775 (WEE1 inhibitor). We showed strong synergism in the reduction of cell viability, proliferation and induction of apoptosis. The efficacy of the combination was related to the induction of early S-phase arrest and to the induction of DNA damage, ultimately triggering cell death. We reported evidence that the efficacy of the combination treatment is independent from the activation of the p53-p21 pathway. Moreover, gene expression analysis on B-ALL primary samples showed that Chek1 and Wee1 are significantly co-expressed in samples at diagnosis (Pearson r = 0.5770, p = 0.0001) and relapse (Pearson r= 0.8919; p = 0.0001). Finally, the efficacy of the combination was confirmed by the reduction in clonogenic survival of primary leukemic B-ALL cells. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the combination of CHK1 and WEE1 inhibitors may be a promising therapeutic strategy to be tested in clinical trials for adult ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matteo Bocconcelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology “L. e A. Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Ferrari
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (A.G.L.D.R.)
| | - Carolina Terragna
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology “L. e A. Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Samantha Bruno
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology “L. e A. Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrica Imbrogno
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (A.G.L.D.R.)
| | | | - Valentina Robustelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology “L. e A. Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Ghetti
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (A.G.L.D.R.)
| | - Roberta Napolitano
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (A.G.L.D.R.)
| | - Gabriella Chirumbolo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology “L. e A. Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Marconi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology “L. e A. Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Papayannidis
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology “L. e A. Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Paolini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology “L. e A. Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Sartor
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology “L. e A. Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Simonetti
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (A.G.L.D.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Timothy J. Yen
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111-2497, USA
| | - Giovanni Martinelli
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (A.G.L.D.R.)
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Byrum AK, Vindigni A, Mosammaparast N. Defining and Modulating 'BRCAness'. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:740-751. [PMID: 31362850 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The concept of 'BRCAness' defines the pathogenesis and vulnerability of multiple cancers. The canonical definition of BRCAness is a defect in homologous recombination repair, mimicking BRCA1 or BRCA2 loss. In turn, BRCA-deficient cells utilize error-prone DNA-repair pathways, causing increased genomic instability, which may be responsible for their sensitivity to DNA damaging agents and poly-(ADP)-ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPis). However, recent work has expanded the mechanistic basis of BRCAness, to include defects in replication fork protection (RFP). Here, we broaden the definition of BRCAness to include RFP and regulatory mechanisms that cause synthetic lethality with PARPis. We highlight these recent discoveries, which include mechanisms of RFP regulation, DNA damage checkpoint proteins, as well as kinases that regulate BRCA1/2 function. Importantly, many of these emerging mechanisms may be targeted for inhibition with small molecule inhibitors, thus inducing BRCAness in a much larger subset of BRCA-proficient tumors, with significant translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Byrum
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alessandro Vindigni
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Nima Mosammaparast
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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19
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Masnadi-Shirazi M, Maurya MR, Pao G, Ke E, Verma IM, Subramaniam S. Time varying causal network reconstruction of a mouse cell cycle. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:294. [PMID: 31142274 PMCID: PMC6542064 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-2895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biochemical networks are often described through static or time-averaged measurements of the component macromolecules. Temporal variation in these components plays an important role in both describing the dynamical nature of the network as well as providing insights into causal mechanisms. Few methods exist, specifically for systems with many variables, for analyzing time series data to identify distinct temporal regimes and the corresponding time-varying causal networks and mechanisms. Results In this study, we use well-constructed temporal transcriptional measurements in a mammalian cell during a cell cycle, to identify dynamical networks and mechanisms describing the cell cycle. The methods we have used and developed in part deal with Granger causality, Vector Autoregression, Estimation Stability with Cross Validation and a nonparametric change point detection algorithm that enable estimating temporally evolving directed networks that provide a comprehensive picture of the crosstalk among different molecular components. We applied our approach to RNA-seq time-course data spanning nearly two cell cycles from Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast (MEF) primary cells. The change-point detection algorithm is able to extract precise information on the duration and timing of cell cycle phases. Using Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) and Estimation Stability with Cross Validation (ES-CV), we were able to, without any prior biological knowledge, extract information on the phase-specific causal interaction of cell cycle genes, as well as temporal interdependencies of biological mechanisms through a complete cell cycle. Conclusions The temporal dependence of cellular components we provide in our model goes beyond what is known in the literature. Furthermore, our inference of dynamic interplay of multiple intracellular mechanisms and their temporal dependence on one another can be used to predict time-varying cellular responses, and provide insight on the design of precise experiments for modulating the regulation of the cell cycle. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12859-019-2895-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Masnadi-Shirazi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mano R Maurya
- Department of Bioengineering and San Diego Supercomputer center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Gerald Pao
- Salk institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Eugene Ke
- Salk institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Inder M Verma
- Salk institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- Department of Bioengineering, Departments of Computer Science and Engineering, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and the Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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20
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Young LA, O'Connor LO, de Renty C, Veldman-Jones MH, Dorval T, Wilson Z, Jones DR, Lawson D, Odedra R, Maya-Mendoza A, Reimer C, Bartek J, Lau A, O'Connor MJ. Differential Activity of ATR and WEE1 Inhibitors in a Highly Sensitive Subpopulation of DLBCL Linked to Replication Stress. Cancer Res 2019; 79:3762-3775. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Lee JW, Parameswaran J, Sandoval-Schaefer T, Eoh KJ, Yang DH, Zhu F, Mehra R, Sharma R, Gaffney SG, Perry EB, Townsend JP, Serebriiskii IG, Golemis EA, Issaeva N, Yarbrough WG, Koo JS, Burtness B. Combined Aurora Kinase A (AURKA) and WEE1 Inhibition Demonstrates Synergistic Antitumor Effect in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:3430-3442. [PMID: 30755439 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) commonly bear disruptive mutations in TP53, resulting in treatment resistance. In these patients, direct targeting of p53 has not been successful, but synthetic lethal approaches have promise. Although Aurora A kinase (AURKA) is overexpressed and an oncogenic driver, its inhibition has only modest clinical effects in HPV-negative HNSCC. We explored a novel combination of AURKA and WEE1 inhibition to overcome intrinsic resistance to AURKA inhibition.Experimental Design: AURKA protein expression was determined by fluorescence-based automated quantitative analysis of patient specimens and correlated with survival. We evaluated treatment with the AURKA inhibitor alisertib (MLN8237) and the WEE1 inhibitor adavosertib (AZD1775), alone or in combination, using in vitro and in vivo HNSCC models. RESULTS Elevated nuclear AURKA correlated with worse survival among patients with p16(-) HNSCC. Alisertib caused spindle defects, G2-M arrest and inhibitory CDK1 phosphorylation, and cytostasis in TP53 mutant HNSCC FaDu and UNC7 cells. Addition of adavosertib to alisertib instead triggered mitotic entry and mitotic catastrophe. Moreover, in FaDu and Detroit 562 xenografts, this combination demonstrated synergistic effects on tumor growth and extended overall survival compared with either vehicle or single-agent treatment. CONCLUSIONS Combinatorial treatment with adavosertib and alisertib leads to synergistic antitumor effects in in vitro and in vivo HNSCC models. These findings suggest a novel rational combination, providing a promising therapeutic avenue for TP53-mutated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Woo Lee
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Janaki Parameswaran
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Teresa Sandoval-Schaefer
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kyung Jin Eoh
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Dong-Hua Yang
- Biosample Repository, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fang Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ranee Mehra
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Roshan Sharma
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Stephen G Gaffney
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Elizabeth B Perry
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jeffrey P Townsend
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ilya G Serebriiskii
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Erica A Golemis
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Natalia Issaeva
- Section of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Wendell G Yarbrough
- Section of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ja Seok Koo
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Barbara Burtness
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
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22
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Lallo A, Frese KK, Morrow CJ, Sloane R, Gulati S, Schenk MW, Trapani F, Simms N, Galvin M, Brown S, Hodgkinson CL, Priest L, Hughes A, Lai Z, Cadogan E, Khandelwal G, Simpson KL, Miller C, Blackhall F, O'Connor MJ, Dive C. The Combination of the PARP Inhibitor Olaparib and the WEE1 Inhibitor AZD1775 as a New Therapeutic Option for Small Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:5153-5164. [PMID: 29941481 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-2805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Introduced in 1987, platinum-based chemotherapy remains standard of care for small cell lung cancer (SCLC), a most aggressive, recalcitrant tumor. Prominent barriers to progress are paucity of tumor tissue to identify drug targets and patient-relevant models to interrogate novel therapies. Following our development of circulating tumor cell patient-derived explants (CDX) as models that faithfully mirror patient disease, here we exploit CDX to examine new therapeutic options for SCLC.Experimental Design: We investigated the efficacy of the PARP inhibitor olaparib alone or in combination with the WEE1 kinase inhibitor AZD1775 in 10 phenotypically distinct SCLC CDX in vivo and/or ex vivo These CDX represent chemosensitive and chemorefractory disease including the first reported paired CDX generated longitudinally before treatment and upon disease progression.Results: There was a heterogeneous depth and duration of response to olaparib/AZD1775 that diminished when tested at disease progression. However, efficacy of this combination consistently exceeded that of cisplatin/etoposide, with cures in one CDX model. Genomic and protein analyses revealed defects in homologous recombination repair genes and oncogenes that induce replication stress (such as MYC family members), predisposed CDX to combined olaparib/AZD1775 sensitivity, although universal predictors of response were not noted.Conclusions: These preclinical data provide a strong rationale to trial this combination in the clinic informed by prevalent, readily accessed circulating tumor cell-based biomarkers. New therapies will be evaluated in SCLC patients after first-line chemotherapy, and our data suggest that the combination of olaparib/AZD1775 should be used as early as possible and before disease relapse. Clin Cancer Res; 24(20); 5153-64. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Lallo
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kristopher K Frese
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Morrow
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Sloane
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sakshi Gulati
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Maximillian W Schenk
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Trapani
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Simms
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Galvin
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stewart Brown
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Cassandra L Hodgkinson
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lynsey Priest
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Adina Hughes
- Oncology Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Zhongwu Lai
- Oncology Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Elaine Cadogan
- Oncology Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Garima Khandelwal
- RNA Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn L Simpson
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Crispin Miller
- RNA Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Blackhall
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, and Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J O'Connor
- Oncology Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Caroline Dive
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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Haynes B, Murai J, Lee JM. Restored replication fork stabilization, a mechanism of PARP inhibitor resistance, can be overcome by cell cycle checkpoint inhibition. Cancer Treat Rev 2018; 71:1-7. [PMID: 30269007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition serves as a potent therapeutic option eliciting synthetic lethality in cancers harboring homologous recombination (HR) repair defects, such as BRCA mutations. However, the development of resistance to PARP inhibitors (PARPis) poses a clinical challenge. Restoration of HR competency is one of the many molecular factors contributing to PARPi resistance. Combination therapy with cell cycle checkpoint (ATR, CHK1, and WEE1) inhibitors is being investigated clinically in many cancers, particularly in ovarian cancer, to enhance the efficacy and circumvent resistance to PARPis. Ideally, inhibition of ATR, CHK1 and WEE1 proteins will abrogate G2 arrest and subsequent DNA repair via restored HR in PARPi-treated cells. Replication fork stabilization has recently been identified as a potential compensatory PARPi resistance mechanism, found in the absence of restored HR. ATR, CHK1, and WEE1 each possess different roles in replication fork stabilization, providing different mechanisms to consider when developing combination therapies to avoid continued development of drug resistance. This review examines the impact of ATR, CHK1, and WEE1 on replication fork stabilization. We also address the therapeutic potential for combining PARPis with cell cycle inhibitors and the possible consequence of combination therapies which do not adequately address both restored HR and replication fork stabilization as PARPi resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Haynes
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Junko Murai
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jung-Min Lee
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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24
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The Tumor Suppressor MIG6 Controls Mitotic Progression and the G2/M DNA Damage Checkpoint by Stabilizing the WEE1 Kinase. Cell Rep 2018; 24:1278-1289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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25
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Lin X, Chen D, Zhang C, Zhang X, Li Z, Dong B, Gao J, Shen L. Augmented antitumor activity by olaparib plus AZD1775 in gastric cancer through disrupting DNA damage repair pathways and DNA damage checkpoint. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2018; 37:129. [PMID: 29954437 PMCID: PMC6027790 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0790-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) has been recently identified as a promising option against gastric cancer (GC). However, PARP inhibitors alone achieve limited efficacy. Combination strategies, especially with homologous recombination (HR) impairment, are of great hope to optimize PARP inhibitor's efficacy and expand target populations but remains largely unknown. Herein, we investigated whether a WEE1/ Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) dual inhibitor AZD1775 reported to impair HR augmented anticancer activity of a PARP inhibitor olaparib and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS GC cell lines and in vivo xenografts were employed to determine antitumor activity of PARP inhibitor combined with WEE1/PLK1 dual inhibitor AZD1775. Western blot, genetic knockdown by siRNA, flow cytometry, Immunohistochemistry were performed to explore the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS AZD1775 dually targeting WEE1/PLK1 enhanced effects of olaparib on growth inhibition and apoptotic induction in GC cells. Mechanistic investigations elucidate that WEE1/PLK1 blockade downregulated several HR-related proteins and caused an accumulation in γH2AX. As confirmed in both GC cell lines and mice bearing GC xenografts, these effects were enhanced by AZD1775-olaparib combination compared to olaparib alone, suggesting that disrupting HR-mediated DNA damage repairs (DDR) by WEE1/PLK1 blockade might be responsible for improved GC cells' response to PARP inhibitors. Given the DNA damage checkpoint as a primary target of WEE1 inhibition, our data also demonstrate that AZD1775 abrogated olaparib-activated DNA damage checkpoint through CDC2 de-phosphorylation, followed by mitotic progression with unrepaired DNA damage (marked by increased pHH3-stained and γH2AX-stained cells, respectively). CONCLUSIONS PARP inhibitor olaparib combined with WEE1/PLK1 dual inhibitor AZD1775 elicited potentiated anticancer activity through disrupting DDR signaling and the DNA damage checkpoint. It sheds light on the combination strategy of WEE1/PLK1 dual inhibitors with PARP inhibitors in the treatment of GC, even in HR-proficient patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Fu-Cheng Road 52, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142 China
| | - Dongshao Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Fu-Cheng Road 52, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142 China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Fu-Cheng Road 52, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142 China
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Fu-Cheng Road 52, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142 China
| | - Zhongwu Li
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142 China
| | - Bin Dong
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142 China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Fu-Cheng Road 52, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142 China
| | - Lin Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Fu-Cheng Road 52, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142 China
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26
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Göder A, Emmerich C, Nikolova T, Kiweler N, Schreiber M, Kühl T, Imhof D, Christmann M, Heinzel T, Schneider G, Krämer OH. HDAC1 and HDAC2 integrate checkpoint kinase phosphorylation and cell fate through the phosphatase-2A subunit PR130. Nat Commun 2018; 9:764. [PMID: 29472538 PMCID: PMC5823910 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03096-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint kinases sense replicative stress to prevent DNA damage. Here we show that the histone deacetylases HDAC1/HDAC2 sustain the phosphorylation of the checkpoint kinases ATM, CHK1 and CHK2, activity of the cell cycle gatekeeper kinases WEE1 and CDK1, and induction of the tumour suppressor p53 in response to stalled DNA replication. Consequently, HDAC inhibition upon replicative stress promotes mitotic catastrophe. Mechanistically, HDAC1 and HDAC2 suppress the expression of PPP2R3A/PR130, a regulatory subunit of the trimeric serine/threonine phosphatase 2 (PP2A). Genetic elimination of PR130 reveals that PR130 promotes dephosphorylation of ATM by PP2A. Moreover, the ablation of PR130 slows G1/S phase transition and increases the levels of phosphorylated CHK1, replication protein A foci and DNA damage upon replicative stress. Accordingly, stressed PR130 null cells are very susceptible to HDAC inhibition, which abrogates the S phase checkpoint, induces apoptosis and reduces the homologous recombination protein RAD51. Thus, PR130 controls cell fate decisions upon replicative stress. Checkpoint kinases control cell cycle progression via the regulation of many key regulators. Here the authors demonstrate how HDAC1 and HDAC2 modulate checkpoint kinase signalling via the suppression of PR130, a regulatory subunit of the trimeric serine/threonine phosphatase 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Göder
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudia Emmerich
- University of Jena, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Hans-Knöll-Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Teodora Nikolova
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicole Kiweler
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maria Schreiber
- University of Jena, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Hans-Knöll-Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Toni Kühl
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Diana Imhof
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Christmann
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thorsten Heinzel
- University of Jena, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Hans-Knöll-Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Günter Schneider
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver H Krämer
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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27
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Lin AB, McNeely SC, Beckmann RP. Achieving Precision Death with Cell-Cycle Inhibitors that Target DNA Replication and Repair. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:3232-3240. [PMID: 28331049 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
All cancers are characterized by defects in the systems that ensure strict control of the cell cycle in normal tissues. The consequent excess tissue growth can be countered by drugs that halt cell division, and, indeed, the majority of chemotherapeutics developed during the last century work by disrupting processes essential for the cell cycle, particularly DNA synthesis, DNA replication, and chromatid segregation. In certain contexts, the efficacy of these classes of drugs can be impressive, but because they indiscriminately block the cell cycle of all actively dividing cells, their side effects severely constrain the dose and duration with which they can be administered, allowing both normal and malignant cells to escape complete growth arrest. Recent progress in understanding how cancers lose control of the cell cycle, coupled with comprehensive genomic profiling of human tumor biopsies, has shown that many cancers have mutations affecting various regulators and checkpoints that impinge on the core cell-cycle machinery. These defects introduce unique vulnerabilities that can be exploited by a next generation of drugs that promise improved therapeutic windows in patients whose tumors bear particular genomic aberrations, permitting increased dose intensity and efficacy. These developments, coupled with the success of new drugs targeting cell-cycle regulators, have led to a resurgence of interest in cell-cycle inhibitors. This review in particular focuses on the newer strategies that may facilitate better therapeutic targeting of drugs that inhibit the various components that safeguard the fidelity of the fundamental processes of DNA replication and repair. Clin Cancer Res; 23(13); 3232-40. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee Bence Lin
- Early Phase Medical-Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Samuel C McNeely
- Oncology Business Unit-Patient Tailoring, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Richard P Beckmann
- Oncology Translational Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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28
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Shi QM, Luo J, Wu K, Yin M, Gu YR, Cheng XG. High level of αB-crystallin contributes to the progression of osteosarcoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:9007-16. [PMID: 26789112 PMCID: PMC4891021 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidences indicate the elevated expression of αB-Crystallin (Cryab) is implicated in tumorigenesis. However, the expression and biologic role of Cryab in osteosarcoma (OS) are still unknown. In this study, we showed that Cryab expression was elevated in OS tissues and cell lines, and down-regulation of Cryab in MG-63 and U-2OS cells led to a decline in the cells' aggressiveness, and reduced secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in vitro, and lower metastasis potential in vivo. Further study indicated that the Cryab expression was positively associated with the activity of ERK1/2 which is responsible for the cells' aggressiveness and MMP-9 secretion. Clinically, our data confirmed that the high level of Cryab was associated with shorten survival and tumor recurrence for the postoperative OS patients. Together, our results indicate that high level of Cryab is a new adverse outcomes marker for OS patients and may be used as a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ming Shi
- First Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Jun Luo
- First Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Kai Wu
- First Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Ming Yin
- First Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Yu-Rong Gu
- First Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Xi-Gao Cheng
- First Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
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29
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Li Y, Saini P, Sriraman A, Dobbelstein M. Mdm2 inhibition confers protection of p53-proficient cells from the cytotoxic effects of Wee1 inhibitors. Oncotarget 2016; 6:32339-52. [PMID: 26431163 PMCID: PMC4741697 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological inhibition of the cell cycle regulatory kinase Wee1 represents a promising strategy to eliminate cancer cells. Wee1 inhibitors cooperate with chemotherapeutics, e. g. nucleoside analogues, pushing malignant cells from S phase towards premature mitosis and death. However, considerable toxicities are observed in preclinical and clinical trials. A high proportion of tumor cells can be distinguished from all other cells of a patient's body by inactivating mutations in the tumor suppressor p53. Here we set out to develop an approach for the selective protection of p53-proficient cells against the cytotoxic effects of Wee1 inhibitors. We pretreated such cells with Nutlin-3a, a prototype inhibitor of the p53-antagonist Mdm2. The resulting transient cell cycle arrest effectively increased the survival of cells that were subsequently treated with combinations of the Wee1 inhibitor MK-1775 and/or the nucleoside analogue gemcitabine. In this constellation, Nutlin-3a reduced caspase activation and diminished the phosphorylation of Histone 2AX, an indicator of the DNA damage response. Both effects were strictly dependent on the presence of p53. Moreover, Nutlin pre-treatment reduced the fraction of cells that were undergoing premature mitosis in response to Wee1 inhibition. We conclude that the pre-activation of p53 through Mdm2 antagonists serves as a viable option to selectively protect p53-proficient cells against the cytotoxic effects of Wee1 inhibitors, especially when combined with a nucleoside analogue. Thus, Mdm2 antagonists might prove useful to avoid unwanted side effects of Wee1 inhibitors. On the other hand, when a tumor contains wild type p53, care should be taken not to induce its activity before applying Wee1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhu Li
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen Centre of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Priyanka Saini
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen Centre of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anusha Sriraman
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen Centre of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Dobbelstein
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen Centre of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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30
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Vici P, Buglioni S, Sergi D, Pizzuti L, Di Lauro L, Antoniani B, Sperati F, Terrenato I, Carosi M, Gamucci T, Dattilo R, Bartucci M, Vincenzoni C, Mariani L, Vizza E, Sanguineti G, Gadducci A, Vitale I, Barba M, De Maria R, Mottolese M, Maugeri-Saccà M. DNA Damage and Repair Biomarkers in Cervical Cancer Patients Treated with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: An Exploratory Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149872. [PMID: 26930412 PMCID: PMC4773222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer cells commonly harbour a defective G1/S checkpoint owing to the interaction of viral oncoproteins with p53 and retinoblastoma protein. The activation of the G2/M checkpoint may thus become essential for protecting cancer cells from genotoxic insults, such as chemotherapy. In 52 cervical cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, we investigated whether the levels of phosphorylated Wee1 (pWee1), a key G2/M checkpoint kinase, and γ-H2AX, a marker of DNA double-strand breaks, discriminated between patients with a pathological complete response (pCR) and those with residual disease. We also tested the association between pWee1 and phosphorylated Chk1 (pChk1), a kinase acting upstream Wee1 in the G2/M checkpoint pathway. pWee1, γ-H2AX and pChk1 were retrospectively assessed in diagnostic biopsies by immunohistochemistry. The degrees of pWee1 and pChk1 expression were defined using three different classification methods, i.e., staining intensity, Allred score, and a multiplicative score. γ-H2AX was analyzed both as continuous and categorical variable. Irrespective of the classification used, elevated levels of pWee1 and γ-H2AX were significantly associated with a lower rate of pCR. In univariate and multivariate analyses, pWee1 and γ-H2AX were both associated with reduced pCR. Internal validation conducted through a re-sampling without replacement procedure confirmed the robustness of the multivariate model. Finally, we found a significant association between pWee1 and pChk1. The message conveyed by the present analysis is that biomarkers of DNA damage and repair may predict the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in cervical cancer. Further studies are warranted to prospectively validate these encouraging findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Vici
- Division of Medical Oncology B, “Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Simonetta Buglioni
- Department of Pathology, “Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Sergi
- Division of Medical Oncology B, “Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Pizzuti
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Di Lauro
- Division of Medical Oncology B, “Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Antoniani
- Department of Pathology, “Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Sperati
- Biostatistics-Scientific Direction, “Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Terrenato
- Biostatistics-Scientific Direction, “Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariantonia Carosi
- Department of Pathology, “Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Rosanna Dattilo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Bartucci
- Drug Discovery Program, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Cristina Vincenzoni
- Department of Surgery, Gynecologic Oncology Unit, “Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Mariani
- Department of Surgery, Gynecologic Oncology Unit, “Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
- HPV-UNIT, “Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Vizza
- Department of Surgery, Gynecologic Oncology Unit, “Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sanguineti
- Department of Radiotherapy, “Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Angiolo Gadducci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilio Vitale
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
- Scientific Direction, “Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Maddalena Barba
- Division of Medical Oncology B, “Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
- Scientific Direction, “Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Ruggero De Maria
- Scientific Direction, “Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (MM-S); (RDM)
| | - Marcella Mottolese
- Department of Pathology, “Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Maugeri-Saccà
- Division of Medical Oncology B, “Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
- Scientific Direction, “Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (MM-S); (RDM)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Overall survival rates for osteosarcoma have remained essentially unchanged over the past 3 decades despite attempts to improve outcome via dose intensification and modification based on response. This review describes recent findings from contemporary clinical trials, advances in the comprehension of osteosarcoma biology and genomic complexity, and potential opportunities using targeted and immune-mediated therapies. RECENT FINDINGS Recent results from international collaborative trials have failed to demonstrate an ability to improve outcomes using a design in which the randomized question is dictated based on histologic response to preoperative chemotherapy. Novel prognostic markers assessable at diagnosis are vital to identifying subsets of osteosarcoma. Clinical trials focus has now shifted to serial phase II studies of novel agents to evaluate for activity in recurrent and refractory disease. In-depth analyses have revealed profound genomic instability and heterogeneity across patients, with nearly universal TP53 aberration. Although driver mutational events have not clearly been established, frequent derangements in specific pathways may suggest opportunities for therapeutic exploitation. Genomic complexity may lend support to a role for immune-mediated therapies. SUMMARY Rigorous preclinical investigations are potentially generating novel strategies for the treatment of osteosarcoma that will inform the next generation of clinical trials, with the opportunity to identify agents that will improve survival outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Bishop
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Richard Gorlick
- Divison of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, The Children's Hospital At Montefiore, Bronx, NY, USA
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A haploid genetic screen identifies the G1/S regulatory machinery as a determinant of Wee1 inhibitor sensitivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:15160-5. [PMID: 26598692 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1505283112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wee1 cell cycle checkpoint kinase prevents premature mitotic entry by inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinases. Chemical inhibitors of Wee1 are currently being tested clinically as targeted anticancer drugs. Wee1 inhibition is thought to be preferentially cytotoxic in p53-defective cancer cells. However, TP53 mutant cancers do not respond consistently to Wee1 inhibitor treatment, indicating the existence of genetic determinants of Wee1 inhibitor sensitivity other than TP53 status. To optimally facilitate patient selection for Wee1 inhibition and uncover potential resistance mechanisms, identification of these currently unknown genes is necessary. The aim of this study was therefore to identify gene mutations that determine Wee1 inhibitor sensitivity. We performed a genome-wide unbiased functional genetic screen in TP53 mutant near-haploid KBM-7 cells using gene-trap insertional mutagenesis. Insertion site mapping of cells that survived long-term Wee1 inhibition revealed enrichment of G1/S regulatory genes, including SKP2, CUL1, and CDK2. Stable depletion of SKP2, CUL1, or CDK2 or chemical Cdk2 inhibition rescued the γ-H2AX induction and abrogation of G2 phase as induced by Wee1 inhibition in breast and ovarian cancer cell lines. Remarkably, live cell imaging showed that depletion of SKP2, CUL1, or CDK2 did not rescue the Wee1 inhibition-induced karyokinesis and cytokinesis defects. These data indicate that the activity of the DNA replication machinery, beyond TP53 mutation status, determines Wee1 inhibitor sensitivity, and could serve as a selection criterion for Wee1-inhibitor eligible patients. Conversely, loss of the identified S-phase genes could serve as a mechanism of acquired resistance, which goes along with development of severe genomic instability.
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33
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Targeting the Checkpoint to Kill Cancer Cells. Biomolecules 2015; 5:1912-37. [PMID: 26295265 PMCID: PMC4598780 DOI: 10.3390/biom5031912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatments such as radiotherapy and most of the chemotherapies act by damaging DNA of cancer cells. Upon DNA damage, cells stop proliferation at cell cycle checkpoints, which provides them time for DNA repair. Inhibiting the checkpoint allows entry to mitosis despite the presence of DNA damage and can lead to cell death. Importantly, as cancer cells exhibit increased levels of endogenous DNA damage due to an excessive replication stress, inhibiting the checkpoint kinases alone could act as a directed anti-cancer therapy. Here, we review the current status of inhibitors targeted towards the checkpoint effectors and discuss mechanisms of their actions in killing of cancer cells.
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