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Atri Roozbahani G, Kokal-Ribaudo M, Heidari Horestani M, Pungsrinont T, Baniahmad A. The protein composition of exosomes released by prostate cancer cells is distinctly regulated by androgen receptor-antagonists and -agonist to stimulate growth of target cells. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:219. [PMID: 38589887 PMCID: PMC11000412 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01584-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is a prevalent malignancy in men worldwide, ranking as the second leading cause of cancer-related death in Western countries. Various PCa hormone therapies, such as androgen receptor (AR)-antagonists or supraphysiological androgen level (SAL) reduce cancer cell proliferation. However, treated cells may influence the growth of neighboring cells through secreted exosomes in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, the change of protein content of exosomes secreted from PCa cells through treatment with different AR-antagonists or SAL has been analyzed. METHODS Isolation of exosomes via ultracentrifugation of treated human PCa LNCaP cells with AR-agonist and various AR-antagonists; analysis of cellular senescence by detection of senescence associated beta galactosidase activity (SA β-Gal); Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining; Mass spectrometry (MS-spec) of exosomes and bioinformatic analyses to identify ligand-specific exosomal proteins. Growth assays to analyze influence of exosomes on non-treated cells. RESULTS MS-spec analysis identified ligand-specific proteins in exosomes. One thousand seventy proteins were up- and 52 proteins downregulated by SAL whereas enzalutamide upregulated 151 proteins and downregulated 42 exosomal proteins. The bioinformatic prediction indicates an up-regulation of pro-proliferative pathways. AR ligands augment hub factors in exosomes that include AKT1, CALM1, PAK2 and CTNND1. Accordingly, functional assays confirmed that the isolated exosomes from AR-ligand treated cells promote growth of untreated PCa cells. CONCLUSION The data suggest that the cargo of exosomes is controlled by AR-agonist and -antagonists and distinct among the AR-antagonists. Further, exosomes promote growth that might influence the TME. This finding sheds light into the complex interplay between AR signaling and exosome-mediated communication between PCa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnaz Atri Roozbahani
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07740, Jena, Germany
| | - Miriam Kokal-Ribaudo
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07740, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Thanakorn Pungsrinont
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07740, Jena, Germany
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07740, Jena, Germany.
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Parsons EC, Hoffmann R, Baillie GS. Revisiting the roles of cAMP signalling in the progression of prostate cancer. Biochem J 2023; 480:1599-1614. [PMID: 37830741 PMCID: PMC10586777 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men and one of the top causes of death in men worldwide. Development and function of both normal prostate cells and early-stage prostate cancer cells are dependent on the cross-talk between androgen signalling systems and a variety of other transduction pathways which drive differentiation of these cells towards castration-resistance. One such signalling pathway is the ubiquitous cAMP signalling axis which functions to activate spatially restricted pools of cAMP effectors such as protein kinase A (PKA). The importance of both PKA and cAMP in the development of prostate cancer, and their interactions with the androgen receptor, were the focus of a review by Merkle and Hoffmann in 2010. In this updated review, we revisit this topic with analysis of current PKA-related prostate cancer literature and introduce novel information on the relevance of another cAMP effector, the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C. Parsons
- School of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, U.K
| | - Ralf Hoffmann
- Oncology, Philips Research Eindhoven, High Tech Campus 34, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - George S. Baillie
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
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Necroptosis Induced by Delta-Tocotrienol Overcomes Docetaxel Chemoresistance in Prostate Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054923. [PMID: 36902362 PMCID: PMC10003232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) represents the fifth cause of cancer death in men. Currently, chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of cancers, including PCa, mainly inhibit tumor growth by apoptosis induction. However, defects in apoptotic cellular responses frequently lead to drug resistance, which is the main cause of chemotherapy failure. For this reason, trigger non-apoptotic cell death might represent an alternative approach to prevent drug resistance in cancer. Several agents, including natural compounds, have been shown to induce necroptosis in human cancer cells. In this study we evaluated the involvement of necroptosis in anticancer activity of delta-tocotrienol (δ-TT) in PCa cells (DU145 and PC3). Combination therapy is one tool used to overcome therapeutic resistance and drug toxicity. Evaluating the combined effect of δ-TT and docetaxel (DTX), we found that δ-TT potentiates DTX cytotoxicity in DU145 cells. Moreover, δ-TT induces cell death in DU145 cells that have developed DTX resistance (DU-DXR) activating necroptosis. Taken together, obtained data indicate the ability of δ-TT to induce necroptosis in both DU145, PC3 and DU-DXR cell lines. Furthermore, the ability of δ-TT to induce necroptotic cell death may represent a promising therapeutical approach to overcome DTX chemoresistance in PCa.
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Unraveling the Peculiar Features of Mitochondrial Metabolism and Dynamics in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041192. [PMID: 36831534 PMCID: PMC9953833 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among men in Western countries. Mitochondria, the "powerhouse" of cells, undergo distinctive metabolic and structural dynamics in different types of cancer. PCa cells experience peculiar metabolic changes during their progression from normal epithelial cells to early-stage and, progressively, to late-stage cancer cells. Specifically, healthy cells display a truncated tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and inefficient oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) due to the high accumulation of zinc that impairs the activity of m-aconitase, the enzyme of the TCA cycle responsible for the oxidation of citrate. During the early phase of cancer development, intracellular zinc levels decrease leading to the reactivation of m-aconitase, TCA cycle and OXPHOS. PCa cells change their metabolic features again when progressing to the late stage of cancer. In particular, the Warburg effect was consistently shown to be the main metabolic feature of late-stage PCa cells. However, accumulating evidence sustains that both the TCA cycle and the OXPHOS pathway are still present and active in these cells. The androgen receptor axis as well as mutations in mitochondrial genes involved in metabolic rewiring were shown to play a key role in PCa cell metabolic reprogramming. Mitochondrial structural dynamics, such as biogenesis, fusion/fission and mitophagy, were also observed in PCa cells. In this review, we focus on the mitochondrial metabolic and structural dynamics occurring in PCa during tumor development and progression; their role as effective molecular targets for novel therapeutic strategies in PCa patients is also discussed.
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Fang Q, Cole RN, Wang Z. Mechanisms and targeting of proteosome-dependent androgen receptor degradation in prostate cancer. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2022; 10:366-376. [PMID: 36636693 PMCID: PMC9831915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) remains to be a key target for the treatment of prostate cancer, including the majority of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). AR is stabilized in CRPC and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a major role in AR degradation. Targeting AR for degradation provides a potential approach to overcome the resistance of CRPC to current AR antagonists, including the next generation AR signaling inhibitors. Different types of AR degraders have been developed, including the proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), selective AR degraders (SARDs), and novel AR degraders, with several AR PROTACs currently in clinical trials. The present mini-review discusses the regulation of AR degradation by the UPS, the potential role of a novel nuclear degradation signal in AR, and different types of AR degraders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Fang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryan N Cole
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Kallenbach J, Atri Roozbahani G, Heidari Horestani M, Baniahmad A. Distinct mechanisms mediating therapy-induced cellular senescence in prostate cancer. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:200. [PMID: 36522745 PMCID: PMC9753376 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00941-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is an age-related malignancy in men with a high incidence rate. PCa treatments face many obstacles due to cancer cell resistance and many bypassing mechanisms to escape therapy. According to the intricacy of PCa, many standard therapies are being used depending on PCa stages including radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, androgen receptor (AR) targeted therapy (androgen deprivation therapy, supraphysiological androgen, and AR antagonists) and chemotherapy. Most of the aforementioned therapies have been implicated to induce cellular senescence. Cellular senescence is defined as a stable cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase and is one of the mechanisms that prevent cancer proliferation. RESULTS In this review, we provide and analyze different mechanisms of therapy-induced senescence (TIS) in PCa and their effects on the tumor. Interestingly, it seems that different molecular pathways are used by cancer cells for TIS. Understanding the complexity and underlying mechanisms of cellular senescence is very critical due to its role in tumorigenesis. The most prevalent analyzed pathways in PCa as TIS are the p53/p21WAF1/CIP1, the p15INK4B/p16INK4A/pRb/E2F/Cyclin D, the ROS/ERK, p27Kip1/CDK/pRb, and the p27Kip1/Skp2/C/EBP β signaling. Despite growth inhibition, senescent cells are highly metabolically active. In addition, their secretome, which is termed senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), affects within the tumor microenvironment neighboring non-tumor and tumor cells and thereby may regulate the growth of tumors. Induction of cancer cell senescence is therefore a double-edged sword that can lead to reduced or enhanced tumor growth. CONCLUSION Thus, dependent on the type of senescence inducer and the specific senescence-induced cellular pathway, it is useful to develop pathway-specific senolytic compounds to specifically targeting senescent cells in order to evict senescent cells and thereby to reduce SASP side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kallenbach
- grid.9613.d0000 0001 1939 2794Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Am Klinikum 1, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Golnaz Atri Roozbahani
- grid.9613.d0000 0001 1939 2794Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Am Klinikum 1, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Mehdi Heidari Horestani
- grid.9613.d0000 0001 1939 2794Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Am Klinikum 1, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- grid.9613.d0000 0001 1939 2794Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Am Klinikum 1, 07740 Jena, Germany
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The natural compound atraric acid suppresses androgen-regulated neo-angiogenesis of castration-resistant prostate cancer through angiopoietin 2. Oncogene 2022; 41:3263-3277. [PMID: 35513564 PMCID: PMC9166678 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02333-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is an aggressive lethal form of prostate cancer (PCa). Atraric acid (AA) not only inhibits the wild-type androgen receptor (AR) but also those AR mutants that confer therapy resistance to other clinically used AR antagonists, indicating a different mode of AR antagonism. AA induces cellular senescence and inhibits CRPC tumour growth in in vivo xenograft mouse model associated with reduced neo-angiogenesis suggesting the repression of intratumoural neo-angiogenesis by AA. In line with this, the secretome of CRPC cells mediates neo-angiogenesis in an androgen-dependent manner, which is counteracted by AA. This was confirmed by two in vitro models using primary human endothelial cells. Transcriptome sequencing revealed upregulated angiogenic pathways by androgen, being however VEGF-independent, and pointing to the pro-angiogenic factor angiopoietin 2 (ANGPT2) as a key driver of neo-angiogenesis induced by androgens and repressed by AA. In agreement with this, AA treatment of native patient-derived PCa tumour samples ex vivo inhibits ANGPT2 expression. Mechanistically, in addition to AA, immune-depletion of ANGPT2 from secretome or blocking ANGPT2-receptors inhibits androgen-induced angiogenesis. Taken together, we reveal a VEGF-independent ANGPT2-mediated angiogenic pathway that is inhibited by AA leading to repression of androgen-regulated neo-angiogenesis.
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Yu EM, Aragon-Ching JB. Advances with androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2022; 23:1015-1033. [PMID: 35108137 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2022.2033210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been a treatment of choice for prostate cancer in almost all phases, particularly in the locally advanced, metastatic setting in both hormone-sensitive and castration-resistant diseaseand in those who are unfit for any local therapy. Different ways of administering ADT comes in the form of surgical or chemical castration with the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH-agonists) being the foremost way of delivering ADT. AREAS COVERED This review encompasses ADT history, use of leuprolide, degarelix, and relugolix, with contextual use of ADT in combination with androgen-signaling inhibitors and potential mechanisms of resistance. Novel approaches with regard to hormone therapy are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION The use of GnRH-agonists and GnRH-antagonists yields efficacy that is likely equivalent in resulting in testosterone suppression. While the side-effect profile with ADT are generally equivalent, effects on cardiovascular morbidity may be improved with the use of oral relugolix though this is noted with caution since the cardiovascular side-effects were a result of secondary subgroup analyses. The choice of ADT hinges upon cost, availability, ease of administration, and preference amongst physicians and patients alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Mi Yu
- GU Medical Oncology, Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Fairfax, VA, USA
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Chen C, Ding Y, Liu H, Sun M, Wang H, Wu D. Flubendazole Plays an Important Anti-Tumor Role in Different Types of Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23010519. [PMID: 35008943 PMCID: PMC8745596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Flubendazole, belonging to benzimidazole, is a broad-spectrum insect repellent and has been repurposed as a promising anticancer drug. In recent years, many studies have shown that flubendazole plays an anti-tumor role in different types of cancers, including breast cancer, melanoma, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and lung cancer. Although the anti-tumor mechanism of flubendazole has been studied, it has not been fully understood. In this review, we summarized the recent studies regarding the anti-tumor effects of flubendazole in different types of cancers and analyzed the related mechanisms, in order to provide the theoretical reference for further studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Chen
- Institute of Nursing and Health, School of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, China; (C.C.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yueming Ding
- Institute of Nursing and Health, School of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, China; (C.C.); (Y.D.)
| | - Huiyang Liu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China;
| | - Mengyao Sun
- School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China;
| | - Honggang Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China;
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Dongdong Wu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China;
- School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (D.W.)
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Pungsrinont T, Kallenbach J, Baniahmad A. Role of PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway as a Pro-Survival Signaling and Resistance-Mediating Mechanism to Therapy of Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11088. [PMID: 34681745 PMCID: PMC8538152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and androgen receptor (AR)-targeted therapy are the gold standard options for treating prostate cancer (PCa). These are initially effective, as localized and the early stage of metastatic disease are androgen- and castration-sensitive. The tumor strongly relies on systemic/circulating androgens for activating AR signaling to stimulate growth and progression. However, after a certain point, the tumor will eventually develop a resistant stage, where ADT and AR antagonists are no longer effective. Mechanistically, it seems that the tumor becomes more aggressive through adaptive responses, relies more on alternative activated pathways, and is less dependent on AR signaling. This includes hyperactivation of PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, which is a central signal that regulates cell pro-survival/anti-apoptotic pathways, thus, compensating the blockade of AR signaling. The PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway is well-documented for its crosstalk between genomic and non-genomic AR signaling, as well as other signaling cascades. Such a reciprocal feedback loop makes it more complicated to target individual factor/signaling for treating PCa. Here, we highlight the role of PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling as a resistance mechanism for PCa therapy and illustrate the transition of prostate tumor from AR signaling-dependent to PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway-dependent. Moreover, therapeutic strategies with inhibitors targeting the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signal used in clinic and ongoing clinical trials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (T.P.); (J.K.)
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Melekhova A, Baniahmad A. ING Tumour Suppressors and ING Splice Variants as Coregulators of the Androgen Receptor Signalling in Prostate Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102599. [PMID: 34685579 PMCID: PMC8533759 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevention and overcoming castration resistance of prostate cancer (PC) remains one of the main unsolved problems in modern oncology. Hence, many studies are focused on the investigation of novel androgen receptor (AR) regulators that could serve as potential drug targets in disease therapy. Among such factors, inhibitor of growth (ING) proteins were identified. Some ING proteins act as AR transcriptional coregulators, indicating their relevance for PC research. The ING family consists of five protein-coding genes from ING1 to ING5 and pseudogene INGX. The ING genes were revealed through their sequence homology to the first identified ING1 from an in vivo screen. ING factors are a part of histone modification complexes. With the help of the conserved plant homeodomain (PHD) motif, ING factors bind to Histone 3 Lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation mark with a stronger affinity to the highest methylation grade H3K4me3 and recruit histone acetyltransferases (HAT) and histone deacetylases (HDAC) to chromatin. ING1 and ING2 are core subunits of mSIN3a-HDAC corepressor complexes, whereas ING3–5 interact with different HAT complexes that serve as coactivators. ING members belong to type II tumour suppressors and are frequently downregulated in many types of malignancies, including PC. As the family name indicates, ING proteins are able to inhibit cell growth and tumour development via regulation of cell cycle and cancer-relevant pathways such as apoptosis, cellular senescence, DNA repair, cell migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. Many ING splice variants that enhance the diversity of ING activity were discovered. However, it seems that the existence of multiple ING splice variants is underestimated, since alternative splice variants, such as the AR coregulators ING1 and ING3, counteract full-length ING and thus play an opposite functional role. These results open a novel prospective investigation direction in understanding ING factors biology in PC and other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641-9396-820; Fax: +49-3641-9396-822
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12
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Sahu R, Mishra R, Kumar R, Salahuddin, Majee C, Mazumder A, Kumar A. Pyridine moiety: An insight into recent advances in treatment of cancer. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:248-272. [PMID: 34126914 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210614162031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of cancer is increasing worldwide, affecting a vast majority of the human population. As new different anticancer agents are being developed now, the requirement is to deal somehow with them and evaluate their safety. Among them, pyridine based drugs are contributing a lot, as it is one of the imperative pharmacophores occurring synthetically as well as naturally in heterocyclic compounds, and having a wide range of therapeutic applications in the area of drug discovery, thereby offering many chances for further improvement in antitumor agents via acting onto numerous receptors of extreme prominence. Many pyridine derivatives have been reported to inhibit enzymes, receptors and many other targets for controlling and curing the global health issue of cancer. Nowadays, in combination with other moieties, researchers are focusing on the development of pyridine-based new derivatives for cancer treatment. Therefore, this review sheds light on the recent therapeutic expansions of pyridine together with its molecular docking, structure-activity-relationship, availability in the market, and a summary of recently patented and published research works that shall jointly help the scientists to produce effective drugs with the desired pharmacological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Sahu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical & Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida-201310, India
| | - Rakhi Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida-201306, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida-201306, India
| | - Salahuddin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida-201306, India
| | - Chandana Majee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida-201306, India
| | - Avijit Mazumder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida-201306, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida-201306, India
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Fontana F, Limonta P. Dissecting the Hormonal Signaling Landscape in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:1133. [PMID: 34067217 PMCID: PMC8151003 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying prostate cancer (PCa) progression towards its most aggressive, castration-resistant (CRPC) stage is urgently needed to improve the therapeutic options for this almost incurable pathology. Interestingly, CRPC is known to be characterized by a peculiar hormonal landscape. It is now well established that the androgen/androgen receptor (AR) axis is still active in CRPC cells. The persistent activity of this axis in PCa progression has been shown to be related to different mechanisms, such as intratumoral androgen synthesis, AR amplification and mutations, AR mRNA alternative splicing, increased expression/activity of AR-related transcription factors and coregulators. The hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), by binding to its specific receptors (GnRH-Rs) at the pituitary level, plays a pivotal role in the regulation of the reproductive functions. GnRH and GnRH-R are also expressed in different types of tumors, including PCa. Specifically, it has been demonstrated that, in CRPC cells, the activation of GnRH-Rs is associated with a significant antiproliferative/proapoptotic, antimetastatic and antiangiogenic activity. This antitumor activity is mainly mediated by the GnRH-R-associated Gαi/cAMP signaling pathway. In this review, we dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of the androgen/AR and GnRH/GnRH-R axes in CRPC progression and the possible therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy;
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14
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Thelen P, Taubert H, Duensing S, Kristiansen G, Merseburger AS, Cronauer MV. [The impact of the androgen receptor splice variant AR-V7 on the prognosis and treatment of advanced prostate cancer]. Aktuelle Urol 2020; 51:582-592. [PMID: 29370587 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-115426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A recently discovered mechanism enabling prostate cancer cells to escape the effects of endocrine therapies consists in the synthesis of C-terminally truncated, constitutively active androgen receptor (AR) splice variants (AR-V). Devoid of a functional C-terminal hormone/ligand binding domain, various AR-Vs are insensitive to therapies targeting the androgen/AR signalling axis. Preliminary studies suggest that AR-V7, the most common AR-V, is a promising predictive tumour marker and a relevant selection marker for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. This review critically outlines recent advances in AR-V7 diagnostics and presents an overview of current AR-V7 targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Thelen
- Klinik für Urologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen
| | - H. Taubert
- Urologische und Kinderurologische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen
| | - S. Duensing
- Urologische Klinik, Sektion für Molekulare Uro-Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg
| | - G. Kristiansen
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, 53127 Bonn
| | - A. S. Merseburger
- Klinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein – Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck
| | - M. V. Cronauer
- Klinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein – Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck
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15
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Tonry C, Finn S, Armstrong J, Pennington SR. Clinical proteomics for prostate cancer: understanding prostate cancer pathology and protein biomarkers for improved disease management. Clin Proteomics 2020; 17:41. [PMID: 33292167 PMCID: PMC7678104 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-020-09305-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the introduction of routine Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) screening in the early 1990's, Prostate Cancer (PCa) is often detected at an early stage. There are also a growing number of treatment options available and so the associated mortality rate is generally low. However, PCa is an extremely complex and heterogenous disease and many patients suffer disease recurrence following initial therapy. Disease recurrence commonly results in metastasis and metastatic PCa has an average survival rate of just 3-5 years. A significant problem in the clinical management of PCa is being able to differentiate between patients who will respond to standard therapies and those who may benefit from more aggressive intervention at an earlier stage. It is also acknowledged that for many men the disease is not life threatenting. Hence, there is a growing desire to identify patients who can be spared the significant side effects associated with PCa treatment until such time (if ever) their disease progresses to the point where treatment is required. To these important clinical needs, current biomarkers and clinical methods for patient stratification and personlised treatment are insufficient. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the complexities of PCa pathology and disease management. In this context it is possible to review current biomarkers and proteomic technologies that will support development of biomarker-driven decision tools to meet current important clinical needs. With such an in-depth understanding of disease pathology, the development of novel clinical biomarkers can proceed in an efficient and effective manner, such that they have a better chance of improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Tonry
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen Finn
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
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16
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Kokal M, Mirzakhani K, Pungsrinont T, Baniahmad A. Mechanisms of Androgen Receptor Agonist- and Antagonist-Mediated Cellular Senescence in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071833. [PMID: 32650419 PMCID: PMC7408918 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a leading role in the control of prostate cancer (PCa) growth. Interestingly, structurally different AR antagonists with distinct mechanisms of antagonism induce cell senescence, a mechanism that inhibits cell cycle progression, and thus seems to be a key cellular response for the treatment of PCa. Surprisingly, while physiological levels of androgens promote growth, supraphysiological androgen levels (SAL) inhibit PCa growth in an AR-dependent manner by inducing cell senescence in cancer cells. Thus, oppositional acting ligands, AR antagonists, and agonists are able to induce cellular senescence in PCa cells, as shown in cell culture model as well as ex vivo in patient tumor samples. This suggests a dual AR-signaling dependent on androgen levels that leads to the paradox of the rational to keep the AR constantly inactivated in order to treat PCa. These observations however opened the option to treat PCa patients with AR antagonists and/or with androgens at supraphysiological levels. The latter is currently used in clinical trials in so-called bipolar androgen therapy (BAT). Notably, cellular senescence is induced by AR antagonists or agonist in both androgen-dependent and castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Pathway analysis suggests a crosstalk between AR and the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src-Akt/PKB and the PI3K-mTOR-autophagy signaling in mediating AR-induced cellular senescence in PCa. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of therapeutic induction and intracellular pathways of AR-mediated cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aria Baniahmad
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641-9396820; Fax: +49-3641-99396822
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17
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Gupta S, Pungsrinont T, Ženata O, Neubert L, Vrzal R, Baniahmad A. Interleukin-23 Represses the Level of Cell Senescence Induced by the Androgen Receptor Antagonists Enzalutamide and Darolutamide in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells. Discov Oncol 2020; 11:182-190. [PMID: 32562083 PMCID: PMC7335377 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-020-00391-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths of men in Western countries. Androgen deprivation therapy is initially successful, however eventually fails, and tumors progress to the more aggressive castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Yet, androgen receptor (AR) usually remains as a major regulator of tumor cell proliferation in CRPC. Interleukin-23 (IL-23) was recently shown to promote the development of CRPC by driving AR transcription. Here we used the androgen-sensitive LNCaP, castration-resistant C4-2, and 22Rv1 cells. Interestingly, cellular senescence is induced in these human cell lines by treatment with the AR antagonists enzalutamide (ENZ) or darolutamide (ODM), which might be one underlying mechanism for inhibition of PCa cell proliferation. Treatment with IL-23 alone did not change cellular senescence levels in these cell lines, whereas IL-23 inhibited significantly cellular senescence levels induced by ENZ or ODM in both CRPC cell lines C4-2 and 22Rv1 but not in LNCaP cells. This indicates a response of IL-23 specific in CRPC cells. Generating LNCaP and C4-2 three-dimensional (3D) spheroids and treatment with AR antagonists resulted in the reduced spheroid volume and thus growth inhibition. However, the combination of AR antagonists with IL-23 did not affect the antagonist-mediated reduction of spheroid volumes. This observation was confirmed with proliferation assays using adherent monolayer cell cultures. Taken together, the data indicate that IL-23 treatment reduces the AR antagonists-induced level of cellular senescence of CRPC cells, which could be one possible mechanism for promoting castration resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Gupta
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07740, Jena, Germany
| | - Thanakorn Pungsrinont
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07740, Jena, Germany
| | - Ondrej Ženata
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Laura Neubert
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07740, Jena, Germany
| | - Radim Vrzal
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07740, Jena, Germany.
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18
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Pungsrinont T, Sutter MF, Ertingshausen MCCM, Lakshmana G, Kokal M, Khan AS, Baniahmad A. Senolytic compounds control a distinct fate of androgen receptor agonist- and antagonist-induced cellular senescent LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:59. [PMID: 32351687 PMCID: PMC7183592 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00422-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The benefit of inducing cellular senescence as a tumor suppressive strategy remains questionable due to the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Hence, studies and development of senolytic compounds that induce cell death in senescent cells have recently emerged. Senescent cells are hypothesized to exhibit different upregulated pro-survival/anti-apoptotic networks depending on the senescent inducers. This might limit the effect of a particular senolytic compound that targets rather only a specific pathway. Interestingly, cellular senescence in prostate cancer (PCa) cells can be induced by either androgen receptor (AR) agonists at supraphysiological androgen level (SAL) used in bipolar androgen therapy or by AR antagonists. This challenges to define ligand-specific senolytic compounds. Results Here, we first induced cellular senescence by treating androgen-sensitive PCa LNCaP cells with either SAL or the AR antagonist Enzalutamide (ENZ). Subsequently, cells were incubated with the HSP90 inhibitor Ganetespib (GT), the Bcl-2 family inhibitor ABT263, or the Akt inhibitor MK2206 to analyze senolysis. GT and ABT263 are known senolytic compounds. We observed that GT exhibits senolytic activity specifically in SAL-pretreated PCa cells. Mechanistically, GT treatment results in reduction of AR, Akt, and phospho-S6 (p-S6) protein levels. Surprisingly, ABT263 lacks senolytic effect in both AR agonist- and antagonist-pretreated cells. ABT263 treatment does not affect AR, Akt, or S6 protein levels. Treatment with MK2206 does not reduce AR protein level and, as expected, potently inhibits Akt phosphorylation. However, ENZ-induced cellular senescent cells undergo apoptosis by MK2206, whereas SAL-treated cells are resistant. In line with this, we reveal that the pro-survival p-S6 level is higher in SAL-induced cellular senescent PCa cells compared to ENZ-treated cells. These data indicate a difference in the agonist- or antagonist-induced cellular senescence and suggest a novel role of MK2206 as a senolytic agent preferentially for AR antagonist-treated cells. Conclusion Taken together, our data suggest that both AR agonist and antagonist induce cellular senescence but differentially upregulate a pro-survival signaling which preferentially sensitize androgen-sensitive PCa LNCaP cells to a specific senolytic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanakorn Pungsrinont
- 1Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Malika Franziska Sutter
- 1Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07740 Jena, Germany.,2Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Gopinath Lakshmana
- 1Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Miriam Kokal
- 1Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Amir Saeed Khan
- 1Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07740 Jena, Germany.,3Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- 1Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07740 Jena, Germany
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19
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Cao Q, Song Z, Ruan H, Wang C, Yang X, Bao L, Wang K, Cheng G, Xu T, Xiao W, Xiong Z, Liu D, Yang M, Zhou D, Yang H, Chen K, Zhang X. Targeting the KIF4A/AR Axis to Reverse Endocrine Therapy Resistance in Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 26:1516-1528. [PMID: 31796514 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-0396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Androgen Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Benzamides
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Databases, Genetic/statistics & numerical data
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Kinesins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Kinesins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Middle Aged
- Nitriles
- Phenylthiohydantoin/analogs & derivatives
- Phenylthiohydantoin/pharmacology
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/pathology
- Receptors, Androgen/chemistry
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Survival Rate
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cao
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Insititute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengshuai Song
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Insititute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hailong Ruan
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Insititute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Insititute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiong Yang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Insititute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Bao
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Insititute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Keshan Wang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Insititute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Insititute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - TianBo Xu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Insititute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Xiao
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Insititute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyong Xiong
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Insititute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Liu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Insititute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Diwei Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Insititute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Insititute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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20
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Liu WJ, Zhao G, Zhang CY, Yang CQ, Zeng XB, Li J, Zhu K, Zhao SQ, Lu HM, Yin DC, Lin SX. Comparison of the roles of estrogens and androgens in breast cancer and prostate cancer. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:2756-2769. [PMID: 31693255 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) and prostate cancer (PC) are the second most common malignant tumors in women and men in western countries, respectively. The risks of death are 14% for BC and 9% for PC. Abnormal estrogen and androgen levels are related to carcinogenesis of the breast and prostate. Estradiol stimulates cancer development in BC. The effect of estrogen on PC is concentration-dependent, and estrogen can regulate androgen production, further affecting PC. Estrogen can also increase the risk of androgen-induced PC. Androgen has dual effects on BC via different metabolic pathways, and the role of the androgen receptor (AR) in BC also depends on cell subtype and downstream target genes. Androgen and AR can stimulate both primary PC and castration-resistant PC. Understanding the mechanisms of the effects of estrogen and androgen on BC and PC may help us to improve curative BC and PC treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Liu
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chen-Yan Zhang
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chang-Qing Yang
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiang-Bin Zeng
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin Li
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun Zhu
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shi-Qi Zhao
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui-Meng Lu
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Da-Chuan Yin
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sheng-Xiang Lin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Centre (CHUQ, CHUL), Laval University, Québec, Canada
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21
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Jiang Z, Zhang Y, Chen X, Wu P, Chen D. Inactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway underlies inhibitory role of microRNA-129-5p in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis of prostate cancer by targeting ZIC2. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:271. [PMID: 31649488 PMCID: PMC6805653 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0977-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common disease that often occurs among older men and a frequent cause of malignancy associated death in this group. microRNA (miR)-129-5p has been identified as an essential regulator with a significant role in the prognosis of PC. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate roles of miR-129-5p in PCa. Methods Microarray analysis was conducted to identify PCa-related genes. The expression of miR-129-5p and ZIC2 in PCa tissues was investigated. To understand the role of miR-129-5p and ZIC2 in PCa, DU145 cells were transfected with mimic or inhibitor of miR-129-5p, or si-ZIC2 and the expression of Wnt, β-catenin, E-cadherin, vimentin, N-cadherin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and CD31, as well as the extent of β-catenin phosphorylation was determined. In addition, cell proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, apoptosis and tumorigenesis were detected. Results miR-129-5p was poorly expressed and ZIC2 was highly expressed in PCa tissues. Down-regulation of ZIC2 or overexpression of miR-129-5p reduced the expression of ZIC2, Wnt, β-catenin, N-cadherin, vimentin, and β-catenin phosphorylation but increased the expression of E-cadherin. Importantly, miR-129-5p overexpression significantly reduced cell migration, invasion, angiogenesis and tumorigenesis while increasing cell apoptosis. Conclusions The findings of the present study indicated that overexpression of miR-129-5p or silencing of ZIC2 could inhibit epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and angiogenesis in PCa through blockage of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenming Jiang
- 1Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001 Liaoning People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxi Zhang
- 1Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001 Liaoning People's Republic of China.,Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County, No. 1, Wenhua Road, Qiaotou Town, Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County, Xining, 810100 Qinghai People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Chen
- 3Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 People's Republic of China
| | - Pingeng Wu
- 1Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001 Liaoning People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Chen
- 4Central Lab, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 People's Republic of China
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22
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Heidarian E, Keloushadi M. Antiproliferative and Anti-invasion Effects of Carvacrol on PC3 Human Prostate Cancer Cells through Reducing pSTAT3, pAKT, and pERK1/2 Signaling Proteins. Int J Prev Med 2019; 10:156. [PMID: 32133074 PMCID: PMC6827259 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_292_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most effective parameters in the progression of the prostate cancer is interleukin (IL)-6 through affecting pSTAT3, pERK1/2, and pAKT cell signaling proteins. Carvacrol is an herbal antioxidant with antitumor effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of carvacrol on IL-6 gene expression, pSTAT3, pAKT, pERK1/2 cellular signaling proteins, and invasion in human prostate cancer PC3 cells. METHODS PC3 cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay with different concentrations of carvacrol (0-800 μM). IL-6 gene expression and cellular concentration of pSTAT3, pERK1/2, and pAKT were investigated using the real-time reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting technic, respectively. PC3 cell invasion was determined by invasion assay test. RESULTS Carvacrol IC50 for PC3 prostate cancer cells was 360 μM. Carvacrol led to a significant reduction (P < 0.05) for IL-6 gene expression in a dose-dependent manner compared to control. IL-6 protein reduced 41.5% and 52.7% when compared with control cells at 360 and 420 μM of carvacrol, respectively. Carvacrol led to a decline in pSTAT3, pAKT, and pERK1/2 above 360 μM compared to control. PC3 potential invasion was significantly reduced after treatment with carvacrol in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Decreased IL-6 protein level by carvacrol resulted in diminishing of pSTAT3, pERK1/2, and pAKT signaling proteins, which leads to the reduction of the cell survival, proliferation, and invasion in PC3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esfandiar Heidarian
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Keloushadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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23
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[Inhibitors of the androgen receptor N‑terminal domain : Therapies targeting the Achilles' heel of various androgen receptor molecules in advanced prostate cancer]. Urologe A 2019; 57:148-154. [PMID: 29147733 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-017-0541-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although prostate cancer responds well to primary endocrine therapies, tumor progression with castration resistant tumor cells almost invariably occurs within a few years. Unfortunately, some CRPC patients do not respond to second-line therapies with abiraterone or enzalutamide. Moreover, patients who initially responded well to second-line hormone therapy develop resistance to abiraterone and/or enzalutamide within a short period of time. Besides an increase of intracellular androgen receptor (AR) levels, the predominant resistance mechanisms include AR aberrations (point mutations, AR splice variants) occurring predominantly at the androgen or ligand binding domain of the AR. The following review delineates recent progress in the development of AR inhibitors that do not depend on androgen binding and represent a putative third generation of AR inhibitors.
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24
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Oner M, Lin E, Chen MC, Hsu FN, Shazzad Hossain Prince GM, Chiu KY, Teng CLJ, Yang TY, Wang HY, Yue CH, Yu CH, Lai CH, Hsieh JT, Lin H. Future Aspects of CDK5 in Prostate Cancer: From Pathogenesis to Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163881. [PMID: 31395805 PMCID: PMC6720211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) is a unique member of the cyclin-dependent kinase family. CDK5 is activated by binding with its regulatory proteins, mainly p35, and its activation is essential in the development of the central nervous system (CNS) and neurodegeneration. Recently, it has been reported that CDK5 plays important roles in regulating various biological and pathological processes, including cancer progression. Concerning prostate cancer, the androgen receptor (AR) is majorly involved in tumorigenesis, while CDK5 can phosphorylate AR and promotes the proliferation of prostate cancer cells. Clinical evidence has also shown that the level of CDK5 is associated with the progression of prostate cancer. Interestingly, inhibition of CDK5 prevents prostate cancer cell growth, while drug-triggered CDK5 hyperactivation leads to apoptosis. The blocking of CDK5 activity by its small interfering RNAs (siRNA) or Roscovitine, a pan-CDK inhibitor, reduces the cellular AR protein level and triggers the death of prostate cancer cells. Thus, CDK5 plays a crucial role in the growth of prostate cancer cells, and AR regulation is one of the important pathways. In this review paper, we summarize the significant studies on CDK5-mediated regulation of prostate cancer cells. We propose that the CDK5–p35 complex might be an outstanding candidate as a diagnostic marker and potential target for prostate cancer treatment in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Oner
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Eugene Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 505, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chih Chen
- Translational Cell Therapy Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Ning Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | | | - Kun-Yuan Chiu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Lin Jerry Teng
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Internal, Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ying Yang
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Herng Yue
- Department of Surgery, Tung's Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, Taichung 435, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Han Yu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ho Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung Medical University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ho Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
- Program in Translational Medicine and Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
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25
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Yuan L, Huang X, Zhou K, Zhu X, Huang B, Qiu S, Cao K, Xu L. Sea cucumber extract TBL-12 inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of human prostate cancer cells through the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and intrinsic caspase apoptosis pathway. Prostate 2019; 79:826-839. [PMID: 30889629 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sea cucumber is a kind of nutritious echinoderm that has multiple biological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, and antitumor activities. However, there is no extensive study on the antitumor effect of sea cucumber extract on prostate cancer (PCa). TBL-12 is a new sea cucumber extract. In this study, we investigated the in vivo anti-PCa effect of TBL-12 and its in vitro effects on the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of the human PCa cell lines LNCaP, 22RV1, PC-3, and DU145, and evaluated its possible mechanisms. METHODS Cell proliferation was analyzed by cell counting kit-8 and colony formation assays. Scratch migration assay and transwell invasiveness assay were used to observe TBL-12 effect on the migration and invasion of PCa cells. Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 expression and enzymatic activity was determined by Western blot analysis, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and gelatin zymography. Apoptosis level was detected by flow cytometry analysis. Western blot analysis was used to analyze p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and apoptosis pathways. Angiogenic array analysis was used to explore autocrine and paracrine growth factors in PCa cell lines. Xenograft tumor model was built to observe the in vivo anticancer effect. RESULTS TBL-12 could significantly inhibit tumor growth in xenograft PCa mice in vivo, and dramatically inhibit the proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasiveness of PCa cells in vitro (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001). The expression and enzyme activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were significantly suppressed by TBL-12 ( P < 0.01), and decreased phosphorylation level of p38 in PCa cells was detected ( P < 0.001). Furthermore, TBL-12 could reinforce the MMP-2/MMP-9 inhibitory effect of SB203580, a specific inhibitor of the p38 MAPK pathway ( P < 0.05). Besides, TBL-12 could induce the apoptosis of PCa cells by activating caspase-9, caspase-7, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and suppressing survivin, and inhibit the secretion of angiogenin, angiopoietin-2, and vascular endothelial growth factor in PCa cells. CONCLUSIONS Sea cucumber extract TBL-12 could suppress the proliferation and metastasis of human PCa cells by inhibiting MMP-2 and MMP-9 via blocking the p38 MAPK pathway, inducing apoptosis through intrinsic caspase apoptosis pathway and inhibiting the secretion of angiogenic factors. Our findings may be of importance and significance for the research and clinical applications of sea cucumber extract in PCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yuan
- Research Center for Clinical Laboratory Standard, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xubin Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Research Center for Clinical Laboratory Standard, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaopeng Qiu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaiyuan Cao
- Research Center for Clinical Laboratory Standard, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Research Center for Clinical Laboratory Standard, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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26
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Roell D, Rösler TW, Hessenkemper W, Kraft F, Hauschild M, Bartsch S, Abraham TE, Houtsmuller AB, Matusch R, van Royen ME, Baniahmad A. Halogen-substituted anthranilic acid derivatives provide a novel chemical platform for androgen receptor antagonists. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 188:59-70. [PMID: 30615932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) antagonists are used for hormone therapy of prostate cancer (PCa). However resistance to the treatment occurs eventually. One possible reason is the occurrence of AR mutations that prevent inhibition of AR-mediated transactivation by antagonists. To offer in future more options to inhibit AR signaling, novel chemical lead structures for new AR antagonists would be beneficial. Here we analyzed structure-activity relationships of a battery of 36 non-steroidal structural variants of methyl anthranilate including 23 synthesized compounds. We identified structural requirements that lead to more potent AR antagonists. Specific compounds inhibit the transactivation of wild-type AR as well as AR mutants that render treatment resistance to hydroxyflutamide, bicalutamide and the second-generation AR antagonist enzalutamide. This suggests a distinct mode of inhibiting the AR compared to the clinically used compounds. Competition assays suggest binding of these compounds to the AR ligand binding domain and inhibit PCa cell proliferation. Moreover, active compounds induce cellular senescence despite inhibition of AR-mediated transactivation indicating a transactivation-independent AR-pathway. In line with this, fluorescence resonance after photobleaching (FRAP) - assays reveal higher mobility of the AR in the cell nuclei. Mechanistically, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) - assays indicate that the amino-carboxy (N/C)-interaction of the AR is not affected, which is in contrast to known AR-antagonists. This suggests a mechanistically novel mode of AR-antagonism. Together, these findings indicate the identification of a novel chemical platform as a new lead structure that extends the diversity of known AR antagonists and possesses a distinct mode of antagonizing AR-function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Roell
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas W Rösler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Florian Kraft
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Monique Hauschild
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sophie Bartsch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Tsion E Abraham
- Department of Pathology and Erasmus Optical Imaging Center OIC, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Adriaan B Houtsmuller
- Department of Pathology and Erasmus Optical Imaging Center OIC, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rudolf Matusch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin E van Royen
- Department of Pathology and Erasmus Optical Imaging Center OIC, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
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27
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Lakshmana G, Baniahmad A. Interference with the androgen receptor protein stability in therapy-resistant prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2018; 144:1775-1779. [PMID: 30125354 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer (PCa). Most PCa cases develop eventually from an androgen-dependent stage to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) with AR-signaling still being active. Thus, inhibition of AR remains a well-established promising drug target in CRPC. However, despite the improvements of current treatment for CRPC by targeting the AR, the evolution of adaptive AR-signaling leads to therapy-resistant CRPC. Treatment failure is based mostly on the inability to keep AR under long-term restraint due to adaptive responses of AR-signaling. One underlying mechanism appears to be the increased AR protein stability. Therefore, the regulation of AR protein stability and its degradation is another interesting path that could enhance our knowledge of carcinogenesis and tumor evolution possibly leading to novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss various molecular mechanisms and factors that stabilize AR protein levels directly or indirectly. We summarize novel approaches to interfere with AR stability including targeting the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), heat shock proteins, and co-chaperones as well as E3-ligases using small chimeric molecules. These novel approaches in combination with antiandrogen treatment inhibit PCa growth through the regulation of AR protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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28
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Inhibiting Multiple Deubiquitinases to Reduce Androgen Receptor Expression in Prostate Cancer Cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13146. [PMID: 30177856 PMCID: PMC6120934 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa), a leading cause of cancer-related death in men, becomes resistant to androgen deprivation therapy by inducing androgen receptor (AR) activity, which is known as castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Enzalutamide is an approved drug that inhibits AR activity and increases overall survival. However, resistance to enzalutamide develops rapidly often by increasing AR activity, suggesting that new therapies are required for CRPC. We investigated whether betulinic acid (BA), a small molecule from plants that inhibits multiple deubiquitinases (DUBs), reduces AR, and selectively kills PCa cells, can provide an adjuvant strategy for CRPC. Our data indicated that BA reduced AR protein stability and mRNA expression, making it an attractive agent for CRPC. BA decreased AR mRNA possibly by inhibiting a histone 2A DUB thereby increasing ubiquitinated histone 2A, a transcriptional repressor. We identified multiple and specific DUBs inhibited by BA either in PCa cells or using recombinant DUBs. Similar results were obtained using another multi-DUB inhibitor WP1130, suggesting that these DUB inhibitors can decrease AR expression and increase PCa-specific death. Our results also suggest that combining multi-DUB inhibitors BA or WP1130 with enzalutamide may provide a novel strategy for CRPC by further decreasing AR expression and increasing apoptotic cell death.
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29
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Cai Z, Chen W, Zhang J, Li H. Androgen receptor: what we know and what we expect in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Int Urol Nephrol 2018; 50:1753-1764. [PMID: 30128923 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-018-1964-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy is an important therapy for prostate cancer (PCa) in aging men. Under the background of castration, it is inevitable that prostate cancer will develop into castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which has a high mortality rate, after 2-3 years. Androgen receptor (AR) plays a key role in PCa development and is essential to CRPC. More recent research studies have reported that the development of CRPC is largely due to altered mechanisms related to AR, so it is important for us to understand the roles of AR and detailed AR-related mechanisms in CRPC. The multiple AR-related mechanisms promoting the development of CRPC are as follows: (1) enhanced transformation and increased synthesis of intratumoral androgen; (2) AR overexpression, which enables CRPC to be hypersensitive to low levels of androgen; (3) AR cofactors, which enhanced AR transactivation; (4) AR-spliced variants, which mediated downstream gene expression without androgen; (5) the interaction between the AR pathway and classic tumor-related pathways; and» (6) AR mutations, which reduced AR specificity and enhanced AR transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglin Cai
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Weijie Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hongjun Li
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
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30
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Pathak BR, Breed AA, Deshmukh P, Mahale SD. Androgen receptor mediated epigenetic regulation of CRISP3 promoter in prostate cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 181:20-27. [PMID: 29477539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine-rich secretory protein 3 (CRISP3) is one of the most upregulated genes in prostate cancer. Androgen receptor (AR) plays an important role not only in initial stages of prostate cancer development but also in the advanced stage of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Role of AR in regulation of CRISP3 expression is not yet known. In order to understand the regulation of CRISP3 expression, various overlapping fragments of CRISP3 promoter were cloned in pGL3 luciferase reporter vector. All constructs were transiently and stably transfected in PC3 (CRISP3 negative) and LNCaP (CRISP3 positive) cell lines and promoter activity was measured by luciferase assay. Promoter activity of LNCaP stable clones was significantly higher than PC3 stable clones. Further in CRISP3 negative PC3 and RWPE-1 cells, CRISP3 promoter was shown to be silenced by histone deacetylation. Treatment of LNCaP cells with DHT resulted in increase in levels of CRISP3 transcript and protein. AR dependency of CRISP3 promoter was also evaluated in LNCaP stable clones by luciferase assay. To provide molecular evidence of epigenetic regulation of CRISP3 promoter and its response to DHT, ChIP PCR was performed in PC3 and LNCaP cells. Our results demonstrate that CRISP3 expression in prostate cancer cells is androgen dependent and in AR positive cells, CRISP3 promoter is epigenetically regulated by AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakti R Pathak
- Division of Structural Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Mumbai, India.
| | - Ananya A Breed
- Division of Structural Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Mumbai, India
| | - Priyanka Deshmukh
- Division of Structural Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Mumbai, India
| | - Smita D Mahale
- Division of Structural Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Mumbai, India
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31
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Hupe MC, Hoda MR, Zengerling F, Perner S, Merseburger AS, Cronauer MV. The BET-inhibitor PFI-1 diminishes AR/AR-V7 signaling in prostate cancer cells. World J Urol 2018; 37:343-349. [PMID: 29934670 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-018-2382-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) family of proteins provides a scaffolding platform for the recruitment and tethering of transcription factors to acetylated chromatin, thereby modulating gene expression. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of the BET-inhibitor PFI-1 to diminish AR/AR-V7 signaling and proliferation in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. METHODS Prostate-specific antigen and androgen receptor (AR) protein were quantified by means of two commercial ELISAs. Transactivation of the AR, AR-V7 and Q641X was determined by reporter gene assays. Cell proliferation was measured using a colorimetric MTT-assay. RESULTS PFI-1 dose-dependently inhibited transactivation of full-length AR (non- mutated, i.e., wild-type or point-mutated/promiscuous forms) without affecting their cellular protein levels. Moreover, PFI-1 was active against C-terminally truncated constitutively active ARs like AR-V7 and Q641X. Prostate cancer cells exhibiting a transcriptionally active AR-signaling complex (LNCaP, 22Rv1) were more susceptible to the growth-inhibitory effects than the AR-negative PC-3 cells. CONCLUSION The quinazolinone PFI-1 is a highly efficient inhibitor of AR-signaling-competent prostate cancer cells in vitro. PFI-1 could serve as a lead compound for the development of new therapeutics able to block AR/AR-V7 signaling in advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie C Hupe
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - M Raschid Hoda
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Sven Perner
- Pathology of the University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck and Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Axel S Merseburger
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marcus V Cronauer
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany.
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32
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Men T, Yu C, Wang D, Liu F, Li J, Qi X, Yang C, Jiang W, Wei X, Li X, Wang B, Mi J, Tian G. The impact of interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene 4 polymorphisms on peripheral blood IL-10 variation and prostate cancer risk based on published studies. Oncotarget 2018; 8:45994-46005. [PMID: 28526808 PMCID: PMC5542243 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study purported to investigate the impact of interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene 4 polymorphisms (−1082G>A, -819T>C, -592A>C and 210T>C) on peripheral blood IL-10 variation and prostate cancer (PCa) risk, with a special consideration given to various origins of between-study heterogeneity. 2 researchers independently fulfilled literature retrieval, quality assessment and information collection. Sub-grouped analyses per ethnicity, continent, design type, control source, genotyping procedure, genotype validation, age-matched status, study sample size, quality score and controls’ mean age were conducted, respectively. Total 17 unduplicated studies (patients/controls: 7561/8101) were assessable for PCa risk, and 4 unduplicated studies (1189 subjects) for peripheral blood IL-10 variation. Pooling all assessable studies identified a marginally significant association between the -1082A allele and increased PCa risk (odds ratio (OR)=1.10, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.00 to 1.21) (Heterogeneity I2=64.3%), and no significance was detected in sub-grouped analyses of this polymorphism. Contrastingly, the -592C allele was significantly associated with reduced PCa risk in both prospective (OR=0.85, 95% CI: 0.77 to 0.95) and population-based (OR=0.92, 95% CI: 0.84 to 1.00) studies (Heterogeneity I2=0.0% and 18.1%). Moreover, carriers of combined -592CA/CC genotypes had a significant higher level of peripheral blood IL-10 than the -592AA genotype carriers (weighted mean difference=0.45 and 0.54 mg/dL, 95% CI: 0.23 to 0.67 and 0.30 to 0.39). The above comparisons possessed a low probability of publication bias. In sum, our findings suggested that IL-10 gene -592A>C polymorphism may represent a promising candidate locus for the occurrence of PCa, and further signified a contributing role of this polymorphism in prostate carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Men
- School of Nursing, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Cuicui Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yantai Yu Huang Ding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoying Qi
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Chunhua Yang
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Wenguo Jiang
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaodan Wei
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xuri Li
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Molecular Imaging, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jia Mi
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Geng Tian
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
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Maßberg D, Jovancevic N, Offermann A, Simon A, Baniahmad A, Perner S, Pungsrinont T, Luko K, Philippou S, Ubrig B, Heiland M, Weber L, Altmüller J, Becker C, Gisselmann G, Gelis L, Hatt H. The activation of OR51E1 causes growth suppression of human prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:48231-48249. [PMID: 27374083 PMCID: PMC5217014 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of prostate cancer (PCa) is regulated by the androgen-dependent activity of the androgen receptor (AR). Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) is therefore the gold standard treatment to suppress malignant progression of PCa. Nevertheless, due to the development of castration resistance, recurrence of disease after initial response to ADT is a major obstacle to successful treatment. As G-protein coupled receptors play a fundamental role in PCa physiology, they might represent promising alternative or combinatorial targets for advanced diseases. Here, we verified gene expression of the olfactory receptors (ORs) OR51E1 [prostate-specific G-protein coupled receptor 2 (PSGR2)] and OR51E2 (PSGR) in human PCa tissue by RNA-Seq analysis and RT-PCR and elucidated the subcellular localization of both receptor proteins in human prostate tissue. The OR51E1 agonist nonanoic acid (NA) leads to the phosphorylation of various protein kinases and growth suppression of the PCa cell line LNCaP. Furthermore, treatment with NA causes reduction of androgen-mediated AR target gene expression. Interestingly, NA induces cellular senescence, which coincides with reduced E2F1 mRNA levels. In contrast, treatment with the structurally related compound 1-nonanol or the OR2AG1 agonist amyl butyrate, neither of which activates OR51E1, did not lead to reduced cell growth or an induction of cellular senescence. However, decanoic acid, another OR51E1 agonist, also induces cellular senescence. Thus, our results suggest the involvement of OR51E1 in growth processes of PCa cells and its impact on AR-mediated signaling. These findings provide novel evidences to support the functional importance of ORs in PCa pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Désirée Maßberg
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Anne Offermann
- Pathology of the University Hospital of Luebeck and the Leibniz Research Center Borstel, Luebeck and Borstel, Germany
| | - Annika Simon
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sven Perner
- Pathology of the University Hospital of Luebeck and the Leibniz Research Center Borstel, Luebeck and Borstel, Germany
| | | | - Katarina Luko
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Stathis Philippou
- Institute for Pathology und Cytology, Augusta-Kranken-Anstalt gGmbH Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Burkhard Ubrig
- Clinic for Urology, Augusta-Kranken-Anstalt gGmbH Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Markus Heiland
- Clinic for Urology, Augusta-Kranken-Anstalt gGmbH Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lea Weber
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | | | - Günter Gisselmann
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lian Gelis
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Present address: Global Drug Discovery - Clinical Sciences, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Guo J, Ma K, Xia HM, Chen QK, Li L, Deng J, Sheng J, Hong YY, Hu JP. Androgen receptor reverts dexamethasone‑induced inhibition of prostate cancer cell proliferation and migration. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5887-5893. [PMID: 29436611 PMCID: PMC5866034 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the role of androgen receptor in the effect of dexamethasone on cell proliferation and migration of multiple prostate cancer cells. The prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP, 22Rv1, C4-2 and PC3 were cultured in vitro. For glucocorticoid-induced experiments, the cells were transferred and cultured in RPMI-1640 medium with 10% charcoal-stripped serum from RPMI-1640 medium with 10% fetal bovine serum for at least 24 h. The effects of dexamethasone on the proliferation and migration of various cell lines were analyzed by MTT and migration assays. Dexamethasone exhibited no effect on LNCaP, C4-2 and 22Rv1 cell lines, but suppressed proliferation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR)+ androgen receptor (AR)− PC3 cell line. Dexamethasone suppressed PC3 cell migration, and did not affect migration of PC3-AR9 cells. Dexamethasone positively or negatively regulated proliferation of various prostate cancer cells based on AR and GR expression profiles. The data presented in the present study indicates that androgen receptor reverts the dexamethasone-induced inhibition of prostate cancer cell proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Guo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Ke Ma
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Mei Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Ke Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jun Deng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jing Sheng
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Yan Hong
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jie-Ping Hu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Long noncoding RNA PVT1 promotes EMT via mediating microRNA-186 targeting of Twist1 in prostate cancer. Gene 2018; 654:36-42. [PMID: 29452232 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis and the underlying mechanism of endothelial-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer remain unclear. Plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1), a novel long non-coding RNA maps to 8q24.21, and in many tumor studies the up-regulation of PVT1 has already been reported. PVT1 is closely related to tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. In this study, we employed a combination of techniques to study the role of PVT1 in prostate cancer, which included bioinformatic analysis, Western blotting and cell migration assays of prostate cancer cell lines. We report that PVT1 promotes prostate cancer invasion and metastasis by modulating EMT. Furthermore, PVT1 can promote EMT by up-regulation of Twist1, a transcription factor associated with EMT. We then confirmed that PVT1 acts as a sponge for miRNA-186-5p and positively regulates Twist1 by a sponge effect. Therefore, this study has revealed a novel MECHANISM for the promotion of EMT in prostate cancer by PVT1. Our findings suggest that the PVT1/miR-186/Twist1 regulatory axis may be a new therapeutic target for prostate cancer.
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Fankhauser CD, Schüffler PJ, Gillessen S, Omlin A, Rupp NJ, Rueschoff JH, Hermanns T, Poyet C, Sulser T, Moch H, Wild PJ. Comprehensive immunohistochemical analysis of PD-L1 shows scarce expression in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:10284-10293. [PMID: 29535806 PMCID: PMC5828186 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to analyze the frequency and distribution of PD-L1 expression in specimens from prostate cancer (PC) patients using two different anti-PD-L1 antibodies (E1L3N, SP263). MATERIALS AND METHODS PD-L1 immunohistochemistry was performed in a tissue microarray consisting of 82 castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) specimens, 70 benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) specimens, 96 localized PC cases, and 3 PC cell lines, using two different antibodies (clones E1L3N, and SP263). Staining images for CD4, CD8, PD-L1, and PanCK of a single PD-L1 positive case were compared, using a newly developed dot-wise correlation method for digital images to objectively test for co-expression. RESULTS Depending on the antibody used, in tumor cells (TC) only five (E1L3N: 6%) and three (SP263: 3.7%) samples were positive. In infiltrating immune cells (IC) 12 (SP263: 14.6%) and 8 (E1L3N: 9.9%) specimens showed PD-L1 expression. Two PC cell lines (PC3, LnCaP) also displayed membranous immunoreactivity. All localized PCs or BPH samples tested were negative. Dot-wise digital correlation of expression patterns revealed a moderate positive correlation between PD-L1 and PanCK expression, whereas both PanCK and PD-L1 showed a weak negative Pearson correlation coefficient between CD4 and CD8. CONCLUSIONS PD-L1 was not expressed in localized PC or BPH, and was only found in a minority of CRPC tumors and infiltrating immune cells. Protein expression maps and systematic dot-wise comparison could be a useful objective way to describe the relationship between immuno- and tumor-related proteins in the future, without the need to develop multiplex staining methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian D. Fankhauser
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter J. Schüffler
- Department of Computer Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Silke Gillessen
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Aurelius Omlin
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Niels J. Rupp
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan H. Rueschoff
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Hermanns
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cedric Poyet
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tullio Sulser
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Holger Moch
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter J. Wild
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Ramamurthy VP, Ramalingam S, Gediya LK, Njar VCO. The retinamide VNLG-152 inhibits f-AR/AR-V7 and MNK-eIF4E signaling pathways to suppress EMT and castration-resistant prostate cancer xenograft growth. FEBS J 2018; 285:1051-1063. [PMID: 29323792 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
VNLG-152 is a novel retinamide (NR) shown to suppress growth and progression of genetically diverse prostate cancer cells via inhibition of androgen receptor signaling and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) translational machinery. Herein, we report therapeutic effects of VNLG-152 on castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) growth and metastatic phenotype in a CRPC tumor xenograft model. Administration of VNLG-152 significantly and dose-dependently suppressed the growth of aggressive CWR22Rv1 tumors by 63.4% and 76.3% at 10 and 20 mg·kg-1 bw, respectively (P < 0.0001), vs. vehicle with no host toxicity. Strikingly, the expression of full-length androgen receptor (f-AR)/androgen receptor splice variant-7 (AR-V7), mitogen-activated protein kinase-interacting kinases 1 and 2 (MNK1/2), phosphorylated eIF4E and their associated target proteins, including prostate-specific antigen, cyclin D1 and Bcl-2, were strongly decreased in VNLG-152-treated tumors signifying inhibition of f-AR/AR-V7 and MNK-eIF4E signaling in VNLG-152-treated CWR22Rv1 tumors as observed in vitro. VNLG-152 also suppressed the epithelial to mesenchymal transition in CWR22Rv1 tumors as evidenced by repression of N-cadherin, β-catenin, claudin, Slug, Snail, Twist, vimentin and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) with upsurge in E-cadherin. These results highlight the promising use of VNLG-152 in CRPC therapy and justify its further development towards clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya P Ramamurthy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Senthilmurugan Ramalingam
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lalji K Gediya
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vincent C O Njar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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38
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Jiang L, Shan J, Shen J, Wang Y, Yan P, Liu L, Zhao W, Xu Y, Zhu W, Su L, Chen J, Cheng F, Yao H, Xu H, Qian C, Liang Z. Androgen/androgen receptor axis maintains and promotes cancer cell stemness through direct activation of Nanog transcription in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:36814-36828. [PMID: 27167111 PMCID: PMC5095041 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and malignant cancers. The HCC incidence gets a strong sexual dimorphism as men are the major sufferers in this disaster. Although several studies have uncovered the presentative correlation between the axis of androgen/androgen receptor (AR) and HCC incidence, the mechanism is still largely unknown. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subgroup of cancer cells contributing to multiple tumors malignant behaviors, which play an important role in oncogenesis of various cancers including HCC. However, whether androgen/AR axis involves in regulation of HCC cells stemness remains unclear. Our previous study had identified that the pluripotency factor Nanog is not only a stemness biomarker, but also a potent regulator of CSCs in HCC. In this study, we revealed androgen/AR axis can promote HCC cells stemness by transcriptional activation of Nanog expression through directly binding to its promoter. In HCC tissues, we found that AR expression was abnormal high and got correlation with Nanog. Then, by labeling cellular endogenous Nanog with green fluorescent protein (GFP) through CRISPR/Cas9 system, it verified the co-localization of AR and Nanog in HCC cells. With in vitro experiments, we demonstrated the axis can promote HCC cells stemness, which effect is in a Nanog-dependent manner and through activating its transcription. And the xenografted tumor experiments confirmed the axis effect on tumorigenesis facilitation in vivo. Above all, we revealed a new sight of androgen/AR axis roles in HCC and provided a potential way for suppressing the axis in HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lupin Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juanjuan Shan
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junjie Shen
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanzhou Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Yan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Limei Liu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenxu Zhao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanmin Xu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Su
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feifei Cheng
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Yao
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huicheng Xu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiqing Liang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Overexpression of nuclear AR-V7 protein in primary prostate cancer is an independent negative prognostic marker in men with high-risk disease receiving adjuvant therapy. Urol Oncol 2017; 36:161.e19-161.e30. [PMID: 29198908 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overexpression of the androgen receptor (AR) splice variant 7 (AR-V7) has recently been reported to be associated with resistance to antihormonal therapy. Herein, we address the question whether tumor cells with AR-V7 expression can be detected at the time of radical prostatectomy, that is, before long-term hormonal manipulation and castration resistance, and what the potential prognostic impact on the biochemical recurrence (BCR)-free survival may be. METHODS An anti-AR-V7 antibody was first validated in a training set of prostate cancer specimens by a comparison of AR-V7 protein to AR-V7 mRNA expression. We then analyzed nuclear AR-V7 protein expression in the primary tumors and lymph node metastases from 163 predominantly high-risk patients (cohort I) as well as the primary tumors from patients of a second, consecutive patient cohort (n = 238, cohort II) not selected for any clinicopathological features. Staining results were correlated to patient characteristics and BCR-free patient survival. RESULTS High nuclear AR-V7 protein expression was detected in approximately 30%-40% of patients in cohort I and II at the time of radical prostatectomy. High baseline expression of nuclear AR-V7 protein was associated with an unfavorable BCR-free survival in the high-risk patient cohort I but not in the unselected consecutive cohort II. Remarkably, AR-V7 was an independent negative prognostic factor in high-risk prostate cancer patients of cohort I who were selected to receive adjuvant treatment. CONCLUSIONS Prostate cancer cells with high nuclear AR-V7 protein expression can be detected in a substantial proportion of tumors at the time of radical prostatectomy. The presence of AR-V7-positive tumor cells is associated with an unfavorable prognosis for BCR-free survival in a high-risk patient cohort including a subgroup of patients selected to receive adjuvant therapy, in which AR-V7 was an independent negative prognosticator. Overexpression of nuclear AR-V7 protein hence identifies a subset of tumors with remarkably aggressive growth characteristics among clinically and histologically high-risk patients at the time of radical prostatectomy.
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40
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Kaittanis C, Andreou C, Hieronymus H, Mao N, Foss CA, Eiber M, Weirich G, Panchal P, Gopalan A, Zurita J, Achilefu S, Chiosis G, Ponomarev V, Schwaiger M, Carver BS, Pomper MG, Grimm J. Prostate-specific membrane antigen cleavage of vitamin B9 stimulates oncogenic signaling through metabotropic glutamate receptors. J Exp Med 2017; 215:159-175. [PMID: 29141866 PMCID: PMC5748857 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaittanis et al. show that the processing of glutamated folates by prostate-specific membrane antigen induces the activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors and initiation of PI3K–Akt signaling in prostate cancer. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) or folate hydrolase 1 (FOLH1) is highly expressed on prostate cancer. Its expression correlates inversely with survival and increases with tumor grade. However, the biological role of PSMA has not been explored, and its role in prostate cancer remained elusive. Filling this gap, we demonstrate that in prostate cancer, PSMA initiates signaling upstream of PI3K through G protein–coupled receptors, specifically via the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR). PSMA’s carboxypeptidase activity releases glutamate from vitamin B9 and other glutamated substrates, which activate mGluR I. Activated mGluR I subsequently induces activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) through phosphorylation of p110β independent of PTEN loss. The p110β isoform of PI3K plays a particularly important role in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer, but the origin of its activation was so far unknown. PSMA expression correlated with PI3K–Akt signaling in cells, animal models, and patients. We interrogated the activity of the PSMA–PI3K axis through positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Inhibition of PSMA in preclinical models inhibited PI3K signaling and promoted tumor regression. Our data present a novel oncogenic signaling role of PSMA that can be exploited for therapy and interrogated with imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos Kaittanis
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Chrysafis Andreou
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Haley Hieronymus
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Ninghui Mao
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Catherine A Foss
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Matthias Eiber
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Gregor Weirich
- Department of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Palak Panchal
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Anuradha Gopalan
- Genitourinary Division, Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Juan Zurita
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Samuel Achilefu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Gabriela Chiosis
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Vladimir Ponomarev
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Brett S Carver
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jan Grimm
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY .,Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY.,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
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41
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Schreyer E, Barthélémy P, Cottard F, Ould Madi-Berthélémy P, Schaff-Wendling F, Kurtz JE, Céraline J. [Androgen receptor variants in prostate cancer]. Med Sci (Paris) 2017; 33:758-764. [PMID: 28945566 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20173308021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a public health concern as it currently represents the most frequent malignancy in men in Europe. Progression of this hormone-dependent cancer is driven by androgens. Thus, the most common treatment for patients with advanced prostate cancer consists in an androgen ablation by castration therapy. However, the majority of patients relapses and develops a castration-resistant prostate cancer. This failure of androgen deprivation is related to the emergence of mutant and splice variants of the androgen receptor. Indeed, androgen receptor variants are ligand-independent, constitutively active and thus able to induce resistance to castration. This review focuses on AR variants signaling pathways and their role in resistance to castration and prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwige Schreyer
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, VSDSC UMR-S 1113, IGBMC, 1, rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Barthélémy
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, VSDSC UMR-S 1113, IGBMC, 1, rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France - Service d'oncologie et d'hématologie, Hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Félicie Cottard
- Department of urology, Center for Clinical research, University Freiburg Medical Center, Breisacherstrasse 66, D-79106 Freiburg, Allemagne
| | - Pauline Ould Madi-Berthélémy
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, VSDSC UMR-S 1113, IGBMC, 1, rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Frédérique Schaff-Wendling
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, VSDSC UMR-S 1113, IGBMC, 1, rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France - Service d'oncologie et d'hématologie, Hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Emmanuel Kurtz
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, VSDSC UMR-S 1113, IGBMC, 1, rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France - Service d'oncologie et d'hématologie, Hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jocelyn Céraline
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, VSDSC UMR-S 1113, IGBMC, 1, rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France - Service d'oncologie et d'hématologie, Hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Androgen Receptor and Beyond, Targeting Androgen Signaling in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancer J 2017; 22:326-329. [PMID: 27749325 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) signals the terminal disease phase. The preceding hormone-dependent disease setting is effectively managed with androgen deprivation therapy. This foundation of treatment has a high rate of biochemical and clinical response and meaningful clinical benefit but is finite in duration as most cancers will progress to castration resistance. Historically, treatment for mCRPC entailed androgen receptor (AR) inhibitors (nilutamide, flutamide, bicalutamide), nonspecific steroidal biosynthesis inhibitors (ketoconazole, itraconazole), steroids (prednisone, diethylstilbesterol, dexamethasone), or palliative chemotherapy (mitoxantrone, estramustine), but none of these strategies impacted survival. Docetaxel was the first agent to demonstrate a survival improvement in this population, and other therapies followed (cabazitaxel, sipuleucel-T and radium-223). Understanding how prostate cancer cells grow in a systemic androgen-deprived environment further changed this clinical landscape. Deciphering what steroidogenic enzymes are overactive and required for testosterone/dihydrotestosterone synthesis has yielded therapies directed toward both adrenal and tumor-derived androgens. All androgens normally act through AR, and this fact remains true in mCRPC. The cancer accomplishes this by overexpressing the receptor (by genomic copy-number gains or RNA amplification), mutating it directly to lose its selectivity for testosterone/dihydrotestosterone, or selecting for splice variants that do not require ligand at all. These resistance mechanisms result in persistent AR-mediated signaling. Through this understanding, drugs targeting non-ligand-binding aspects of AR functioning (e.g., nuclear translocation, cofactor recruitment) have been developed. Finally, how AR interacts with other signaling pathway is being explored, and new combinations of targets to test are being proposed. Multiple compounds remain in various stages of clinical development based on targeting these resistance pathways, and hopefully, they will further the armamentarium for mCRPC. This review visits these mechanisms of resistance, how they are targeted, and remaining challenges in implementing these therapies into clinical practice among the other approved treatments.
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Zhou W, Huang S, Jiang Q, Yuan T. Suppression of miR-4735-3p in androgen receptor-expressing prostate cancer cells increases cell death during chemotherapy. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:3714-3722. [PMID: 28861162 PMCID: PMC5575185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in the tumorigenesis of prostate cancer, while the biological function of miR-4735-3p is unknown. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (MEKK1) has been shown to induce androgen receptor (AR)-dependent apoptosis in prostate cancer cells, but the regulation of MEKK1 in prostate cancer cells remains poorly defined. Here, we showed that miR-4735-3p was a MEKK1-targeting miRNA, and was highly expressed in AR+ prostate cancer specimens. Moreover, the levels of miR-4735-3p and MEKK1 inversely correlated. MiR-4735-3p-low subjects had a better overall survival, compared to miR-4735-3p-high subjects. MiR-4735-3p targeted the 3'-UTR of MEKK1 mRNA to inhibit its protein translation. Overexpression of miR-4735-3p inhibited MEKK1-mediated cell apoptosis upon docetaxel treatment, while depletion of miR-4735-3p enhanced it. Together, our data suggest that miR-4735-3p may suppress MEKK1-mediated prostate cancer cell apoptosis during chemotherapy. Inhibition of miR-4735-3p may improve the outcome of chemotherapy for some prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Zhou
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji UniversityShanghai 200065, China
| | - Shengsong Huang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji UniversityShanghai 200065, China
| | - Qiquan Jiang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji UniversityShanghai 200065, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji UniversityShanghai 200065, China
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Role of 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid (20-HETE) in Androgen-Mediated Cell Viability in Prostate Cancer Cells. Discov Oncol 2017. [PMID: 28639228 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-017-0299-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) is generated intracellularly through the ω-hydroxylation of arachidonic acid by the cytochrome P450 (in humans, CYP4A11 and CYP4F2). 20-HETE induces mitogenic responses in different cancer cells. The aim of this study was to analyze how 20-HETE impacts cell survival, proliferation, and apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Incubation of the human androgen-sensitive cells (LNCaP) with 1-10 μM HET0016 (a selective inhibitor of 20-HETE synthesis) reduced cell viability by 49*-64%* (*p < 0.05 vs. control). This was explained by a reduction in cell proliferation (vehicle, 46 ± 3%; 1 μM, 23 ± 3%*; 10 μM, 28 ± 3%*) and by an increase in apoptosis (vehicle, 2.1 ± 0%; 1 μM, 16 ± 4%*; 10 μM, 31 ± 3%*). Furthermore, the increase in LNCaP cell viability induced by dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 0.1 nM) was abrogated by 30*-42%* by 1-10 μM HET0016. Incubation with 20-HETE (5-1000 nM) increased LNCaP cell viability up to 50%*, together with a 70%* reduction in apoptosis. PC-3 (androgen-insensitive) cell viability was not affected by either HET0016 or 20-HETE. In LNCaP cells, HET0016 (10 μM) diminished the expression of androgen receptors (AR): messenger RNA (mRNA) (40%*) and protein (50%*). DHT (10 nM) augmented CYP4F2 protein expression (1.9-fold*) and 20-HETE levels (50%*). Oppositely, enzalutamide (AR antagonist) reduced CYP4F2 mRNA and protein expressions by 30 and 25%, respectively. Thus, intracellular availability of 20-HETE is necessary to sustain LNCaP cell viability. 20-HETE may act as a signaling molecule in the pathways involved in LNCaP cell viability upon stimulation of the AR. This effect may be partially attributed to its role on securing normal AR expression levels that in turn contribute to maintain intracellular levels of 20-HETE.
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45
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Hu J, Wang G, Sun T. Dissecting the roles of the androgen receptor in prostate cancer from molecular perspectives. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317692259. [PMID: 28475016 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317692259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor plays a pivotal role in prostate cancer progression, and androgen deprivation therapy to intercept androgen receptor signal pathway is an indispensable treatment for most advanced prostate cancer patients to delay cancer progression. However, the emerging of castration-resistant prostate cancer reminds us the alteration of androgen receptor, which includes androgen receptor mutation, the formation of androgen receptor variants, and androgen receptor distribution in cancer cells. In this review, we introduce the process of androgen receptor and also its variants' formation, translocation, and function alteration by protein modification or interaction with other pathways. We dissect the roles of androgen receptor in prostate cancer from molecular perspective to provide clues for battling prostate cancer, especially castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieping Hu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Gongxian Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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46
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Liu Y. The context of prostate cancer genomics in personalized medicine. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:3347-3353. [PMID: 28521441 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in males. Heterogeneous genomic aberrations may lead to prostate cancer onset, progression and metastasis. This heterogeneity also contributes to the variety in cancer risk and outcomes, different drug responses and progression, observed between individual patients. Classical prognostic factors, including prostate-specific antigen, Gleason Score and clinical tumor staging, are not sufficient to portray the complexity of a clinically relevant cancer diagnosis, risk prognosis, treatment choice and therapy monitoring. There is a requirement for novel genetic biomarkers in order to understand the oncogenic heterogeneity in a patient-personalized clinical setting and to improve the efficacy of risk prognosis and treatment choice. A number of biomarkers and gene panels have been established from patient sample cohort studies. These previous studies have provided distinct information to the investigation of heterogeneous malignancy in prostate cancer, which aids in clinical decision-making. Biomarker-guided therapies may facilitate the effective selection of drugs during early treatment; therefore, are beneficial to the individual patient. A non-invasive approach allows for convenient and repeated sampling to screen for cancer and monitor treatment response without the requirement for invasive tissue biopsies. With the current availability of numerous advanced technologies, reliable detection of the minimal tumor residues present following treatment may become clinical practice and, therefore, inform further in the field of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Liu
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden
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47
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Russo A, Manna SL, Novellino E, Malfitano AM, Marasco D. Molecular signaling involving intrinsically disordered proteins in prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2017; 18:673-81. [PMID: 27212129 PMCID: PMC5000787 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.181817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations on cellular protein interaction networks (PINs) reveal that proteins that constitute hubs in a PIN are notably enriched in Intrinsically Disordered Proteins (IDPs) compared to proteins that constitute edges, highlighting the role of IDPs in signaling pathways. Most IDPs rapidly undergo disorder-to-order transitions upon binding to their biological targets to perform their function. Conformational dynamics enables IDPs to be versatile and to interact with a broad range of interactors under normal physiological conditions where their expression is tightly modulated. IDPs are involved in many cellular processes such as cellular signaling, transcriptional regulation, and splicing; thus, their high-specificity/low-affinity interactions play crucial roles in many human diseases including cancer. Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality in men worldwide. Therefore, identifying molecular mechanisms of the oncogenic signaling pathways that are involved in prostate carcinogenesis is crucial. In this review, we focus on the aspects of cellular pathways leading to PCa in which IDPs exert a primary role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sui Peptidi Bioattivi, University of Naples "Federico II", 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Sara La Manna
- Department of Pharmacy, Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sui Peptidi Bioattivi, University of Naples "Federico II", 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sui Peptidi Bioattivi, University of Naples "Federico II", 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Malfitano
- Department of Pharmacy, Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sui Peptidi Bioattivi, University of Naples "Federico II", 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Marasco
- Department of Pharmacy, Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sui Peptidi Bioattivi, University of Naples "Federico II", 80134 Naples, Italy
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48
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Chattopadhyay I, Wang J, Qin M, Gao L, Holtz R, Vessella RL, Leach RW, Gelman IH. Src promotes castration-recurrent prostate cancer through androgen receptor-dependent canonical and non-canonical transcriptional signatures. Oncotarget 2017; 8:10324-10347. [PMID: 28055971 PMCID: PMC5354662 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression of prostate cancer (PC) to castration-recurrent growth (CRPC) remains dependent on sustained expression and transcriptional activity of the androgen receptor (AR). A major mechanism contributing to CRPC progression is through the direct phosphorylation and activation of AR by Src-family (SFK) and ACK1 tyrosine kinases. However, the AR-dependent transcriptional networks activated by Src during CRPC progression have not been elucidated. Here, we show that activated Src (Src527F) induces androgen-independent growth in human LNCaP cells, concomitant with its ability to induce proliferation/survival genes normally induced by dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in androgen-dependent LNCaP and VCaP cells. Src induces additional gene signatures unique to CRPC cell lines, LNCaP-C4-2 and CWR22Rv1, and to CRPC LuCaP35.1 xenografts. By comparing the Src-induced AR-cistrome and/or transcriptome in LNCaP to those in CRPC and LuCaP35.1 tumors, we identified an 11-gene Src-regulated CRPC signature consisting of AR-dependent, AR binding site (ARBS)-associated genes whose expression is altered by DHT in LNCaP[Src527F] but not in LNCaP cells. The differential expression of a subset (DPP4, BCAT1, CNTNAP4, CDH3) correlates with earlier PC metastasis onset and poorer survival, with the expression of BCAT1 required for Src-induced androgen-independent proliferation. Lastly, Src enhances AR binding to non-canonical ARBS enriched for FOXO1, TOP2B and ZNF217 binding motifs; cooperative AR/TOP2B binding to a non-canonical ARBS was both Src- and DHT-sensitive and correlated with increased levels of Src-induced phosphotyrosyl-TOP2B. These data suggest that CRPC progression is facilitated via Src-induced sensitization of AR to intracrine androgen levels, resulting in the engagement of canonical and non-canonical ARBS-dependent gene signatures.
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MESH Headings
- Androgen Antagonists/pharmacology
- Binding Sites
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Dihydrotestosterone/pharmacology
- Disease Progression
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Male
- Phosphorylation
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/enzymology
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/pathology
- Receptors, Androgen/drug effects
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transcriptome
- Transfection
- src-Family Kinases/genetics
- src-Family Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Chattopadhyay
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Science, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Maochun Qin
- Department of Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lingqiu Gao
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Renae Holtz
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Robert W. Leach
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Irwin H. Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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49
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Festuccia C. Investigational serine/threonine kinase inhibitors against prostate cancer metastases. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 26:25-34. [PMID: 27892725 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2016.1266337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is used as first therapeutic approach in prostate cancer (PCa) although castration resistant disease (CRPC) develops with high frequency. CRPC is the consequence of lack of apoptotic responses to ADT. Alternative targeting of the androgen axis with abiraterone and enzalutamide, as well as taxane-based chemotherapy were used in CRPC. Serine/threonine protein kinases (STKs) regulate different molecular pathways of normal and neoplastic cells and participate to development of CRPC as well as to the progression towards a bone metastatic disease (mCRPC). Areas covered: The present review provide data on STK expression and activity in the development of CRPC as well as summarize recent reports of different strategies to block STK activity for the control of PCa progression. Expert Opinion: Inhibitors for different STKs have been developed but clinical trials in PCa are comparatively rare and few exhibit satisfactory 'drug-like' properties. It is, however, necessary to intensify, when possible, the number of clinical trials with these drugs in order to insert new therapies or combinations with standard hormone- and chemo-therapies in the treatment guidelines of the mPCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Festuccia
- a Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences , University of L'Aquila , L'Aquila , Italy
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50
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Hoda MR, Kramer MW, Merseburger AS, Cronauer MV. Androgen deprivation therapy with Leuprolide acetate for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2016; 18:105-113. [PMID: 27826989 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2016.1258058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hormone sensitive advanced prostate cancer (PCa) is an incurable disease that is treated with a variety of hormonal therapies targeting the androgen/androgen receptor signaling axis. For decades androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) by surgical or chemical castration is the gold standard for the treatment of advanced PCa. Areas covered: This review discusses the pharmacological features of Leuprolide, a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists/analog and the most commonly used drug in ADT. Expert opinion: Although Leuprolide has been on the market for more than 30 years it is still the leading option for ADT and serves as a basis for most multimodal therapy concepts. The fact that with the onset of castration-resistance in late stage metastatic disease, a prolongation of ADT in combination with a second line hormonal manipulation is recommended supports the importance of the compound for daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Raschid Hoda
- a Department of Urology , University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Mario W Kramer
- a Department of Urology , University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Axel S Merseburger
- a Department of Urology , University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Marcus V Cronauer
- a Department of Urology , University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein , Lübeck , Germany
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