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French AJ, Natesampillai S, Krogman A, Correia C, Peterson KL, Alto A, Chandrasekar AP, Misra A, Li Y, Kaufmann SH, Badley AD, Cummins NW. Reactivating latent HIV with PKC agonists induces resistance to apoptosis and is associated with phosphorylation and activation of BCL2. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008906. [PMID: 33075109 PMCID: PMC7595626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eradication of HIV-1 by the "kick and kill" strategy requires reactivation of latent virus to cause death of infected cells by either HIV-induced or immune-mediated apoptosis. To date this strategy has been unsuccessful, possibly due to insufficient cell death in reactivated cells to effectively reduce HIV-1 reservoir size. As a possible cause for this cell death resistance, we examined whether leading latency reversal agents (LRAs) affected apoptosis sensitivity of CD4 T cells. Multiple LRAs of different classes inhibited apoptosis in CD4 T cells. Protein kinase C (PKC) agonists bryostatin-1 and prostratin induced phosphorylation and enhanced neutralizing capability of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL2 in a PKC-dependent manner, leading to resistance to apoptosis induced by both intrinsic and extrinsic death stimuli. Furthermore, HIV-1 producing CD4 T cells expressed more BCL2 than uninfected cells, both in vivo and after ex vivo reactivation. Therefore, activation of BCL2 likely contributes to HIV-1 persistence after latency reversal with PKC agonists. The effects of LRAs on apoptosis sensitivity should be considered in designing HIV cure strategies predicated upon the "kick and kill" paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J. French
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sekar Natesampillai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ashton Krogman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Cristina Correia
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kevin L. Peterson
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Alecia Alto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Aswath P. Chandrasekar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Anisha Misra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ying Li
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Scott H. Kaufmann
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Nathan W. Cummins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kuo HH, Ahmad R, Lee GQ, Gao C, Chen HR, Ouyang Z, Szucs MJ, Kim D, Tsibris A, Chun TW, Battivelli E, Verdin E, Rosenberg ES, Carr SA, Yu XG, Lichterfeld M. Anti-apoptotic Protein BIRC5 Maintains Survival of HIV-1-Infected CD4 + T Cells. Immunity 2018; 48:1183-1194.e5. [PMID: 29802019 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection of CD4+ T cells leads to cytopathic effects and cell demise, which is counter to the observation that certain HIV-1-infected cells possess a remarkable long-term stability and can persist lifelong in infected individuals treated with suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). Using quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics, we showed that HIV-1 infection activated cellular survival programs that were governed by BIRC5, a molecular inhibitor of cell apoptosis that is frequently overexpressed in malignant cells. BIRC5 and its upstream regulator OX40 were upregulated in productively and latently infected CD4+ T cells and were functionally involved in maintaining their viability. Moreover, OX40-expressing CD4+ T cells from ART-treated patients were enriched for clonally expanded HIV-1 sequences, and pharmacological inhibition of BIRC5 resulted in a selective decrease of HIV-1-infected cells in vitro. Together, these findings suggest that BIRC5 supports long-term survival of HIV-1-infected cells and may lead to clinical strategies to reduce persisting viral reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Hsuan Kuo
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rushdy Ahmad
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Guinevere Q Lee
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ce Gao
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hsiao-Rong Chen
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zhengyu Ouyang
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew J Szucs
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dhohyung Kim
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Athe Tsibris
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Eric Verdin
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Eric S Rosenberg
- Infectious Disease Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Steven A Carr
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xu G Yu
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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