Pharmacological manipulation of AID

Structure-Based Design of First-Generation Small Molecule Inhibitors Targeting the Catalytic Pockets of AID, APOBEC3A, and APOBEC3B

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) initiates antibody diversification by mutating immunoglobulin loci in B lymphocytes. AID and related APOBEC3 (A3) enzymes also induce genome-wide mutations and lesions implicated in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. The most prevalent mutation signatures across diverse tumor genomes are attributable to the mistargeted mutagenic activities of AID/A3s. Thus, inhibiting AID/A3s has been suggested to be of therapeutic benefit. We previously used a computational-biochemical approach to gain insight into the structure of AID’s catalytic pocket, which resulted in the discovery of a novel type of regulatory catalytic pocket closure that regulates AID/A3s that we termed the “Schrodinger’s CATalytic pocket”. Our findings were subsequently confirmed by direct structural studies. Here, we describe our search for small molecules that target the catalytic pocket of AID. We identified small molecules that inhibit purified AID, AID in cell extracts, and endogenous AID of lymphoma cells. Analogue expansion yielded derivatives with improved potencies. These were found to also inhibit A3A and A3B, the two most tumorigenic siblings of AID. Two compounds exhibit low micromolar IC₅₀ inhibition of AID and A3A, exhibiting the strongest potency for A3A. Docking suggests key interactions between their warheads and residues lining the catalytic pockets of AID, A3A, and A3B and between the tails and DNA-interacting residues on the surface proximal to the catalytic pocket opening. Accordingly, mutants of these residues decreased inhibition potency. The chemistry and abundance of key stabilizing interactions between the small molecules and residues within and immediately outside the catalytic pockets are promising for therapeutic development.