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Stan A, Bosart K, Kaur M, Vo M, Escorcia W, Yoder RJ, Bouley RA, Petreaca RC. Detection of driver mutations and genomic signatures in endometrial cancers using artificial intelligence algorithms. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299114. [PMID: 38408048 PMCID: PMC10896512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Analyzed endometrial cancer (EC) genomes have allowed for the identification of molecular signatures, which enable the classification, and sometimes prognostication, of these cancers. Artificial intelligence algorithms have facilitated the partitioning of mutations into driver and passenger based on a variety of parameters, including gene function and frequency of mutation. Here, we undertook an evaluation of EC cancer genomes deposited on the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancers (COSMIC), with the goal to classify all mutations as either driver or passenger. Our analysis showed that approximately 2.5% of all mutations are driver and cause cellular transformation and immortalization. We also characterized nucleotide level mutation signatures, gross chromosomal re-arrangements, and gene expression profiles. We observed that endometrial cancers show distinct nucleotide substitution and chromosomal re-arrangement signatures compared to other cancers. We also identified high expression levels of the CLDN18 claudin gene, which is involved in growth, survival, metastasis and proliferation. We then used in silico protein structure analysis to examine the effect of certain previously uncharacterized driver mutations on protein structure. We found that certain mutations in CTNNB1 and TP53 increase protein stability, which may contribute to cellular transformation. While our analysis retrieved previously classified mutations and genomic alterations, which is to be expected, this study also identified new signatures. Additionally, we show that artificial intelligence algorithms can be effectively leveraged to accurately predict key drivers of cancer. This analysis will expand our understanding of ECs and improve the molecular toolbox for classification, diagnosis, or potential treatment of these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anda Stan
- Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Marion, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Korey Bosart
- Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Marion, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mehak Kaur
- Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Marion, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Martin Vo
- Biology Department, Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Wilber Escorcia
- Biology Department, Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ryan J Yoder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Marion, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Renee A Bouley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Marion, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ruben C Petreaca
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Marion, Ohio, United States of America
- James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Columbus, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Moghaddam PA, Young RH, Ismiil ND, Bennett JA, Oliva E. An Unusual Endometrial Stromal Neoplasm With JAZF1-BCORL1 Rearrangement. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2024; 43:33-40. [PMID: 36811828 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0000000000000941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial stromal tumors represent the second most common category of uterine mesenchymal tumors. Several different histologic variants and underlying genetic alterations have been recognized, one such being a group associated with BCORL1 rearrangements. They are usually high-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas, often associated with prominent myxoid background and aggressive behavior. Here, we report an unusual endometrial stromal neoplasm with JAZF1-BCORL1 rearrangement and briefly review the literature. The neoplasm formed a well-circumscribed uterine mass in a 50-yr-old woman and had an unusual morphologic appearance that did not warrant a high-grade categorization. It was characterized by a predominant population of epithelioid cells with clear to focally eosinophilic cytoplasm growing in interanastomosing cords and trabeculae set in a hyalinized stroma as well as nested and fascicular growths imparting focal resemblance to a uterine tumor resembling ovarian sex-cord tumor, PEComa, and a smooth muscle neoplasm. A minor storiform growth of spindle cells reminiscent of the fibroblastic variant of low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma was also noted but conventional areas of low-grade endometrial stromal neoplasm were not identified. This case expands the spectrum of morphologic features seen in endometrial stromal tumors, especially when associated with a BCORL1 fusion and highlights the utility of immunohistochemical and molecular techniques in the diagnosis of these tumors, not all of which are high grade.
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Mechanical instability generated by Myosin 19 contributes to mitochondria cristae architecture and OXPHOS. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2673. [PMID: 35562374 PMCID: PMC9106661 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The folded mitochondria inner membrane-cristae is the structural foundation for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and energy production. By mechanically simulating mitochondria morphogenesis, we speculate that efficient sculpting of the cristae is organelle non-autonomous. It has long been inferred that folding requires buckling in living systems. However, the tethering force for cristae formation and regulation has not been identified. Combining electron tomography, proteomics strategies, super resolution live cell imaging and mathematical modeling, we reveal that the mitochondria localized actin motor-myosin 19 (Myo19) is critical for maintaining cristae structure, by associating with the SAM-MICOS super complex. We discover that depletion of Myo19 or disruption of its motor activity leads to altered mitochondria membrane potential and decreased OXPHOS. We propose that Myo19 may act as a mechanical tether for effective ridging of the mitochondria cristae, thus sustaining the energy homeostasis essential for various cellular functions. The structure of the mitochondrial inner membrane, or cristae, is important for functional oxidative phosphorylation and energy production. Here, the authors show that loss of myosin 19 impairs cristae structure as well as energy production, connecting motor activity to membrane potential.
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Lee CJ, Modave E, Boeckx B, Stacchiotti S, Rutkowski P, Blay JY, Debiec-Rychter M, Sciot R, Lambrechts D, Wozniak A, Schöffski P. Histopathological and Molecular Profiling of Clear Cell Sarcoma and Correlation with Response to Crizotinib: An Exploratory Study Related to EORTC 90101 "CREATE" Trial. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13236057. [PMID: 34885165 PMCID: PMC8657105 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Clear cell sarcoma (CCSA) is a rare subtype of soft tissue sarcoma characterized by EWSR1 rearrangement and subsequent MET upregulation. The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer 90101 phase II trial evaluated the MET inhibitor crizotinib in CCSA but resulted in only sporadic responses. The aim of this exploratory study was to identify the molecular alterations potentially relevant for the treatment outcome by using archival CCSA samples and trial-related clinical data. We characterized MET signaling and revealed an infrequent activation of MET, which may explain the lack of response to crizotinib in the disease cohort. Based on sequencing analyses, we discovered copy number alterations, mutations and dysregulated pathways with potentially predictive or prognostic values for patients’ outcomes. This work describes the molecular heterogeneity in CCSA and provides deep insight into the biology of this ultra-rare malignancy, which may potentially lead to better therapeutic approaches. Abstract Clear cell sarcoma (CCSA) is characterized by a chromosomal translocation leading to EWSR1 rearrangement, resulting in aberrant transcription of multiple genes, including MET. The EORTC 90101 phase II trial evaluated the MET inhibitor crizotinib in CCSA but resulted in only sporadic responses. We performed an in-depth histopathological and molecular analysis of archival CCSA samples to identify alterations potentially relevant for the treatment outcome. Immunohistochemical characterization of MET signaling was performed using a tissue microarray constructed from 32 CCSA cases. The DNA from 24 available tumor specimens was analyzed by low-coverage whole-genome sequencing and whole-exome sequencing for the detection of recurrent copy number alterations (CNAs) and mutations. A pathway enrichment analysis was performed to identify the pathways relevant for CCSA tumorigenesis. Kaplan–Meier estimates and Fisher’s exact test were used to correlate the molecular findings with the clinical features related to crizotinib treatment, aiming to assess a potential association with the outcomes. The histopathological analysis showed the absence of a MET ligand and MET activation, with the presence of MET itself in most of cases. However, the expression/activation of MET downstream molecules was frequently observed, suggesting the role of other receptors in CCSA signal transduction. Using sequencing, we detected a number of CNAs at the chromosomal arm and region levels. The most common alteration was a gain of 8q24.21, observed in 83% of the cases. The loss of chromosomes 9q and 12q24 was associated with shorter survival. Based on exome sequencing, 40 cancer-associated genes were found to be mutated in more than one sample, with SRGAP3 and KMT2D as the most common alterations (each in four cases). The mutated genes encoded proteins were mainly involved in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, polymerase-II transcription, DNA damage repair, SUMOylation and chromatin organization. Disruption in chromatin organization was correlated with longer progression-free survival in patients receiving crizotinib. Conclusions: The infrequent activation of MET may explain the lack of response to crizotinib observed in the majority of cases in the clinical trial. Our work describes the molecular heterogeneity in CCSA and provides further insight into the biology of this ultra-rare malignancy, which may potentially lead to better therapeutic approaches for CCSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Jui Lee
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (C.-J.L.); (A.W.)
| | - Elodie Modave
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB and Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (E.M.); (B.B.); (D.L.)
| | - Bram Boeckx
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB and Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (E.M.); (B.B.); (D.L.)
| | - Silvia Stacchiotti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 120133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 00001 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jean-Yves Blay
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Centre Léon Bérard & Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 69008 Lyon, France;
| | - Maria Debiec-Rychter
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Raf Sciot
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB and Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (E.M.); (B.B.); (D.L.)
| | - Agnieszka Wozniak
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (C.-J.L.); (A.W.)
| | - Patrick Schöffski
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (C.-J.L.); (A.W.)
- Department of General Medical Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-16-341019
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Li C, Wang C. LG-ESSs and HG-ESSs: underlying molecular alterations and potential therapeutic strategies. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021; 22:633-646. [PMID: 34414699 PMCID: PMC8377580 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2000797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial stromal tumors (ESTs) include endometrial stromal nodule (ESN), low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (LG-ESS), high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (HG-ESS), and undifferentiated uterine sarcoma (UUS). Since these are rare tumor types, there is an unmet clinical need for the systematic therapy of advanced LG-ESS or HG-ESS. Cytogenetic and molecular advances in ESTs have shown that multiple recurrent gene fusions are present in a large proportion of LG-ESSs, and HG-ESSs are identified by the tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein epsilon (YWHAE)-family with sequence similarity 22 (FAM22) fusion. Recently, a group of ESSs harboring both zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 7B (ZC3H7B)-B-cell lymphoma 6 corepressor(BCOR) fusion and internal tandem duplication (ITD) of the BCOR gene have been provisionally classified as HG-ESSs. In this review, we firstly describe current knowledge about the molecular characteristics of recurrent aberrant proteins and their roles in the tumorigenesis of LG-ESSs and HG-ESSs. Next, we summarize the possibly shared signal pathways in the tumorigenesis of LG-ESSs and HG-ESSs, and list potentially actionable targets. Finally, based on the above discussion, we propose a few promising therapeutic strategies for LG-ESSs and HG-ESSs with recurrent gene alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Li
- Quality Management Office, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Chunhong Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
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Low-grade Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma With Sex Cord-like Differentiation and PHF1-JAZF1 Fusion With Deletions: A Diagnostic Pitfall of JAZF1 FISH. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2021; 41:244-250. [PMID: 34074959 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0000000000000795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The molecular knowledge on endometrial stromal neoplasms has been rapidly increasing and is considered complementary to morphologic and immunohistochemical findings for better categorization of these tumors. The most common molecular alteration observed in low-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas is the JAZF1-SUZ12 fusion, whereas, low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma with sex cord-like differentiation have been shown more commonly to have fusions involving PHF1. Herein, we present a low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma with sex cord-like differentiation with a fluorescence in situ hybridization showing the apparent loss of one copy of JAZF1 5' and 3' signals, rather than the expected "break-apart" pattern seen in the setting of a JAZF1 fusion. The case was then further evaluated by chromosome microarray and RNA fusion analysis. Overall, the molecular findings supported a PHF1-JAZF1 fusion with deletions right before and after the JAZF1 locus, impairing probe binding and resulting in the unusual "deletion" pattern observed in the JAZF1 fluorescence in situ hybridization, which would not intuitively suggest a fusion involving JAZF1. This case illustrates the importance of integration of morphological and molecular findings as well as the limitations of fluorescence in situ hybridization in detecting fusions, particularly in the setting of more complex chromosomal alterations even though the fusion partners are well-known.
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Friedlander M, Benson C, O'Connell RL, Reed N, Clamp A, Lord R, Millan D, Nottley S, Amant F, Steer C, Anand A, Mileshkin L, Beale P, Banerjee S, Bradshaw N, Kelly C, Carty K, Divers L, Alexander L, Edmondson R. Phase 2 study of anastrozole in patients with estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor positive recurrent low-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas: The PARAGON trial (ANZGOG 0903). Gynecol Oncol 2021; 161:160-165. [PMID: 33608144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2021.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aromatase inhibitors are standard of care for low-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas (LGESS), based on very high response rates reported in retrospective studies. We evaluated the activity of anastrozole in recurrent/metastatic LGESS patients enrolled in PARAGON, a basket trial of anastrozole in estrogen receptor (ER±)/progesterone receptor (PR+) gynecological cancers. METHOD An investigator-initiated, single-arm, prospective open-label trial of anastrozole 1 mg/day in patients with ER ± PR + ve LGESS with measurable disease, treated until progressive disease or unacceptable toxicity. Primary endpoint was clinical benefit (complete/partial response + stable disease) rate (CBR) at 3 months. Secondary endpoints include progression-free survival (PFS), quality of life and toxicity. RESULTS 15 eligible patients were enrolled. CBR at 3 months was 73% (95% CI: 48-89.1%); unchanged at 6 months. Best response was 26.7%, including complete response in one (6.7%; 95% CI 1.2-29.8%), partial response in three (20%, 95% CI 7.1-45.2%) and stable disease in seven (46.7%). Four patients ceased treatment by 3 months due to progression. Median PFS was not reached (25th percentile: 2.9 months (95% CI: 1.2-NR)). PFS was 73.3%, 73.3% and 66% at 6, 12, and 18 months, respectively. Six patients remained on treatment for an average of 44.2 months (range 34.5-63.6) up until data cut. Toxicity was as expected, with 3 patients stopping due to adverse effects. CONCLUSION The 26.7% objective response rate with anastrozole is lower than reported in retrospective series, but the CBR was high and durable. The results underscore the importance of prospective trials in rare cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Friedlander
- Royal Hospital for Women/Prince of Wales Hospital and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - C Benson
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - R L O'Connell
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - N Reed
- Beatson Oncology Centre, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - A Clamp
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust and University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - R Lord
- The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre, Liverpool and Wirral, UK
| | - D Millan
- Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - S Nottley
- Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - F Amant
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University Hospitals Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - C Steer
- Border Medical Oncology, Albury-Wodonga Regional Cancer Centre, Albury, NSW, Australia
| | - A Anand
- Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - L Mileshkin
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - P Beale
- Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - S Banerjee
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - N Bradshaw
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - C Kelly
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - K Carty
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - L Divers
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - L Alexander
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - R Edmondson
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, St Mary''s Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, St Mary''s Hospital, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Level 5, Research, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK; Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, St Mary''s Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, St Mary''s Hospital, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Level 5, Research, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
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Mohammad N, Stewart CJR, Chiang S, Turashvili G, Dickson BC, Ng TL, Köbel M, McCluggage WG, Croce S, Lee CH. p53 immunohistochemical analysis of fusion-positive uterine sarcomas. Histopathology 2021; 78:805-813. [PMID: 33118176 DOI: 10.1111/his.14292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Uterine sarcomas can be grouped into tumours with pathognomonic genetic fusions such as low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (LGESS), high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (HGESS), and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (IMT), and tumours lacking genetic fusions such as leiomyosarcoma (LMS) and undifferentiated uterine sarcoma (UUS). Members of the latter group frequently harbour TP53 mutations. The aim of this study was to evaluate TP53 mutations by the use of immunohistochemistry in fusion-positive uterine sarcomas. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed p53 immunohistochemical staining on 124 uterine sarcomas harbouring genetic fusions and 38 fusion-negative LMSs and UUSs. These included 41 HGESSs with YWHAE, BCOR and BCORL1 fusions/rearrangements, 13 IMTs with ALK fusion, 12 sarcomas with NTRK1/3 fusion, three sarcomas with PDGFB fusion, and 55 LGESSs with JAZF1, SUZ12 and PHF1 fusions/rearrangements. All HGESSs, LGESSs, IMTs and sarcomas with PDGFB fusion showed wild-type p53 expression. Among NTRK1/3-positive sarcomas, a TPR-NTRK1-positive sarcoma with nuclear pleomorphism showed mutation-type p53 expression. The remaining 11 NTRK1/3-positive sarcomas showed wild-type p53 expression, except for the subclonal p53 mutation-type staining in a minor pleomorphic focus of an NTRK3-positive sarcoma. Twenty-one of 27 (78%) LMSs and six of nine (67%) UUSs showed mutation-type p53 expression. CONCLUSION p53 immunohistochemistry may be considered in the initial work-up of a uterine sarcoma, as mutation-type staining would make a fusion-positive sarcoma very unlikely. Mutation-type p53 expression, however, can be seen in a small subset of NTRK1/3-positive sarcomas showing pleomorphic round/ovoid cell histology, which may represent a mechanism of progression in these tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nissreen Mohammad
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Colin J R Stewart
- Department of Histopathology, King Edward Memorial Hospital and School for Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sarah Chiang
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gulisa Turashvili
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brendan C Dickson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tony L Ng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martin Köbel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Calgary Laboratory Services and University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - W Glenn McCluggage
- Department of Pathology, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Sabrina Croce
- Department of Pathology, Institut Bergonié Cancer Institute, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cheng-Han Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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da Costa LT, dos Anjos LG, Kagohara LT, Torrezan GT, De Paula CAA, Baracat EC, Carraro DM, Carvalho KC. The mutational repertoire of uterine sarcomas and carcinosarcomas in a Brazilian cohort: A preliminary study. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2021; 76:e2324. [PMID: 33503190 PMCID: PMC7798418 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2021/e2324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to contribute to the catalog of genetic mutations involved in the carcinogenic processes of uterine sarcomas (USs) and carcinosarcomas (UCSs), which may assist in the accurate diagnosis of, and selection of treatment regimens for, these conditions. METHODS We performed gene-targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) of 409 cancer-related genes in 15 US (7 uterine leiomyosarcoma [ULMS], 7 endometrial stromal sarcoma [ESS], 1 adenosarcoma [ADS]), 5 UCS, and 3 uterine leiomyoma (ULM) samples. Quality, frequency, and functional filters were applied to select putative somatic variants. RESULTS Among the 23 samples evaluated in this study, 42 loss-of-function (LOF) mutations and 111 missense mutations were detected, with a total of 153 mutations. Among them, 66 mutations were observed in the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) database. TP53 (48%), ATM (22%), and PIK3CA (17%) were the most frequently mutated genes. With respect to specific tumor subtypes, ESS showed mutations in the PDE4DIP, IGTA10, and DST genes, UCS exhibited mutations in ERBB4, and ULMS showed exclusive alterations in NOTCH2 and HER2. Mutations in the KMT2A gene were observed exclusively in ULM and ULMS. In silico pathway analyses demonstrated that many genes mutated in ULMS and ESS have functions associated with the cellular response to hypoxia and cellular response to peptide hormone stimulus. In UCS and ADS, genes with most alterations have functions associated with phosphatidylinositol kinase activity and glycerophospholipid metabolic process. CONCLUSION This preliminary study observed pathogenic mutations in US and UCS samples. Further studies with a larger cohort and functional analyses will foster the development of a precision medicine-based approach for the treatment of US and UCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Tomiatti da Costa
- Laboratorio de Ginecologia Estrutural e Molecular, Disciplina de Ginecologia, Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Laura Gonzalez dos Anjos
- Laboratorio de Ginecologia Estrutural e Molecular, Disciplina de Ginecologia, Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Luciane Tsukamoto Kagohara
- School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Edmund Chada Baracat
- Laboratorio de Ginecologia Estrutural e Molecular, Disciplina de Ginecologia, Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Dirce Maria Carraro
- Grupo de Biologia Molecular e Genomica, Centro A.C.Camargo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Katia Candido Carvalho
- Laboratorio de Ginecologia Estrutural e Molecular, Disciplina de Ginecologia, Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Bocanegra JL, Adikes R, Quintero OA. Myosin XIX. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1239:439-451. [PMID: 32451871 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38062-5_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The birth of widely available genomic databases at the turn of the millennium led to the identification of many previously unknown myosin genes and identification of novel classes of myosin, including MYO19. Further sequence analysis has revealed the unique evolutionary history of class XIX myosins. MYO19 is found in species ranging from vertebrates to some unicellular organisms, while it has been lost from some lineages containing traditional experimental model organisms. Unique sequences in the motor domain suggest class-specific mechanochemistry that may relate to its cellular function as a mitochondria-associated motor. Work over the past 10 years has demonstrated that MYO19 is an actin-activated ATPase capable of actin-based transport, and investigation of some of the conserved differences within the motor domain indicate their importance in MYO19 motor activity. The cargo-binding MyMOMA tail domain contains two distinct mechanisms of interaction with mitochondrial outer membrane components, and perturbation of MYO19 expression leads to alterations in mitochondrial movement and dynamics that impact cell function. This chapter summarizes the current state of the field and highlights potential new directions of inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Adikes
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Omar A Quintero
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Gupta S, Gupta P, Srinivasan R, Saha SC, Chopra S, Sikka P, Rajwanshi A. Disseminated Peritoneal Endometriosis Evolving to High-Grade Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma: A Case Report with Review of the Literature. J Gynecol Surg 2020. [DOI: 10.1089/gyn.2019.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Gupta
- Department of Cytology and Gynecologic Pathology, and Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Parikshaa Gupta
- Department of Cytology and Gynecologic Pathology, and Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Radhika Srinivasan
- Department of Cytology and Gynecologic Pathology, and Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Subhash Chandra Saha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Seema Chopra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pooja Sikka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arvind Rajwanshi
- Department of Cytology and Gynecologic Pathology, and Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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12
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Patel SB, McCormack C, Hodge JC. Non-fusion mutations in endometrial stromal sarcomas: what is the potential impact on tumourigenesis through cell cycle dysregulation? J Clin Pathol 2020; 73:830-835. [PMID: 32385140 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2020-206432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Targeted next-generation sequencing using the 50-gene Ion AmpliSeq Cancer Hotspot Panel v2 identified two significant point mutations in endometrial stromal sarcomas (ESS). Case 1 is a uterine mass from a quadragenarian woman with a karyotype lacking any known ESS rearrangements but demonstrated to have a CTNNB1-activating mutation (c.133T>C, p.[Ser45Pro]). Analysis of a uterine mass from case 2, a sexagenarian woman, revealed biallelic CDKN2A-inactivating mutations (c.172C>T, p.[Arg58Ter] and a deletion). Break-apart studies to identify YWHAE, JAZF1 and PHF1 rearrangements were negative in both tumours. We propose a model in which these point mutations may affect cell proliferation, converging at Wnt signalling and G1-S checkpoint control, that independently or in concert with a rare gene fusion result in ESS tumour development or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal B Patel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Molecular Diagnostics Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Strata Oncology, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Colin McCormack
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Baylor Scott & White Medical Center-Temple, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Jennelle C Hodge
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA .,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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13
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Choi YJ, Ho J, Yoo J, Liu J, Lee A, Park JS, Hur SY. Next-generation Sequencing of an Ovarian Spindle Cell Tumor Identified an Ovarian Low-grade Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma: A Rare Entity. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2018; 38:474-478. [PMID: 30028354 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0000000000000540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian spindle cell tumors comprise a heterogeneous group of ovarian neoplasms from benign to malignant. Since this morphologic finding describes a broad category of ovarian neoplasms, it is not easy to determine an accurate diagnosis. Low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (LG-ESS) is a rare gynecological malignancy that presents with spindle cell lesions. To identify ovarian LG-ESS, we performed whole-exome sequencing and transcriptome sequencing of a spindle cell tumor. The tumor harbored JAZF1-SUZ12, a well-known gene fusion commonly found in uterine LG-ESS. Moreover, 28 non-silent somatic mutations (13 frameshift, 12 missense, 2 nonsense and 1 splicing mutations) with five cancer-related genes (ACSL3, ATM, DST, HGF and PKHD1) were detected. Our results indicate that next-generation sequencing combined with conventional immunohistochemical analysis may be a better strategy than conventional analysis alone to identify ovarian LG-ESS with spindle cell lesions. Moreover, our data suggest that ovarian LG-ESS can harbor genetic characteristics similar to those of uterine LG-ESS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Jin Choi
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Y.J.C., J.H., J.Y., J.L., J.S.P., S.Y.H.) Hospital Pathology (A.L.), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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14
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Jung SH, Kim MS, Jung CK, Park HC, Kim SY, Liu J, Bae JS, Lee SH, Kim TM, Lee SH, Chung YJ. Mutational burdens and evolutionary ages of thyroid follicular adenoma are comparable to those of follicular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:69638-69648. [PMID: 27626165 PMCID: PMC5342504 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular thyroid adenoma (FTA) precedes follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) by definition with a favorable prognosis compared to FTC. However, the genetic mechanism of FTA to FTC progression remains unknown. For this, it is required to disclose FTA and FTC genomes in mutational and evolutionary perspectives. We performed whole-exome sequencing and copy number profiling of 14 FTAs and 13 FTCs, which exhibited previously-known gene mutations (NRAS, HRAS, BRAF, TSHR and EIF1AX) and copy number alterations (CNAs) (22q loss and 1q gain) in follicular tumors. In addition, we found eleven potential cancer-related genes with mutations (EZH1, SPOP, NF1, TCF12, IGF2BP3, KMT2C, CNOT1, BRIP1, KDM5C, STAG2 and MAP4K3) that have not been reported in thyroid follicular tumors. Of note, FTA genomes showed comparable levels of mutations to FTC in terms of the number, sequence composition and functional consequences (potential driver mutations) of mutations. Analyses of evolutionary ages using somatic mutations as molecular clocks further identified that FTA genomes were as old as FTC genomes. Whole-transcriptome sequencing did not find any gene fusions with potential significance. Our data indicate that FTA genomes may be as old as FTC genomes, thus suggesting that follicular thyroid tumor genomes during the transition from FTA to FTC may stand stable at genomic levels in contrast to the discernable changes at pathologic and clinical levels. Also, the data suggest a possibility that the mutational profiles obtained from early biopsies may be useful for the molecular diagnosis and therapeutics of follicular tumor patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Jung
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Sung Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan Kwon Jung
- Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Chun Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Youn Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jieying Liu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ja-Seong Bae
- Department of General Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Hak Lee
- Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Min Kim
- Department of Medical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sug Hyung Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeun-Jun Chung
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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15
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He Y, Yuan C, Chen L, Lei M, Zellmer L, Huang H, Liao DJ. Transcriptional-Readthrough RNAs Reflect the Phenomenon of "A Gene Contains Gene(s)" or "Gene(s) within a Gene" in the Human Genome, and Thus Are Not Chimeric RNAs. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E40. [PMID: 29337901 PMCID: PMC5793191 DOI: 10.3390/genes9010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tens of thousands of chimeric RNAs, i.e., RNAs with sequences of two genes, have been identified in human cells. Most of them are formed by two neighboring genes on the same chromosome and are considered to be derived via transcriptional readthrough, but a true readthrough event still awaits more evidence and trans-splicing that joins two transcripts together remains as a possible mechanism. We regard those genomic loci that are transcriptionally read through as unannotated genes, because their transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulations are the same as those of already-annotated genes, including fusion genes formed due to genetic alterations. Therefore, readthrough RNAs and fusion-gene-derived RNAs are not chimeras. Only those two-gene RNAs formed at the RNA level, likely via trans-splicing, without corresponding genes as genomic parents, should be regarded as authentic chimeric RNAs. However, since in human cells, procedural and mechanistic details of trans-splicing have never been disclosed, we doubt the existence of trans-splicing. Therefore, there are probably no authentic chimeras in humans, after readthrough and fusion-gene derived RNAs are all put back into the group of ordinary RNAs. Therefore, it should be further determined whether in human cells all two-neighboring-gene RNAs are derived from transcriptional readthrough and whether trans-splicing truly exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- Key Lab of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education of China in Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China.
| | - Chengfu Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry, China Three Gorges University, Yichang City 443002, Hubei, China.
| | - Lichan Chen
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA.
| | - Mingjuan Lei
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA.
| | - Lucas Zellmer
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 435 E. River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Hai Huang
- School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China.
| | - Dezhong Joshua Liao
- Key Lab of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education of China in Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China.
- Department of Pathology, Guizhou Medical University Hospital, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China.
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16
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Przybyl J, Kowalewska M, Quattrone A, Dewaele B, Vanspauwen V, Varma S, Vennam S, Newman AM, Swierniak M, Bakuła-Zalewska E, Siedlecki JA, Bidzinski M, Cools J, van de Rijn M, Debiec-Rychter M. Macrophage infiltration and genetic landscape of undifferentiated uterine sarcomas. JCI Insight 2017; 2:94033. [PMID: 28570276 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.94033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial stromal tumors include translocation-associated low- and high-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas (ESS) and highly malignant undifferentiated uterine sarcomas (UUS). UUS is considered a poorly defined group of aggressive tumors and is often seen as a diagnosis of exclusion after ESS and leiomyosarcoma (LMS) have been ruled out. We performed a comprehensive analysis of gene expression, copy number variation, point mutations, and immune cell infiltrates in the largest series to date of all major types of uterine sarcomas to shed light on the biology of UUS and to identify potential novel therapeutic targets. We show that UUS tumors have a distinct molecular profile from LMS and ESS. Gene expression and immunohistochemical analyses revealed the presence of high numbers of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in UUS, which makes UUS patients suitable candidates for therapies targeting TAMs. Our results show a high genomic instability of UUS and downregulation of several TP53-mediated tumor suppressor genes, such as NDN, CDH11, and NDRG4. Moreover, we demonstrate that UUS carry somatic mutations in several oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes implicated in RAS/PI3K/AKT/mTOR, ERBB3, and Hedgehog signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Przybyl
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Magdalena Kowalewska
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Immunology, Biochemistry and Nutrition, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Quattrone
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Barbara Dewaele
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vanessa Vanspauwen
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sushama Varma
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sujay Vennam
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Aaron M Newman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine.,Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michal Swierniak
- Human Cancer Genetics, Center of New Technologies, CENT, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Janusz A Siedlecki
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Bidzinski
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center, Warsaw, Poland.,The Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Jan Cools
- KU Leuven and Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matt van de Rijn
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Maria Debiec-Rychter
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Uterine sarcomas are rare cancers, of which the most common entities are leiomyosarcoma and endometrial stromal sarcoma. These two tumors may have overlapping clinical presentation, morphology and immunohistochemical profile, but are increasingly recognized to be two molecularly distinct entities. Endometrial stromal sarcomas are further currently divided into a low-grade and high-grade group based on molecular characteristics. Area covered: This review discusses recent data which shed light on the molecular profile of these two cancers and may aid in understanding their evolution and progression, in the aim of improving their diagnosis and management. Search was through PubMed, with focus on studies published in the last 5 years. Expert commentary: The literature presented and discussed documents rapidly expanding knowledge of the genetic characteristics of leiomyosarcoma and endometrial stromal sarcoma, with an array of molecules and pathways implicated in the biology of these cancers. Several of these molecules are potential therapeutic targets. Assessment of their predictive and prognostic role awaits larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Davidson
- a Department of Pathology , Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway.,b Institute of Clinical Medicine , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Francesca Micci
- c Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Norwegian Radium Hospital , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway.,d Centre for Cancer Biomedicine , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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18
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Hanley KZ, Birdsong GG, Mosunjac MB. Recent Developments in Surgical Pathology of the Uterine Corpus. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2017; 141:528-541. [PMID: 28353387 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2016-0284-sa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
There have been several updates recently on the classification of uterine tumors. Endometrial carcinomas have traditionally been divided into 2 types, but some are difficult to classify and do not fit readily into either of the currently recognized categories. The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network has recently defined 4 new categories of endometrial cancer on the basis of mutational spectra, copy number alteration, and microsatellite instability, which might provide independent prognostic information beyond established risk factors. The Society of Gynecologic Oncology, moreover, now recommends systematic screening of every patient with endometrial cancer for Lynch syndrome. The new definition of high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma disregards the number of mitotic figures as a primary diagnostic criterion and instead specifies moderate atypia still resembling stromal origin but lacking the pleomorphism of undifferentiated uterine sarcoma; these tumors also harbor a JAZF1-SUZ12 gene rearrangement. Mitotic count, atypia, and coagulative necrosis are the main histologic criteria that define leiomyosarcoma. Determining the type of necrosis can be very challenging in patients receiving various treatment modalities for symptomatic fibroids before myomectomy, since key histologic features of ischemic-type necrosis are often absent. Ancillary stains including p16, p53, MIB-1, trichrome, and reticulin may be helpful in tumors harboring necrosis that is difficult to classify. Minimally invasive gynecologic surgeries have introduced histologic artifacts that complicate the diagnosis. It is essential to recognize these as procedure-related artifacts to avoid upstaging tumors and triggering unnecessary adjuvant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marina B Mosunjac
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Hanley); and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia (Drs Birdsong and Mosunjac)
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19
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Wang S, Cheng Y, Zheng Y, He Z, Chen W, Zhou W, Duan C, Zhang C. PRKAR1A is a functional tumor suppressor inhibiting ERK/Snail/E-cadherin pathway in lung adenocarcinoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39630. [PMID: 27995993 PMCID: PMC5171641 DOI: 10.1038/srep39630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein Kinase cAMP-Dependent Regulatory Type I Alpha (PRKAR1A) is a tissue-specific extinguisher that transduces a signal through phosphorylation of different target proteins. Loss of PRKAR1A was frequently observed in endocrine neoplasia and stromal cell tumors. However, a few cases were seen in epithelial tumors. Previously, we first found that PRKAR1A was downregulated in lung adenocarcinoma patients. Thus, the present study aimed to clarify its clinical implication and biological function as a tumor suppressor in lung adenocarcinoma. The low levels of PRKAR1A transcript were correlated with tumor progression and poor overall survival. The re-expression of PRKAR1A in H1299 cells suppressed the tumor cell proliferation and migration; stable knockdown (KD) of PRKAR1A in A549 cells enhanced this function both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, KD of PRKAR1A in A549 cells promoted the statistical colonization of circulating tumor cells to the lungs in nude mice. These effects by PRKAR1A were attributed to inhibiting E-cadherin expression. Elevated E-cadherin significantly suppressed the PRKAR1A-KD induced cell proliferation and migration. Most notably, deletion of PRKAR1A inhibited E-cadherin by activating ERK/Snail signaling. In conclusion, PRKAR1A was a potent suppressor, and through the inhibition of PRKAR1A-ERK-Snail-E-cadherin axis could serve as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqiang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87th, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Yuanda Cheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87th, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Zheng
- Department of endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87th, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87th, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87th, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Wolong Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87th, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Chaojun Duan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87th, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Chunfang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87th, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
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20
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Horng HC, Wen KC, Wang PH, Chen YJ, Yen MS, Ng HT. Uterine sarcoma Part II-Uterine endometrial stromal sarcoma: The TAG systematic review. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 55:472-479. [PMID: 27590366 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2016.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial stromal tumors are rare uterine tumors (<1%). Four main categories include endometrial stromal nodule, low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (LG-ESS), high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (HG-ESS), and uterine undifferentiated sarcoma (UUS). This review is a series of articles discussing the uterine sarcomas. LG-ESS, a hormone-dependent tumor harboring chromosomal rearrangement, is an indolent tumor with a favorable prognosis, but characterized by late recurrences even in patients with Stage I disease, suggesting the requirement of a long-term follow-up. Patients with HG-ESS, based on the identification of YWHAE-NUTM2A/B (YWHAE-FAM22A/B) gene fusion, typically present with advanced stage diseases and frequently have recurrences, usually within a few years after initial surgery. UUS is, a high-grade sarcoma, extremely rare, lacking a specific line of differentiation, which is a diagnosis of exclusion (the wastebasket category, which fails to fulfill the morphological and immunohistochemical criteria of translocation-positive ESS). Surgery is the main strategy in the management of uterine sarcoma. Due to rarity, complex biological characteristics, and unknown etiology and risk factors of uterine sarcomas, the role of adjuvant therapy is not clear. Only LG-ESS might respond to progestins or aromatase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huann-Cheng Horng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chang Wen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Hui Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Jen Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shyen Yen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Heung-Tat Ng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Foundation of Female Cancer, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Ramaglia M, D'Angelo V, Iannotta A, Di Pinto D, Pota E, Affinita MC, Donofrio V, Errico ME, Lombardi A, Indolfi C, Casale F, Caraglia M. High EZH2 expression is correlated to metastatic disease in pediatric soft tissue sarcomas. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:59. [PMID: 27471434 PMCID: PMC4964052 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhancer of Zeste Drosophila Homologue 2 (EZH2) is a key regulator of transcription as a member of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) which exerts repression of downstream genes and is correlated to invasiveness and progression of different tumours. Therefore, we evaluated the expression of PRC2 proteins in pediatric soft tissue sarcoma (rhabdomyosarcoma, RMS and extraosseous Ewing sarcoma, EES) correlating them to the clinical outcome of the patients. METHODS We analyzed PRC2 protein expression by quantitative real time PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry in 17 soft tissue sarcomas (11 RMS and 6 EES) enrolled at Paediatric Oncology Units of the Second University of Naples. Expression analysis was performed for EZH2, SUZ12 and EED. RESULTS Enhancer of Zeste Drosophila Homologue 2 was expressed with a different degree in 60 % of samples. Interestingly, the magnitude of EZH2 up regulation was significantly higher in patients presenting lymph node and/or distant metastases at the diagnosis. Moreover, patients overexpressing EZH2 had a lower probability of survival compared to patients negative or with low EZH2 expression. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that high EZH2 expression is associated to increased aggressiveness of the disease. Therefore, drugs that control its activity could be potentially used in the epigenetic target treatment of tumors with these alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ramaglia
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, Pediatric Oncology Unit, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio, 2, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Velia D'Angelo
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, Pediatric Oncology Unit, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio, 2, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Adriana Iannotta
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, Pediatric Oncology Unit, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio, 2, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Di Pinto
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, Pediatric Oncology Unit, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio, 2, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Elvira Pota
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, Pediatric Oncology Unit, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio, 2, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Carmen Affinita
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, Pediatric Oncology Unit, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio, 2, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Angela Lombardi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Cristiana Indolfi
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, Pediatric Oncology Unit, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio, 2, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Fiorina Casale
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, Pediatric Oncology Unit, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio, 2, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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22
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Hrzenjak A. JAZF1/SUZ12 gene fusion in endometrial stromal sarcomas. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016; 11:15. [PMID: 26879382 PMCID: PMC4754953 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0400-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial stromal sarcomas (ESSs) belong to the rarest uterine malignancies (prevalence category <1-9/1,000,000). According to the new 2014 World Health Organisation (WHO) classification, they are separated into four categories; benign endometrial stromal nodules (ESNs), low grade endometrial stromal sarcomas (LG-ESSs), high-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas (HG-ESSs) and undifferentiated uterine sarcomas (UUSs). Due to heterogeneous histopathologic appearance these tumors still represent diagnostic challenge, even for experienced pathologists. ESSs are genetically very heterogeneous and several chromosomal translocations and gene fusions have so far been identified in these malignancies. To date the JAZF1/SUZ12 gene fusion is by far the most frequent and seems to be the cytogenetic hallmark of ESN and LG-ESS. Based on present literature data this gene fusion is present in approximately 75 % of ESN, 50 % of LG-ESS and 15 % of HG-ESS cases. The frequency of JAZF1/SUZ12 appearance varies between classic ESS and different morphologic variants. This gene fusion is suggested to become a specific diagnostic tool, especially in difficult borderline cases. In combination with the recently described YWHAE/FAM22 gene fusion the JAZF1/SUZ12 fusion could be used to differentiate between LG-ESS and HG-ESS. The purpose of this review is to summarize literature data published in last two and a half decades about this gene fusion, as a contribution to our understanding of ESS genetics and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andelko Hrzenjak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, A-8036, Graz, Austria. .,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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