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Qarawani A, Naaman E, Ben-Zvi Elimelech R, Harel M, Itzkovich C, Safuri S, Dahan N, Henkin J, Zayit-Soudry S. PEDF-derived peptide protects against Amyloid-β toxicity in vitro and prevents retinal dysfunction in rats. Exp Eye Res 2024; 242:109861. [PMID: 38522635 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ), a family of aggregation-prone and neurotoxic peptides, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We have previously shown that oligomeric and fibrillar species of Aβ42 exerted retinal toxicity in rats, but while the consequences of exposure to amyloid were related to intracellular effects, the mechanism of Aβ42 internalization in the retina is not well characterized. In the brain, the 67 kDa laminin receptor (67LR) participates in Aβ-related neuronal cell death. A short peptide derived from pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), formerly designated PEDF-335, was found to mitigate experimental models of ischemic retinopathy via targeting of 67LR. In the present study, we hypothesized that 67LR mediates the uptake of pathogenic Aβ42 assemblies in the retina, and that targeting of this receptor by PEDF-335 may limit the internalization of Aβ, thereby ameliorating its retinotoxicity. To test this assumption ARPE-19 cells in culture were incubated with PEDF-335 before treatment with fibrillar or oligomeric structures of Aβ42. Immunostaining confirmed that PEDF-335 treatment substantially prevented amyloid internalization into ARPE-19 cells and maintained their viability in the presence of toxic oligomeric and fibrillar Aβ42 entities in vitro. FRET competition assay was performed and confirmed the binding of PEDF-335 to 67LR in RPE-like cells. Wild-type rats were treated with intravitreal PEDF-335 in the experimental eye 2 days prior to administration of retinotoxic Aβ42 oligomers or fibrils to both eyes. Retinal function was assessed by electroretinography through 6 weeks post injection. The ERG responses in rats treated with oligomeric or fibrillar Aβ42 assemblies were near-normal in eyes previously treated with intravitreal PEDF-335, whereas those measured in the control eyes treated with injection of the Aβ42 assemblies alone showed pathologic attenuation of the retinal function through 6 weeks. The retinal presence of 67LR was determined ex vivo by immunostaining and western blotting. Retinal staining demonstrated the constitutional expression of 67LR mainly in the retinal nuclear layers. In the presence of Aβ42, the levels of 67LR were increased, although its retinal distribution remained largely unaltered. In contrast, no apparent differences in the retinal expression level of 67LR were noted following exposure to PEDF-335 alone, and its pattern of localization in the retina remained similarly concentrated primarily in the inner and outer nuclear layers. In summary, we found that PEDF-335 confers protection against Aβ42-mediated retinal toxicity, with significant effects noted in cells as well as in vivo in rats. The effects of PEDF-335 in the retina are potentially mediated via binding to 67LR and by at least partial inhibition of Aβ42 internalization. These results suggest that PEDF-335 may merit further consideration in the development of targeted inhibition of amyloid-related toxicity in the retina. More broadly, our observations provide evidence on the importance of extracellular versus intracellular Aβ42 in the retina and suggest concepts on the molecular mechanism of Aβ retinal pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Qarawani
- Clinical Research Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Efrat Naaman
- Clinical Research Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Department of Ophthalmology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rony Ben-Zvi Elimelech
- Clinical Research Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Michal Harel
- Clinical Research Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Chen Itzkovich
- Clinical Research Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shadi Safuri
- Clinical Research Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Department of Ophthalmology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nitsan Dahan
- Life Sciences and Engineering (LS&E) Infrastructure Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jack Henkin
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Shiri Zayit-Soudry
- Clinical Research Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Department of Ophthalmology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
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Noh SE, Lee SJ, Cho CS, Jo DH, Park KS, Kim JH. Mitochondrial transplantation attenuates oligomeric amyloid-beta-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and tight junction protein destruction in retinal pigment epithelium. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 212:10-21. [PMID: 38101587 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of mitochondria derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has emerged as a new treatment method to improve mitochondrial dysfunction and alleviate cell impairment. Interest in using extrinsic mitochondrial transplantation as a therapeutic approach has been increasing because it has been confirmed to be effective in treating various diseases related to mitochondrial dysfunction, including ischemia, cardiovascular disease, and toxic damage. To support this application, we conducted an experiment to deliver external mitochondria to retinal pigment epithelial cells treated with oligomeric amyloid-beta (oAβ). Externally delivered amyloid-beta internalizes into cells and interacts with mitochondria, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and intracellular damage, including increased reactive oxygen species and destruction of tight junction proteins. Externally delivered mitochondria were confirmed to alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction and tight junction protein disruption as well as improve internalized oAβ clearance. These results were also confirmed in a mouse model in vivo. Overall, these findings indicate that the transfer of external mitochondria isolated from MSCs has potential as a new treatment method for age-related macular degeneration, which involves oAβ-induced changes to the retinal pigment epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Eun Noh
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Global Excellence Center for Gene & Cell Therapy (GEC-GCT), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Jae Lee
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Global Excellence Center for Gene & Cell Therapy (GEC-GCT), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Sik Cho
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Global Excellence Center for Gene & Cell Therapy (GEC-GCT), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Jo
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Sang Park
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Global Excellence Center for Gene & Cell Therapy (GEC-GCT), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences & Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Population, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Jo DH, Lee SH, Jeon M, Cho CS, Kim DE, Kim H, Kim JH. Activation of Lysosomal Function Ameliorates Amyloid-β-Induced Tight Junction Disruption in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium. Mol Cells 2023; 46:675-687. [PMID: 37968982 PMCID: PMC10654459 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2023.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of pathogenic amyloid-β disrupts the tight junction of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), one of its senescence-like structural alterations. In the clearance of amyloid-β, the autophagy-lysosome pathway plays the crucial role. In this context, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibits the process of autophagy and lysosomal degradation, acting as a potential therapeutic target for age-associated disorders. However, efficacy of targeting mTOR to treat age-related macular degeneration remains largely elusive. Here, we validated the therapeutic efficacy of the mTOR inhibitors, Torin and PP242, in clearing amyloid-β by inducing the autophagy-lysosome pathway in a mouse model with pathogenic amyloid-β with tight junction disruption of RPE, which is evident in dry age-related macular degeneration. High concentration of amyloid-β oligomers induced autophagy-lysosome pathway impairment accompanied by the accumulation of p62 and decreased lysosomal activity in RPE cells. However, Torin and PP242 treatment restored the lysosomal activity via activation of LAMP2 and facilitated the clearance of amyloid-β in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, clearance of amyloid-β by Torin and PP242 ameliorated the tight junction disruption of RPE in vivo. Overall, our findings suggest mTOR inhibition as a new therapeutic strategy for the restoration of tight junctions in age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Jo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Su Hyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Minsol Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Chang Sik Cho
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Da-Eun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hyunkyung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea
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Fan J, Ma Z, Zheng Y, Zhang M, Huang L, Liu H. Folate Deficiency Increased Microglial Amyloid-β Phagocytosis via the RAGE Receptor in Chronic Unpredictable Mild-Stress Rat and BV2 Cells. Nutrients 2023; 15:3501. [PMID: 37630692 PMCID: PMC10457913 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is often considered one of the prevalent neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). β-amyloid (Aβ) metabolism disorders and impaired microglia phagocytosis are potential pathological mechanisms between depression and AD. Folate deficiency (FD) is a risk factor for depression and AD. In this study, we used a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rat model and a model of Aβ phagocytosis by BV2 cells to explore the potential mechanisms by which FD affects depression and AD. The results revealed that FD exacerbated depressive behavior and activated microglia in CUMS rats, leading to an increase in intracellular Aβ and phagocytosis-related receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). Then, in vitro results showed that the expression of the RAGE receptor and M2 phenotype marker (CD206) were upregulated by FD treatment in BV2 cells, leading to an increase in Aβ phagocytosis. However, there was no significant difference in the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and clathrin heavy chain (CHC). Furthermore, when using the RAGE-specific inhibitor FPS-ZM1, there was no significant difference in Aβ uptake between folate-normal (FN) and FD BV2 cell groups. In conclusion, these findings suggest FD may promote microglia phagocytosis Aβ via regulating the expression of RAGE or microglia phenotype under Aβ treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junting Fan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Zewei Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yunqin Zheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Meilin Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China
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Mesoscopic Mapping of Visual Pathway in a Female 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233901. [PMID: 36497159 PMCID: PMC9740259 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition and Aβ-induced neurodegeneration appear in the retina and retinorecipient areas in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although these Aβ-related changes in the retina cause damage to the visual functions, no studies have yet revealed the alterations in the visual pathways of AD. Therefore, we investigated the alterations of visual circuits in the AD mouse model using anterograde tracer cholera toxin β subunits (CTβ). Moreover, we investigated the Aβ accumulation in the retina and retinorecipient areas and the neuronal loss, and synaptic degeneration in retinorecipient areas by immunofluorescent staining of 4- and 12-month-old female 5XFAD transgenic mice. Our results demonstrated that Aβ accumulation and neurodegeneration occurred in the retina and retinorecipient regions of early and late stages of the 5XFAD mice. Retinal efferents to the suprachiasmatic nucleus and lateral geniculate nucleus were impaired in the early stage of AD. Moreover, retinal connections to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus were degenerated in the late-stage of AD. These findings reveal the Aβ-related pathology induced visual circuit disturbances at the mesoscale level in both the early and late stages of AD and provide anatomical and functional insights into the visual circuitry of AD.
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Wang L, Wei X. T Cell-Mediated Autoimmunity in Glaucoma Neurodegeneration. Front Immunol 2022; 12:803485. [PMID: 34975917 PMCID: PMC8716691 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.803485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma as the leading neurodegenerative disease leads to blindness in 3.6 million people aged 50 years and older worldwide. For many decades, glaucoma therapy has primarily focused on controlling intraocular pressure (IOP) and sound evidence supports its role in delaying the progress of retinal ganglial cell (RGC) damage and protecting patients from vision loss. Meanwhile, accumulating data point to the immune-mediated attack of the neural retina as the underlying pathological process behind glaucoma that may come independent of raised IOP. Recently, some scholars have suggested autoimmune aspects in glaucoma, with autoreactive T cells mediating the chief pathogenic process. This autoimmune process, as well as the pathological features of glaucoma, largely overlaps with other neurodegenerative diseases in the central nervous system (CNS), including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis. In addition, immune modulation therapy, which is regarded as a potential solution for glaucoma, has been boosted in trials in some CNS neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, novel insights into the T cell-mediated immunity and treatment in CNS neurodegenerative diseases may serve as valuable inspirations for ophthalmologists. This review focuses on the role of T cell-mediated immunity in the pathogenesis of glaucoma and discusses potential applications of relevant findings of CNS neurodegenerative diseases in future glaucoma research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shangjin Nanfu Hospital, Chengdu, China
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Taylor AW, Hsu S, Ng TF. The Role of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells in Regulation of Macrophages/Microglial Cells in Retinal Immunobiology. Front Immunol 2021; 12:724601. [PMID: 34484232 PMCID: PMC8414138 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.724601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ocular tissue microenvironment is immune privileged and uses several mechanisms of immunosuppression to prevent the induction of inflammation. Besides being a blood-barrier and source of photoreceptor nutrients, the retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) regulate the activity of immune cells within the retina. These mechanisms involve the expression of immunomodulating molecules that make macrophages and microglial cells suppress inflammation and promote immune tolerance. The RPE have an important role in ocular immune privilege to regulate the behavior of immune cells within the retina. Reviewed is the current understanding of how RPE mediate this regulation and the changes seen under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Taylor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Samuel Hsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tat Fong Ng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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Lee M, Im W, Kim M. Exosomes as a potential messenger unit during heterochronic parabiosis for amelioration of Huntington's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 155:105374. [PMID: 33940179 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huntington's disease (HD) starts its pathology long before clinical manifestation, however, there is no therapy to cure it completely and only a few studies have been reported for delaying the progression of HD. Recently, it has been shown that heterochronic parabiosis can modulate the neurodegenerative diseases. Despite the importance of the transportation process of positive factors during heterochronic parabiosis, there were limited understandings because the transportation process is nanoscale, which makes it difficult to identify the messenger unit. We demonstrated that heterochronic parabiosis could modulate HD in R6/2 mice model, and identified the messenger unit for transferring positive factors in the young blood serum. METHODS R6/2 mice were surgically connected with young wild-type mice (n = 13), old wild-type mice (n = 8), or R6/2 mice (n = 6) to examine the effect of heterochronic parabiosis. Parabionts composed of 5- to 6-week-old transgenic and wild-type mice were observed for 6 weeks in a single cage. The in vitro cellular model of HD cells were treated by the blood serum of the young or old mice, and by the exosomes isolated from thereof. The in vitro cellular model of HD were developed by differentiating neural stem cells cultured from SVZ of the brain. RESULTS After the heterochronic parabiosis, the weight loss and survival of HD mice was improved. Also, mutant Huntingtin aggregation (EM48 p < 0.005), improvement of mitochondria dysfunction (PGC-1a p < 0.05, p-CREB/CREB p < 0.005), cell death (p53 p < 0.05, Bax p < 0.05, Cleaved-caspase3 p < 0.05), and cognition (DCX p < 0.5) showed a near complete restoration. In addition, treating in vitro cellular model of HD by the exosomes from young blood serum improved mutant Huntingtin aggregation (EM48 p < 0.05), mitochondria biogenesis (p-CREB/CREB p < 0.005), cell death (p53 p < 0.05, Bax p < 0.005, Cleaved-caspase3 p < 0.05, Bcl-2 p < 0.05), and cell proliferation (WST-1 p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS We found that the overall pathology of HD could be improved by the shared blood circulation through heterochronic parabiosis, furthermore, we demonstrated that the exosomes could be messengers for transferring positive factors, showing the potential of exosomes from young blood for the amelioration of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijung Lee
- Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooseok Im
- Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Manho Kim
- Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Protein Metabolism and Neuroscience Dementia Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience and dementia Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Eshraghi M, Adlimoghaddam A, Mahmoodzadeh A, Sharifzad F, Yasavoli-Sharahi H, Lorzadeh S, Albensi BC, Ghavami S. Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis: Role of Autophagy and Mitophagy Focusing in Microglia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3330. [PMID: 33805142 PMCID: PMC8036323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating neurological disorder, and currently, there is no cure for it. Several pathologic alterations have been described in the brain of AD patients, but the ultimate causative mechanisms of AD are still elusive. The classic hallmarks of AD, including amyloid plaques (Aβ) and tau tangles (tau), are the most studied features of AD. Unfortunately, all the efforts targeting these pathologies have failed to show the desired efficacy in AD patients so far. Neuroinflammation and impaired autophagy are two other main known pathologies in AD. It has been reported that these pathologies exist in AD brain long before the emergence of any clinical manifestation of AD. Microglia are the main inflammatory cells in the brain and are considered by many researchers as the next hope for finding a viable therapeutic target in AD. Interestingly, it appears that the autophagy and mitophagy are also changed in these cells in AD. Inside the cells, autophagy and inflammation interact in a bidirectional manner. In the current review, we briefly discussed an overview on autophagy and mitophagy in AD and then provided a comprehensive discussion on the role of these pathways in microglia and their involvement in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Eshraghi
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Aida Adlimoghaddam
- St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Winnipeg, MB R2H2A6, Canada; (A.A.); (B.C.A.)
| | - Amir Mahmoodzadeh
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran;
| | - Farzaneh Sharifzad
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (F.S.); (H.Y.-S.)
| | - Hamed Yasavoli-Sharahi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (F.S.); (H.Y.-S.)
| | - Shahrokh Lorzadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
| | - Benedict C. Albensi
- St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Winnipeg, MB R2H2A6, Canada; (A.A.); (B.C.A.)
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba-University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Katowice School of Technology, 40-555 Katowice, Poland
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Lynn SA, Johnston DA, Scott JA, Munday R, Desai RS, Keeling E, Weaterton R, Simpson A, Davis D, Freeman T, Chatelet DS, Page A, Cree AJ, Lee H, Newman TA, Lotery AJ, Ratnayaka JA. Oligomeric Aβ 1-42 Induces an AMD-Like Phenotype and Accumulates in Lysosomes to Impair RPE Function. Cells 2021; 10:413. [PMID: 33671133 PMCID: PMC7922851 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease-associated amyloid beta (Aβ) proteins accumulate in the outer retina with increasing age and in eyes of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients. To study Aβ-induced retinopathy, wild-type mice were injected with nanomolar human oligomeric Aβ1-42, which recapitulate the Aβ burden reported in human donor eyes. In vitro studies investigated the cellular effects of Aβ in endothelial and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Results show subretinal Aβ-induced focal AMD-like pathology within 2 weeks. Aβ exposure caused endothelial cell migration, and morphological and barrier alterations to the RPE. Aβ co-localized to late-endocytic compartments of RPE cells, which persisted despite attempts to clear it through upregulation of lysosomal cathepsin B, revealing a novel mechanism of lysosomal impairment in retinal degeneration. The rapid upregulation of cathepsin B was out of step with the prolonged accumulation of Aβ within lysosomes, and contrasted with enzymatic responses to internalized photoreceptor outer segments (POS). Furthermore, RPE cells exposed to Aβ were identified as deficient in cargo-carrying lysosomes at time points that are critical to POS degradation. These findings imply that Aβ accumulation within late-endocytic compartments, as well as lysosomal deficiency, impairs RPE function over time, contributing to visual defects seen in aging and AMD eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah A. Lynn
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP 806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (J.A.S.); (R.M.); (R.S.D.); (E.K.); (R.W.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (T.F.); (A.J.C.); (H.L.); (T.A.N.); (A.J.L.)
| | - David A. Johnston
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, University of Southampton, MP12, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (D.A.J.); (D.S.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Jenny A. Scott
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP 806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (J.A.S.); (R.M.); (R.S.D.); (E.K.); (R.W.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (T.F.); (A.J.C.); (H.L.); (T.A.N.); (A.J.L.)
| | - Rosie Munday
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP 806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (J.A.S.); (R.M.); (R.S.D.); (E.K.); (R.W.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (T.F.); (A.J.C.); (H.L.); (T.A.N.); (A.J.L.)
| | - Roshni S. Desai
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP 806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (J.A.S.); (R.M.); (R.S.D.); (E.K.); (R.W.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (T.F.); (A.J.C.); (H.L.); (T.A.N.); (A.J.L.)
| | - Eloise Keeling
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP 806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (J.A.S.); (R.M.); (R.S.D.); (E.K.); (R.W.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (T.F.); (A.J.C.); (H.L.); (T.A.N.); (A.J.L.)
| | - Ruaridh Weaterton
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP 806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (J.A.S.); (R.M.); (R.S.D.); (E.K.); (R.W.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (T.F.); (A.J.C.); (H.L.); (T.A.N.); (A.J.L.)
| | - Alexander Simpson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP 806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (J.A.S.); (R.M.); (R.S.D.); (E.K.); (R.W.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (T.F.); (A.J.C.); (H.L.); (T.A.N.); (A.J.L.)
| | - Dillon Davis
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP 806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (J.A.S.); (R.M.); (R.S.D.); (E.K.); (R.W.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (T.F.); (A.J.C.); (H.L.); (T.A.N.); (A.J.L.)
| | - Thomas Freeman
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP 806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (J.A.S.); (R.M.); (R.S.D.); (E.K.); (R.W.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (T.F.); (A.J.C.); (H.L.); (T.A.N.); (A.J.L.)
| | - David S. Chatelet
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, University of Southampton, MP12, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (D.A.J.); (D.S.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Anton Page
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, University of Southampton, MP12, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (D.A.J.); (D.S.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Angela J. Cree
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP 806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (J.A.S.); (R.M.); (R.S.D.); (E.K.); (R.W.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (T.F.); (A.J.C.); (H.L.); (T.A.N.); (A.J.L.)
| | - Helena Lee
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP 806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (J.A.S.); (R.M.); (R.S.D.); (E.K.); (R.W.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (T.F.); (A.J.C.); (H.L.); (T.A.N.); (A.J.L.)
- Eye Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Tracey A. Newman
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP 806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (J.A.S.); (R.M.); (R.S.D.); (E.K.); (R.W.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (T.F.); (A.J.C.); (H.L.); (T.A.N.); (A.J.L.)
| | - Andrew J. Lotery
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP 806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (J.A.S.); (R.M.); (R.S.D.); (E.K.); (R.W.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (T.F.); (A.J.C.); (H.L.); (T.A.N.); (A.J.L.)
- Eye Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - J. Arjuna Ratnayaka
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP 806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (J.A.S.); (R.M.); (R.S.D.); (E.K.); (R.W.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (T.F.); (A.J.C.); (H.L.); (T.A.N.); (A.J.L.)
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11
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Dai E, Han L, Liu J, Xie Y, Kroemer G, Klionsky DJ, Zeh HJ, Kang R, Wang J, Tang D. Autophagy-dependent ferroptosis drives tumor-associated macrophage polarization via release and uptake of oncogenic KRAS protein. Autophagy 2020; 16:2069-2083. [PMID: 31920150 PMCID: PMC7595620 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1714209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in human neoplasia. Despite a large investment to understand the effects of KRAS mutation in cancer cells, the direct effects of the oncogenetic KRAS activation on immune cells remain elusive. Here, we report that extracellular KRASG12D is essential for pancreatic tumor-associated macrophage polarization. Oxidative stress induces KRASG12D protein release from cancer cells succumbing to autophagy-dependent ferroptosis. Extracellular KRASG12D packaged into exosomes then is taken up by macrophages through an AGER-dependent mechanism. KRASG12D causes macrophages to switch to an M2-like pro-tumor phenotype via STAT3-dependent fatty acid oxidation. Consequently, the disruption of KRASG12D release and uptake can abolish the macrophage-mediated stimulation of pancreatic adenocarcinomas in mouse models. Importantly, the level of KRASG12D expression in macrophages correlates with poor survival in pancreatic cancer patients. These findings not only identify extracellular KRASG12D as a key mediator of cancer cell-macrophage communication, but also provide a novel KRAS-targeted anticancer strategy. Abbreviations: DAMP, damage-associated molecular pattern; PBMCMs, peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived macrophages; PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; s.c., subcutaneously; TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages; TME, tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyong Dai
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Leng Han
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yangchun Xie
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Université De Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Centre De Recherche Des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Pôle De Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Herbert J. Zeh
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Daolin Tang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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12
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Sun J, Chen J, Li T, Huang P, Li J, Shen M, Gao M, Sun Y, Liang J, Li X, Wang Y, Xiao Y, Shi X, Hu Y, Feng J, Jia H, Liu T, Sun X. ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction driven by PU.1-regulated NOX4-p22 phox activation in Aβ-induced retinal pigment epithelial cell injury. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:11637-11655. [PMID: 33052238 PMCID: PMC7546003 DOI: 10.7150/thno.48064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Amyloid β (Aβ) deposition, an essential pathological process in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), causes retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) degeneration driven mostly by oxidative stress. However, despite intense investigations, the extent to which overoxidation contributes to Aβ-mediated RPE damage and its potential mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Methods: We performed tandem mass-tagged (TMT) mass spectrometry (MS) and bioinformatic analysis of the RPE-choroid complex in an Aβ1-40-induced mouse model of retinal degeneration to obtain a comprehensive proteomic profile. Key regulators in this model were confirmed by reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection, mitochondrial ROS assay, oxygen consumption rate (OCR) measurement, gene knockout experiment, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and luciferase assay. Results: A total of 4243 proteins were identified, 1069 of which were significantly affected by Aβ1-40 and found to be enriched in oxidation-related pathways by bioinformatic analysis. Moreover, NADPH oxidases were identified as hub proteins in Aβ1-40-mediated oxidative stress, as evidenced by mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species overproduction. By motif and binding site analyses, we found that the transcription factor PU.1/Spi1 acted as a master regulator of the activation of NADPH oxidases, especially the NOX4-p22phox complex. Also, PU.1 silencing impeded RPE oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction and rescued the retinal structure and function. Conclusion: Our study suggests that PU.1 is a novel therapeutic target for AMD, and the regulation of PU.1 expression represents a potentially novel approach against excessive oxidative stress in Aβ-driven RPE injury.
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13
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Intracellular amyloid-β disrupts tight junctions of the retinal pigment epithelium via NF-κB activation. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 95:115-122. [PMID: 32795848 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Drusen are focal deposits between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Bruch's membrane in the retina of patients with age-related macular degeneration. Amyloid-β is one of the important components of drusen, which leads to local inflammation. Furthermore, intracellular amyloid-β disrupts tight junctions of the RPE. However, the intracellular mechanisms linking intracellular amyloid-β and tight-junction disruption are not clear. In this study, intracellular amyloid-β oligomers activated nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) p65, leading to the disorganization of tight junctions of the RPE in mice after subretinal injection of amyloid-β. Amyloid-β also triggered NF-κB activation in the RPE cells in confluent culture, which was inhibited by the suppression of the advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor. NF-κB inhibition by an IκB kinase inhibitor prevented the suppression of expression of tight-junction proteins, zonula occuludens-1 and occludin in RPE cells. In addition, tight-junction complexes remained intact in the RPE of mice with NF-κB inhibition, although there were intracellular amyloid-β oligomers. These data suggested that NF-κB inhibition might be a therapeutic approach to prevent amyloid-β-mediated tight-junction disruption.
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14
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Kinoshita Y, Nogami K, Jomura R, Akanuma SI, Abe H, Inouye M, Kubo Y, Hosoya KI. Investigation of Receptor-Mediated Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B 12) Transport across the Inner Blood-Retinal Barrier Using Fluorescence-Labeled Cyanocobalamin. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3583-3594. [PMID: 29966424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The blood-to-retina supply of cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) across the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) was investigated by synthesizing a fluorescence-labeled cyanocobalamin (Cy5-cyanocobalamin). In the in vivo analysis following internal jugular injection of Cy5-cyanocobalamin, confocal microscopy showed the distribution of Cy5-cyanocobalamin in the inner plexiform layer (IPL), the outer plexiform layer (OPL), and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). In the in vitro analysis with TR-iBRB2 cells, an in vitro model cell line of the inner BRB, Cy5-cyanocobalamin uptake by TR-iBRB2 cells exhibited a time-dependent increase after preincubation with transcobalamin II (TCII) protein, during its residual uptake without preincubation with TCII protein. The Cy5-cyanocobalamin uptake by TR-iBRB2 cells was significantly reduced in the presence of unlabeled cyanocobalamin, chlorpromazine, and chloroquine and was also significantly reduced under Ca2+-free conditions. Confocal microscopy of the TR-iBRB2 cells showed fluorescence signals of Cy5-cyanocobalamin and GFP-TCII protein, and these signals merged with each other. The RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry clearly suggested the expression of TCII receptor (TCII-R) in the inner and outer BRB. These results suggested the involvement of receptor-mediated endocytosis in the blood-to-retina transport of cyanocobalamin at the inner BRB with implying its possible involvement at the outer BRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Kinoshita
- Department of Pharmaceutics and ‡Department of Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Toyama , Toyama 930-0194 , Japan
| | | | - Ryuta Jomura
- Department of Pharmaceutics and ‡Department of Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Toyama , Toyama 930-0194 , Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Akanuma
- Department of Pharmaceutics and ‡Department of Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Toyama , Toyama 930-0194 , Japan
| | | | | | - Yoshiyuki Kubo
- Department of Pharmaceutics and ‡Department of Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Toyama , Toyama 930-0194 , Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hosoya
- Department of Pharmaceutics and ‡Department of Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Toyama , Toyama 930-0194 , Japan
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15
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Park SW, Im S, Jun HO, Lee K, Park YJ, Kim JH, Park WJ, Lee YH, Kim JH. Dry age-related macular degeneration like pathology in aged 5XFAD mice: Ultrastructure and microarray analysis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:40006-40018. [PMID: 28467791 PMCID: PMC5522269 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness in the elderly. The two types of AMD are: dry and wet AMD. While laser-induced choroidal neovascularization has been used extensively in the studies of wet AMD, there is no established mouse model that fully recapitulates the cardinal features of dry AMD. A lack of appropriate mouse model for dry AMD has hampered the translational research on the pathogenesis of the disease and the development of therapeutic agents. We hypothesized that 5XFAD mice, an animal model for the study of Alzheimer’s disease, can be used as a mouse model for dry AMD with regard to the amyloid beta (Aβ) related pathology. In this study, the ultrastructure of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of 5XFAD mice was analyzed using transmission electron microscopy. Of importance, the aged 5XFAD mice show ultrastructural changes in the RPE and Bruch’s membrane (BM) that are compatible with the cardinal features of human dry AMD, including a loss of apical microvilli and basal infolding of the RPE, increased BM thickness, basal laminar and linear deposits, and accumulation of lipofuscin granules and undigested photoreceptor outer segment-laden phagosomes. In microarray-based analysis, the RPE complex of the aged 5XFAD mice shows differential gene expression profiles consistent with dry AMD in the inflammation response, immune reaction pathway, and decreased retinol metabolism. Taken together, we suggest that aged 5XFAD mice can be used as a mouse model of dry AMD to study Aβ related pathology and develop a new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Wook Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sora Im
- Department of Life Sciences, Life Sciences Concentration Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyoung Oh Jun
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kihwang Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ajou University School of Medicine, World Cup-Ro, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin Hyoung Kim
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Jin Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Life Sciences Concentration Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Lee
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Deokjin-Gu, Jeonju-Si, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University, Deokjin-Gu, Jeonju-Si, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
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16
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Banevicius M, Vilkeviciute A, Kriauciuniene L, Liutkeviciene R, Deltuva VP. The Association Between Variants of Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE) Gene Polymorphisms and Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:190-199. [PMID: 29317590 PMCID: PMC5771184 DOI: 10.12659/msm.905311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in people aged 65 years and older in developed countries. The pathogenesis of AMD has been linked to mechanisms involving inflammation, oxidative stress, and basal laminar deposit formation between retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and the basal membrane, caused by advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs are implicated in the pathogenesis of AMD through the AGE-and receptor for AGE (RAGE) interaction, which can be altered by polymorphisms of the RAGE gene. We examined RAGE rs1800624 and rs1800625 gene polymorphisms contributing to AMD development. Material/Methods The study enrolled 300 patients with early AMD, 300 patients with exudative AMD, and 800 healthy controls. The genotyping was carried out using the RT-PCR method. Results The analysis of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the RAGE gene showed that rs1800624 was associated with a 1.6-fold decreased risk for exudative AMD under the dominant model after adjustment for age (OR=0.616; 95% CI: 0.394–0.963; p=0.034) and each copy of allele T at rs1800624 was associated with a 1.4-fold decreased risk for exudative AMD development under the additive model after adjustment for age (OR=0.701; 95% CI: 0.510–0.962; p=0.028). Analysis revealed that the rs1800625 allele G at rs1800625 was associated with a 1.5-fold increased risk for exudative AMD after adjustment for age (OR=1.545; 95% CI: 1.003–2.379; p=0.048). These results suggested that the allele G at rs1800625 was a risk-allele for exudative AMD development. In haplotype analysis, A-G haplotype was significantly more frequently observed in exudative AMD patients compared to healthy controls (3.3% versus 1.4%, p=0.035). Conclusions We revealed a significant association between RAGE gene rs1800624 and rs1800625 polymorphisms and AMD risk. We considered T allele at rs1800624 to be protective against AMD development, while allele G at rs1800625 was considered to be a marker of poor prognosis in AMD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mantas Banevicius
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Alvita Vilkeviciute
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Loresa Kriauciuniene
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rasa Liutkeviciene
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vytenis Pranas Deltuva
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Kaunas, Lithuania
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17
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Ma KG, Lv J, Yang WN, Chang KW, Hu XD, Shi LL, Zhai WY, Zong HF, Qian YH. The p38 mitogen activated protein kinase regulates β-amyloid protein internalization through the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in mouse brain. Brain Res Bull 2017; 137:41-52. [PMID: 29128415 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most devastating neurodegenerative disorders. Intracellular β-amyloid protein (Aβ) is an early event in AD. It induces the formation of amyloid plaques and neuron damage. The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) has been suggested to play an important role in Aβ caused cognition. It has high affinity with Aβ and could mediate Aβ internalization in vitro. However, whether in mouse brain the p38 MAPK signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of the α7nAChR mediated Aβ internalization and their role in mitochondria remains little known. Therefore, in this study, we revealed that Aβ is internalized by cholinergic and GABAergic neurons. The internalized Aβ were found deposits in lysosomes/endosomes and mitochondria. Aβ could form Aβ-α7nAChR complex with α7nAChR, activates the p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK). And the increasing of α7nAChR could in return mediate Aβ internalization in the cortex and hippocampus. In addition, by using the α7nAChR agonist PNU282987, the p38 phosphorylation level decreases, rescues the biochemical changes which are tightly associated with Aβ-induced apoptosis, such as Bcl2/Bax level, cytochrome c (Cyt c) release. Collectively, the p38 MAPK signaling pathway could regulate the α7nAChR-mediated internalization of Aβ. The activation of α7nAChR or the inhibition of p38 MAPK signaling pathway may be a beneficial therapy to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ge Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jia Lv
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Wei-Na Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ke-Wei Chang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Hu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Li-Li Shi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Xi'an Medical University, 1 Xinwang road, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Wan-Ying Zhai
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hang-Fan Zong
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yi-Hua Qian
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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18
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Chen F, Ghosh A, Hu M, Long Y, Sun H, Kong L, Hong H, Tang S. RAGE-NF-κB-PPARγ Signaling is Involved in AGEs-Induced Upregulation of Amyloid-β Influx Transport in an In Vitro BBB Model. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:284-299. [PMID: 28871412 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9784-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is critical for regulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) homeostasis in the diabetic brain. In this study, we used an in vitro BBB model consisting of mouse brain capillary endothelial cells (MBCECs) to investigate whether advanced glycation end products (AGEs) increase Aβ influx transport across the BBB and the underlying mechanisms. We found that AGEs induced Aβ influx transport across the BBB in concentration- and time-dependent manner, accompanied by increased RAGE expression and nuclear factor-kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65), and decreased nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Blockade of RAGE with its antibody and inhibition of NF-κB signaling with PDTC as well as activation of PPARγ with rosiglitazone significantly decreased Aβ transport across the BBB from the periphery to the brain. These treatments also pronouncedly suppressed AGEs-induced increases in RAGE expression and nuclear NF-κB p65 and reversed the decrease in nuclear PPARγ. These results suggest that RAGE-NF-κB-PPARγ signaling is involved in regulation of AGEs-induced influx transport of Aβ across the BBB and targeting the signaling pathway could serve as a novel strategy to modify such Aβ transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Arijit Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Mei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yan Long
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hongbin Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Lingyi Kong
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hao Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Susu Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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19
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Song HB, Jun HO, Kim JH, Lee YH, Choi MH, Kim JH. Disruption of outer blood-retinal barrier by Toxoplasma gondii-infected monocytes is mediated by paracrinely activated FAK signaling. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175159. [PMID: 28406972 PMCID: PMC5390985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular toxoplasmosis is mediated by monocytes infected with Toxoplasma gondii that are disseminated to target organs. Although infected monocytes can easily access to outer blood-retinal barrier due to leaky choroidal vasculatures, not much is known about the effect of T. gondii-infected monocytes on outer blood-retinal barrier. We prepared human monocytes, THP-1, infected with T. gondii and human retinal pigment epithelial cells, ARPE-19, grown on transwells as an in vitro model of outer blood-retinal barrier. Exposure to infected monocytes resulted in disruption of tight junction protein, ZO-1, and decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance of retinal pigment epithelium. Supernatants alone separated from infected monocytes also decreased transepithelial electrical resistance and disrupted tight junction protein. Further investigation revealed that the supernatants could activate focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling in retinal pigment epithelium and the disruption was attenuated by FAK inhibitor. The disrupted barrier was partly restored by blocking CXCL8, a FAK activating factor secreted by infected monocytes. In this study, we demonstrated that monocytes infected with T. gondii can disrupt outer blood-retinal barrier, which is mediated by paracrinely activated FAK signaling. FAK signaling can be a target of therapeutic approach to prevent negative influence of infected monocytes on outer blood-retinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Beom Song
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Oh Jun
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyoung Kim
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ha Lee
- Department of Infection Biology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Choi
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (JHK); (MHC)
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (JHK); (MHC)
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20
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Li W, Li Y, Zhang Z, Xia K, Shang X, Yang X, Wang L, Zhang Q. Predictive Nomogram of RAGE Genetic Polymorphisms and Metabolic Risk Factors for Myocardial Infarction Risk in a Han Chinese Population. Angiology 2017; 68:877-883. [PMID: 28956473 DOI: 10.1177/0003319717696622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the association of 4 well-characterized polymorphisms in receptor for the advanced glycation end-product ( RAGE) gene with myocardial infarction (MI) risk and the changes in metabolic risk factors among 717/612 patients/controls, with the aim of constructing a predictive nomogram. The genotype/allele distributions differed significantly between the 2 groups for T-429C ( Pgenotype/allele = .004/.001) and G1704T ( P < .001/.001). T-429C was significantly associated with MI risk, especially under a recessive model (adjusted odds ratio: 2.24, 95% confidence interval: 1.33-3.79, P = .003). For G1704T, significance was detected under additive (1.37; 1.12-1.67; P = .002) and recessive (3.86; 2.27-6.57; P < .001) models. There were significant differences in blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) across T-429C genotypes and in total cholesterol and LDL-C across G1704T genotypes. The overall best multifactor dimensionality reduction model included dyslipidemia, G1704T, and T-429C. Further predictive nomogram on 2 significant polymorphisms, blood pressure and lipids, showed a better predictive capability (concordance index = 0.716, P < .001). Altogether, we identified 2 polymorphisms of RAGE, T-429C and G1704T, which interacted with metabolic risk factors associated with the occurrence of MI. We also constructed a genetic–metabolic nomogram that can better predict MI risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Li
- Heart Center, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- The first two authors (Weiming Li and Yingxue Li) contributed equally to this work
| | - Yingxue Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Second Hospital of Tangshan, Tangshan, Hebei, China
- The first two authors (Weiming Li and Yingxue Li) contributed equally to this work
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Heart Center, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Xia
- Heart Center, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoming Shang
- Department of Cardiology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Xinchun Yang
- Heart Center, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lefeng Wang
- Heart Center, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China
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21
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Genome surgery using Cas9 ribonucleoproteins for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration. Genome Res 2017; 27:419-426. [PMID: 28209587 PMCID: PMC5340969 DOI: 10.1101/gr.219089.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RNA-guided genome surgery using CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases has shown promise for the treatment of diverse genetic diseases. Yet, the potential of such nucleases for therapeutic applications in nongenetic diseases is largely unexplored. Here, we focus on age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of blindness in adults, which is associated with retinal overexpression of, rather than mutations in, the VEGFA gene. Subretinal injection of preassembled, Vegfa gene–specific Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) into the adult mouse eye gave rise to mutagenesis at the target site in the retinal pigment epithelium. Furthermore, Cas9 RNPs effectively reduced the area of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in a mouse model of AMD. Genome-wide profiling of Cas9 off-target effects via Digenome-seq showed that off-target mutations were rarely induced in the human genome. Because Cas9 RNPs can function immediately after in vivo delivery and are rapidly degraded by endogenous proteases, their activities are unlikely to be hampered by antibody- and cell-mediated adaptive immune systems. Our results demonstrate that in vivo genome editing with Cas9 RNPs has the potential for the local treatment for nongenetic degenerative diseases, expanding the scope of RNA-guided genome surgery to a new dimension.
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22
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RAGE-TLR Crosstalk Sustains Chronic Inflammation in Neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1463-1476. [PMID: 28168427 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory reactions are consistenly present in neurodegeneration of Alzheimer type and are considered important factors that accelerate progression of the disease. Receptors of innate immunity participate in triggering and driving inflammatory reactions. For example, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE), major receptors of innate immunity, play a central role in perpetuation of inflammation. RAGE activation should be perceived as a primary mechanism which determines self-perpetuated chronic inflammation, and RAGE cooperation with TLRs amplifies inflammatory signaling. In this review, we highlight and discuss that RAGE-TLR crosstalk emerges as an important driving force of chronic inflammation in Alzheimer's disease.
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23
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Wang X, Wang N, Li L, Xiao R, Yuan L, Yang X, Li N. Evaluation of red and near infrared fluorescent silver nanoclusters as potential in vivo indicators of tight junction opening. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05561g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A double fluorescence probe strategy based on silver nanoclusters for study of the TJ structure change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wang
- College of Sciences
- Shenyang Agricultural University
- Shenyang 110161
- China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Pharmacognosy
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Hebei Medical University
- Shijiazhuang 050017
- China
| | - Limei Li
- College of Sciences
- Shenyang Agricultural University
- Shenyang 110161
- China
| | - Ruyue Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- Department of Chemical Biology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100083
| | - Lan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- Department of Chemical Biology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100083
| | - Xiaoda Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- Department of Chemical Biology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100083
| | - Na Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
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24
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Javaid FZ, Brenton J, Guo L, Cordeiro MF. Visual and Ocular Manifestations of Alzheimer's Disease and Their Use as Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Progression. Front Neurol 2016; 7:55. [PMID: 27148157 PMCID: PMC4836138 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia affecting the growing aging population today, with prevalence expected to rise over the next 35 years. Clinically, patients exhibit a progressive decline in cognition, memory, and social functioning due to deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) protein and intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau protein. These pathological hallmarks of AD are measured either through neuroimaging, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, or diagnosed post-mortem. Importantly, neuropathological progression occurs in the eye as well as the brain, and multiple visual changes have been noted in both human and animal models of AD. The eye offers itself as a transparent medium to cerebral pathology and has thus potentiated the development of ocular biomarkers for AD. The use of non-invasive screening, such as retinal imaging and visual testing, may enable earlier diagnosis in the clinical setting, minimizing invasive and expensive investigations. It also potentially improves disease management and quality of life for AD patients, as an earlier diagnosis allows initiation of medication and treatment. In this review, we explore the evidence surrounding ocular changes in AD and consider the biomarkers currently in development for early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah Zara Javaid
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degeneration Research Group, Visual Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Brenton
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degeneration Research Group, Visual Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Li Guo
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degeneration Research Group, Visual Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Maria F. Cordeiro
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degeneration Research Group, Visual Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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