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Sardina F, Conte A, Paladino S, Pierantoni GM, Rinaldo C. HIPK2 in the physiology of nervous system and its implications in neurological disorders. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119465. [PMID: 36935052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
HIPK2 is an evolutionary conserved serine/threonine kinase with multifunctional roles in stress response, embryonic development and pathological conditions, such as cancer and fibrosis. The heterogeneity of its interactors and targets makes HIPK2 activity strongly dependent on the cellular context, and allows it to modulate multiple signaling pathways, ultimately regulating cell fate and proliferation. HIPK2 is highly expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, and its genetic ablation causes neurological defects in mice. Moreover, HIPK2 is involved in processes, such as endoplasmic reticulum stress response and protein aggregate accumulation, and pathways, including TGF-β and BMP signaling, that are crucial in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Here, we review the data about the role of HIPK2 in neuronal development, survival, and homeostasis, highlighting the implications in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, and pointing out HIPK2 potentiality as therapeutic target and diagnostic or prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sardina
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), c/o Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - A Conte
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - S Paladino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - G M Pierantoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - C Rinaldo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), c/o Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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An Alternative Splice Variant of HIPK2 with Intron Retention Contributes to Cytokinesis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020484. [PMID: 32093146 PMCID: PMC7072727 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
HIPK2 is a DYRK-like kinase involved in cellular stress response pathways, development, and cell division. Two alternative splice variants of HIPK2, HIPK2-FL and HIPK2-Δe8, have been previously identified as having different protein stability but similar functional activity in the stress response. Here, we describe one additional HIPK2 splice variant with a distinct subcellular distribution and functional activity in cytokinesis. This novel splice variant lacks the last two exons and retains intron13 with a stop codon after 89 bp of the intron, generating a short isoform, HIPK2-S, that is detectable by 2D Western blots. RT-PCR analyses of tissue arrays and tumor samples show that HIPK2-FL and HIPK2-S are expressed in normal human tissues in a tissue-dependent manner and differentially expressed in human colorectal and pancreatic cancers. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments showed that in contrast to HIPK2-FL, HIPK2-S has a diffuse, non-speckled distribution and is not involved in the DNA damage response. Rather, we found that HIPK2-S, but not HIPK2-FL, localizes at the intercellular bridge, where it phosphorylates histone H2B and spastin, both required for faithful cell division. Altogether, these data show that distinct human HIPK2 splice variants are involved in distinct HIPK2-regulated functions like stress response and cytokinesis.
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Baldari S, Di Rocco G, Heffern MC, Su TA, Chang CJ, Toietta G. Effects of Copper Chelation on BRAF V600E Positive Colon Carcinoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050659. [PMID: 31083627 PMCID: PMC6562624 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
High affinity copper binding to mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MAP2K1, also known as MEK1) allosterically promotes the kinase activity of MEK1/2 on extracellular signal regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2). Consequently, copper-dependent activation of the mitogen-activated (MAP) kinase pathway has a role in promoting tumor growth. Conversely, copper chelation may represent a possible therapeutic approach for a specific subset of tumors characterized by activating mutations in the serine/threonine protein kinase V-Raf Murine Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog B1 (BRAF), such as the V600E, occurring within the kinase domain (BRAFV600E). Tetrathiomolybdate (TM) is a specific copper chelating agent currently used for the treatment of Wilson’s disease and in preclinical studies for the management of metastatic cancers owing to its anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. We evaluated in vitro and in vivo the effects of copper depletion achieved by pharmacological treatment with TM in human colorectal cells bearing the BRAFV600E mutation in comparison with BRAF wild type cells. We provide evidence that selective copper chelation differentially affects proliferation, survival and migration of colon cancer cells bearing the BRAFV600E mutation compared to BRAFwt acting via differential phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2. Moreover, tetrathiomolybdate treatment was also effective in reducing the clonogenic potential of colon cancer BRAFV600E cells resistant to BRAF pharmacological inhibition. In conclusion, these results support further assessment of copper chelation therapy as an adjuvant therapy for inhibiting the progression of colon cancers containing the BRAFV600E mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Baldari
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic, and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via E. Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Di Rocco
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic, and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via E. Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marie C Heffern
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Timothy A Su
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Gabriele Toietta
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic, and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via E. Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy.
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Iannitti T, Scarrott JM, Likhite S, Coldicott IRP, Lewis KE, Heath PR, Higginbottom A, Myszczynska MA, Milo M, Hautbergue GM, Meyer K, Kaspar BK, Ferraiuolo L, Shaw PJ, Azzouz M. Translating SOD1 Gene Silencing toward the Clinic: A Highly Efficacious, Off-Target-free, and Biomarker-Supported Strategy for fALS. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 12:75-88. [PMID: 30195799 PMCID: PMC6023790 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS) cases, 20% are caused by mutations in the gene encoding human cytosolic Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (hSOD1). Efficient translation of the therapeutic potential of RNAi for the treatment of SOD1-ALS patients requires the development of vectors that are free of significant off-target effects and with reliable biomarkers to discern sufficient target engagement and correct dosing. Using adeno-associated virus serotype 9 to deliver RNAi against hSOD1 in the SOD1G93A mouse model, we found that intrathecal injection of the therapeutic vector via the cisterna magna delayed onset of disease, decreased motor neuron death at end stage by up to 88%, and prolonged the median survival of SOD1G93A mice by up to 42%. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate no significant off-target effects linked to hSOD1 silencing, providing further confidence in the specificity of this approach. We also report the measurement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hSOD1 protein levels as a biomarker of effective dosing and efficacy of hSOD1 knockdown. Together, these data provide further confidence in the safety of the clinical therapeutic vector. The CSF biomarker will be a useful measure of biological activity for translation into human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Iannitti
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - Joseph M Scarrott
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - Shibi Likhite
- Center for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ian R P Coldicott
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - Katherine E Lewis
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul R Heath
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - Adrian Higginbottom
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - Monika A Myszczynska
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - Marta Milo
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - Guillaume M Hautbergue
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kathrin Meyer
- Center for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brian K Kaspar
- Center for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Laura Ferraiuolo
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Mimoun Azzouz
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK.
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Verdina A, Di Rocco G, Virdia I, Monteonofrio L, Gatti V, Policicchio E, Bruselles A, Tartaglia M, Soddu S. HIPK2-T566 autophosphorylation diversely contributes to UV- and doxorubicin-induced HIPK2 activation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:16744-16754. [PMID: 28060750 PMCID: PMC5369998 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
HIPK2 is a Y-regulated S/T kinase involved in various cellular processes, including cell-fate decision during development and DNA damage response. Cis-autophosphorylation in the activation-loop and trans-autophosphorylation at several S/T sites along the protein are required for HIPK2 activation, subcellular localization, and subsequent posttranslational modifications. The specific function of a few of these autophosphorylations has been recently clarified; however, most of the sites found phosphorylated by mass spectrometry in human and/or mouse HIPK2 are still uncharacterized. In the process of studying HIPK2 in human colorectal cancers, we identified a mutation (T566P) in a site we previously found autophosphorylated in mouse Hipk2. Biochemical and functional characterization of this site showed that compared to wild type (wt) HIPK2, HIPK2-T566P maintains nuclear-speckle localization and has only a mild reduction in kinase and growth arresting activities upon overexpression. Next, we assessed cell response following UV-irradiation or treatment with doxorubicin, two well-known HIPK2 activators, by evaluating cell number and viability, p53-Ser46 phosphorylation, p21 induction, and caspase cleavage. Interestingly, cells expressing HIPK2-T566P mutant did not respond to UV-irradiation, while behaved similarly to wt HIPK2 upon doxorubicin-treatment. Evaluation of HIPK2-T566 phosphorylation status by a T566-phospho-specific antibody showed constitutive phosphorylation in unstressed cells, which was maintained after doxorubicin-treatment but inhibited by UV-irradiation. Taken together, these data show that HIPK2-T566 phosphorylation contributes to UV-induced HIPK2 activity but it is dispensable for doxorubicin response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Verdina
- Unit of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliana Di Rocco
- Unit of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Virdia
- Unit of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Monteonofrio
- Unit of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Gatti
- Unit of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Present address: Istituto di Biologia Cellulare e Neurobiologia, CNR, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Policicchio
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bruselles
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Soddu
- Unit of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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