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Huerta M, Franco-Serrano L, Amela I, Perez-Pons JA, Piñol J, Mozo-Villarías A, Querol E, Cedano J. Role of Moonlighting Proteins in Disease: Analyzing the Contribution of Canonical and Moonlighting Functions in Disease Progression. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020235. [PMID: 36672169 PMCID: PMC9857295 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The term moonlighting proteins refers to those proteins that present alternative functions performed by a single polypeptide chain acquired throughout evolution (called canonical and moonlighting, respectively). Over 78% of moonlighting proteins are involved in human diseases, 48% are targeted by current drugs, and over 25% of them are involved in the virulence of pathogenic microorganisms. These facts encouraged us to study the link between the functions of moonlighting proteins and disease. We found a large number of moonlighting functions activated by pathological conditions that are highly involved in disease development and progression. The factors that activate some moonlighting functions take place only in pathological conditions, such as specific cellular translocations or changes in protein structure. Some moonlighting functions are involved in disease promotion while others are involved in curbing it. The disease-impairing moonlighting functions attempt to restore the homeostasis, or to reduce the damage linked to the imbalance caused by the disease. The disease-promoting moonlighting functions primarily involve the immune system, mesenchyme cross-talk, or excessive tissue proliferation. We often find moonlighting functions linked to the canonical function in a pathological context. Moonlighting functions are especially coordinated in inflammation and cancer. Wound healing and epithelial to mesenchymal transition are very representative. They involve multiple moonlighting proteins with a different role in each phase of the process, contributing to the current-phase phenotype or promoting a phase switch, mitigating the damage or intensifying the remodeling. All of this implies a new level of complexity in the study of pathology genesis, progression, and treatment. The specific protein function involved in a patient's progress or that is affected by a drug must be elucidated for the correct treatment of diseases.
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Lawi ZK, Al-Shuhaib MBS, Amara IB, Alkhammas AH. Two missense variants of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene are associated with non small cell lung carcinoma in the subjects from Iraq. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:11653-11661. [PMID: 36169894 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07933-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung carcinoma is a foremost cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Variable genetic factors are associated with the development of lung cancer. This study was performed to evaluate the possible association of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene polymorphisms with non small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) in Iraqi population. METHODS DNA samples were extracted from 100 patients and 100 controls. Four PCR fragments were designed to amplify four high-frequency variants within EGFR, namely rs1050171, rs2072454, rs2227984, and rs2227983. The PCR fragments were genotyped by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) method, and each genotype was subjected to direct sequencing. RESULTS Genotyping experiments confirmed the variability of three targeted variants, and logistic regression analysis showed that two of these variants (rs1050171 and rs2227983) tend to exhibit a significant association with NSCLC. Individuals with rs1050171:GA genotype showed a possible association with the increased risk of NSCLC (P = 0.0110; OD 5.2636; Cl95% 1.4630 to 18.9371). Individuals with rs2227983:GG genotype exhibited a potential association with NSCLC (P = 0.0037; OD 5.2683; Cl95% 1.7141 to 16.1919). Linkage disequilibrium analysis showed that the effects of the investigated variants seem to take independent actions, and no haplotype was found to be associated with the high prevalence of NSCLC. CONCLUSIONS Our collective data indicated that EGFR-rs1050171G/A and EGFR-rs2227983G/G SNPs tend to exert significant and separate associations with the increased risk of NSCLC. However, this study recommends using a broader spectrum of the investigated samples to get further details of both SNPs in terms of their association with the susceptibility to NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa K Lawi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Kufa, Najaf, 54001, Iraq
| | - Mohammed Baqur S Al-Shuhaib
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, Al-Qasim, Babil, 51001, Iraq.
| | - Ibtissem Ben Amara
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Environment Chemistry, Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of SFAX, PB 261, 3000, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed H Alkhammas
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, Al-Qasim, Babil, 51001, Iraq
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Thomas R, Weihua Z. Rethink of EGFR in Cancer With Its Kinase Independent Function on Board. Front Oncol 2019; 9:800. [PMID: 31508364 PMCID: PMC6716122 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is one of most potent oncogenes that are commonly altered in cancers. As a receptor tyrosine kinase, EGFR's kinase activity has been serving as the primary target for developing cancer therapeutics, namely the EGFR inhibitors including small molecules targeting its ATP binding pocket and monoclonal antibodies targeting its ligand binding domains. EGFR inhibitors have produced impressive therapeutic benefits to responsive types of cancers. However, acquired and innate resistances have precluded current anti-EGFR agents from offering sustainable benefits to initially responsive cancers and benefits to EGFR-positive cancers that are innately resistant. Recent years have witnessed a realization that EGFR possesses kinase-independent (KID) pro-survival functions in cancer cells. This new knowledge has offered a different angle of understanding of EGFR in cancer and opened a new avenue of targeting EGFR for cancer therapy. There are already many excellent reviews on the role of EGFR with a focus on its kinase-dependent functions and mechanisms of resistance to EGFR targeted therapies. The present opinion aims to initiate a fresh discussion about the function of EGFR in cancer cells by laying out some unanswered questions pertaining to EGFR in cancer cells, by rethinking the unmet therapeutic challenges from a view of EGFR's KID function, and by proposing novel approaches to target the KID functions of EGFR for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rintu Thomas
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, College of Natural Science and Mathematics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Zhang Weihua
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, College of Natural Science and Mathematics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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Van Nieuwenhuysen E, Busschaert P, Laenen A, Moerman P, Han SN, Neven P, Lambrechts D, Vergote I. Loss of 1p36.33 Frequent in Low-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. Neoplasia 2019; 21:582-590. [PMID: 31054497 PMCID: PMC6500912 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Low-grade serous ovarian cancer (LGSOC) is a rare subtype of epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Limited data regarding the molecular-genetic background exist beyond mutations in the RAS signaling pathway. There is a growing need to better characterize these tumors due to chemoresistance and limited therapeutic options in advanced or recurrent disease. METHODS: We performed genome-wide copy number aberration (CNA) profiles and mutation hotspot screening (KRAS, BRAF, NRAS, ERBB2, PIK3CA, TP53) in 38 LGSOC tumor samples. RESULTS: We detected mutations in the RAS-signaling pathway in 36.8% of cases, including seven KRAS, four BRAF, and three NRAS mutations. We identified two mutations in PIK3CA and one mutation in MAP3K1, EGFR, and TP53. CNAs were detected in 86.5% of cases. None of the focal aberrations was correlated with specific clinical characteristics. The most frequently detected CNA was loss of 1p36.33 in 54.1% of cases, with a trend towards lower progression-free survival and overall survival in patients with 1p36.33 loss. CONCLUSIONS: Activating RAS mutations were dominant in our series, with supplementary detection of two PIK3CA mutations which may lead to therapeutic options. Furthermore, we detected 1p36.33 deletions in half of the cases, indicating a role in tumorigenesis, and these deletions may serve as a prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els Van Nieuwenhuysen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Division of Gynaecological Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, Kuleuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Pieter Busschaert
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, KU, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annouschka Laenen
- Leuven Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics Centre, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Moerman
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sileny N Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Neven
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, KU, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ignace Vergote
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Division of Gynaecological Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, Kuleuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Grant DJ, Manichaikul A, Alberg AJ, Bandera EV, Barnholtz‐Sloan J, Bondy M, Cote ML, Funkhouser E, Moorman PG, Peres LC, Peters ES, Schwartz AG, Terry PD, Wang X, Keku TO, Hoyo C, Berchuck A, Sandler DP, Taylor JA, O’Brien KM, Velez Edwards DR, Edwards TL, Beeghly‐Fadiel A, Wentzensen N, Pearce CL, Wu AH, Whittemore AS, McGuire V, Sieh W, Rothstein JH, Modugno F, Ness R, Moysich K, Rossing MA, Doherty JA, Sellers TA, Permuth‐Way JB, Monteiro AN, Levine DA, Setiawan VW, Haiman CA, LeMarchand L, Wilkens LR, Karlan BY, Menon U, Ramus S, Gayther S, Gentry‐Maharaj A, Terry KL, Cramer DW, Goode EL, Larson MC, Kaufmann SH, Cannioto R, Odunsi K, Etter JL, Huang R, Bernardini MQ, Tone AA, May T, Goodman MT, Thompson PJ, Carney ME, Tworoger SS, Poole EM, Lambrechts D, Vergote I, Vanderstichele A, Van Nieuwenhuysen E, Anton‐Culver H, Ziogas A, Brenton JD, Bjorge L, Salvensen HB, Kiemeney LA, Massuger LFAG, Pejovic T, Bruegl A, Moffitt M, Cook L, Le ND, Brooks‐Wilson A, Kelemen LE, Pharoah PD, Song H, Campbell I, Eccles D, DeFazio A, Kennedy CJ, Schildkraut JM. Evaluation of vitamin D biosynthesis and pathway target genes reveals UGT2A1/2 and EGFR polymorphisms associated with epithelial ovarian cancer in African American Women. Cancer Med 2019; 8:2503-2513. [PMID: 31001917 PMCID: PMC6536963 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
An association between genetic variants in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene and epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) was previously reported in women of African ancestry (AA). We sought to examine associations between genetic variants in VDR and additional genes from vitamin D biosynthesis and pathway targets (EGFR, UGT1A, UGT2A1/2, UGT2B, CYP3A4/5, CYP2R1, CYP27B1, CYP24A1, CYP11A1, and GC). Genotyping was performed using the custom-designed 533,631 SNP Illumina OncoArray with imputation to the 1,000 Genomes Phase 3 v5 reference set in 755 EOC cases, including 537 high-grade serous (HGSOC), and 1,235 controls. All subjects are of African ancestry (AA). Logistic regression was performed to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). We further evaluated statistical significance of selected SNPs using the Bayesian False Discovery Probability (BFDP). A significant association with EOC was identified in the UGT2A1/2 region for the SNP rs10017134 (per allele OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.2-1.7, P = 1.2 × 10-6 , BFDP = 0.02); and an association with HGSOC was identified in the EGFR region for the SNP rs114972508 (per allele OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.6-3.4, P = 1.6 × 10-5 , BFDP = 0.29) and in the UGT2A1/2 region again for rs1017134 (per allele OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.2-1.7, P = 2.3 × 10-5 , BFDP = 0.23). Genetic variants in the EGFR and UGT2A1/2 may increase susceptibility of EOC in AA women. Future studies to validate these findings are warranted. Alterations in EGFR and UGT2A1/2 could perturb enzyme efficacy, proliferation in ovaries, impact and mark susceptibility to EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delores J. Grant
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research ProgramJLC‐Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central UniversityDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health GenomicsUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia
| | - Anthony J. Alberg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public HealthUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSouth Carolina
| | - Elisa V. Bandera
- Department of Population ScienceRutgers Cancer Institute of New JerseyNew BrunswickNew Jersey
| | - Jill Barnholtz‐Sloan
- Case Comprehensive Cancer CenterCase Western Reserve University School of MedicineClevelandOhio
| | - Melissa Bondy
- Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences ProgramBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexas
| | - Michele L. Cote
- Department of Oncology and the Karmanos Cancer Institute Population Studies and Disparities Research ProgramWayne State University School of MedicineDetroitMichigan
| | - Ellen Funkhouser
- Division of Preventive MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabama
| | - Patricia G. Moorman
- Department of Community and Family MedicineDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - Lauren C. Peres
- Center for Public Health GenomicsUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia
| | - Edward S. Peters
- Epidemiology ProgramLouisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Public HealthNew OrleansLouisisana
| | - Ann G. Schwartz
- Department of Oncology and the Karmanos Cancer Institute Population Studies and Disparities Research ProgramWayne State University School of MedicineDetroitMichigan
| | - Paul D. Terry
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Tennessee Medical Center – KnoxvilleKnoxvilleTennessee
| | - Xin‐Qun Wang
- Department of Public Health SciencesUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia
| | - Temitope O. Keku
- Departments of Medicine and Nutrition, Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina
| | - Cathrine Hoyo
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth Carolina
| | - Andrew Berchuck
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - Dale P. Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural ResearchNational Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of HealthResearch Triangle ParkNorth Carolina
| | - Jack A. Taylor
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural ResearchNational Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of HealthResearch Triangle ParkNorth Carolina
| | - Katie M. O’Brien
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural ResearchNational Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of HealthResearch Triangle ParkNorth Carolina
| | - Digna R. Velez Edwards
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennessee
| | - Todd L. Edwards
- Division of Epidemiology, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennessee
| | - Alicia Beeghly‐Fadiel
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology CenterInstitute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennessee
| | - Nicolas Wentzensen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and GeneticsNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
| | - Celeste Leigh Pearce
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of Michigan School of Public HealthAnn ArborMichigan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer CenterLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Anna H. Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer CenterLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Alice S. Whittemore
- Department of Health Research and PolicyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCalifornia
- Department of Biomedical Data ScienceStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCalifornia
| | - Valerie McGuire
- Department of Health Research and PolicyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCalifornia
| | - Weiva Sieh
- Department of Population Health Science and PolicyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew York
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew York
| | - Joseph H. Rothstein
- Department of Population Health Science and PolicyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew York
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew York
| | - Francesmary Modugno
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive SciencesUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvania
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public HealthPittsburghPennsylvania
- Ovarian Cancer Center of Excellence, Womens Cancer Research ProgramMagee‐Womens Research Institute and University of Pittsburgh Cancer InstitutePittsburghPennsylvania
| | - Roberta Ness
- The University of Texas School of Public HealthHoustonTexas
| | - Kirsten Moysich
- Department of Cancer Prevention and ControlRoswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffaloNew York
| | - Mary Anne Rossing
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health SciencesFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashington
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Jennifer A. Doherty
- Department of Population Health SciencesHuntsman Cancer Institute, University of UtahSalt Lake City, Utah
| | | | | | | | - Douglas A. Levine
- Gynecology Service, Department of SurgeryMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNew York
- Gynecologic Oncology, Laura and Isaac Pearlmutter Cancer CenterNew York University Langone Medical CenterNew YorkNew York
| | | | - Christopher A. Haiman
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer CenterLos AngelesCalifornia
| | | | - Lynne R. Wilkens
- Cancer Epidemiology ProgramUniversity of Hawaii Cancer CenterHawaii
| | - Beth Y. Karlan
- Women's Cancer ProgramSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Usha Menon
- MRC CTU at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and MethodologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Susan Ramus
- School of Women's and Children's HealthUniversity of New South WalesNew South WalesAustralia
- The Kinghorn Cancer CentreGarvan Institute of Medical ResearchDarlinghurstNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Simon Gayther
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Translational GenomicsSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCalifornia
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCalifornia
| | | | - Kathryn L. Terry
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology CenterBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMassachusetts
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMassauchusetts
| | - Daniel W. Cramer
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology CenterBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMassachusetts
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMassauchusetts
| | - Ellen L. Goode
- Department of Health Science Research, Division of EpidemiologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Melissa C. Larson
- Department of Health Science Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and InformaticsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Scott H. Kaufmann
- Departments of Medicine and PharmacologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Rikki Cannioto
- Cancer Pathology & Prevention, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population SciencesRoswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffaloNew York
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Department of Gynecological OncologyRoswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffaloNew York
| | - John L. Etter
- Department of Cancer Prevention and ControlRoswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffaloNew York
| | - Ruea‐Yea Huang
- Center For ImmunotherapyRoswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffaloNew York
| | - Marcus Q. Bernardini
- Division of Gynecologic OncologyPrincess Margaret Hospital, University Health NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Alicia A. Tone
- Division of Gynecologic OncologyPrincess Margaret Hospital, University Health NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Taymaa May
- Division of Gynecologic OncologyPrincess Margaret Hospital, University Health NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Marc T. Goodman
- Cancer Prevention and ControlSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCalifornia
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCommunity and Population Health Research Institute, Cedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Pamela J. Thompson
- Cancer Prevention and ControlSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Michael E. Carney
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyJohn A. Burns School of Medicine, University of HawaiiHonoluluHawaii
| | - Shelley S. Tworoger
- Channing Division of Network MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | | | - Diether Lambrechts
- Vesalius Research Center, VIBLeuvenBelgium
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of OncologyUniversity of LeuvenBelgium
| | - Ignace Vergote
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Leuven Cancer InstituteUniversity Hospitals LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Adriaan Vanderstichele
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Leuven Cancer InstituteUniversity Hospitals LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Els Van Nieuwenhuysen
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Leuven Cancer InstituteUniversity Hospitals LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Hoda Anton‐Culver
- Department of Epidemiology, Director of Genetic Epidemiology Research Institute, Center for Cancer Genetics Research & Prevention, School of MedicineUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCalifornia
| | - Argyrios Ziogas
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCalifornia
| | - James D. Brenton
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Line Bjorge
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Helga B. Salvensen
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Lambertus A. Kiemeney
- Radboud University Medical CenterRadboud Institute for Health SciencesNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Leon F. A. G. Massuger
- Department of Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical CenterRadboud Institute for Molecular Life sciencesNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Tanja Pejovic
- Department of Obstetrics & GynecologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregon
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregon
| | - Amanda Bruegl
- Department of Obstetrics & GynecologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregon
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregon
| | - Melissa Moffitt
- Department of Obstetrics & GynecologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregon
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregon
| | - Linda Cook
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew Mexico
| | - Nhu D. Le
- Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer AgencyVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Angela Brooks‐Wilson
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences CentreBritish Columbia Cancer AgencyVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and KinesiologySimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Linda E. Kelemen
- Hollings Cancer Center and Department of Public Health SciencesMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth Carolina
| | - Paul D.P. Pharoah
- Strangeways Research laboratory, Department of Oncology, Department of Public Health and Primary CareUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Honglin Song
- Strangeways Research Laboratory, Department of OncologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Ian Campbell
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Research DivisionPeter MacCallum Cancer CentreVictoriaAustralia
- Department of PathologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Diana Eccles
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Anna DeFazio
- Centre for Cancer ResearchThe Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of Gynaecological OncologyWestmead HospitalSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Catherine J. Kennedy
- Centre for Cancer ResearchThe Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of Gynaecological OncologyWestmead HospitalSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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