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Bello A, Hirth G, Voigt S, Tepper S, Jungnickel B. Mechanism and regulation of secondary immunoglobulin diversification. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:2070-2087. [PMID: 37909747 PMCID: PMC10761156 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2023.2275397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary immunoglobulin diversification by somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination in B cells is instrumental for an adequate adaptive humoral immune response. These genetic events may, however, also introduce aberrations into other cellular genes and thereby cause B cell malignancies. While the basic mechanism of somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination is now well understood, their regulation and in particular the mechanism of their specific targeting to immunoglobulin genes is still rather mysterious. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the mechanism and regulation of secondary immunoglobulin diversification and discuss known mechanisms of physiological targeting to immunoglobulin genes and mistargeting to other cellular genes. We summarize open questions in the field and provide an outlook on future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Bello
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Gianna Hirth
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Voigt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra Tepper
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Berit Jungnickel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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Jia M, Zhang H, Wang L, Zhao L, Fan S, Xi Y. Identification of mast cells as a candidate significant target of immunotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 26:284-294. [PMID: 33648435 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2021.1889158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTION Immunotherapy based on T cells is a new therapy for Acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, there has not been considerable improvement compared with traditional chemotherapeutics. This study aimed to identify important immune cells, genes, and drugs associated with the immunotherapy of AML. METHODS The gene expression profile and clinical data of patients with AML were downloaded from TCGA database, and the abundance ratio of immune cells was obtained via CIBERSORT. Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival analysis was used to assess the relationship between immune cells and survival time of patients with AML. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis was conducted to obtained DEGs related to mast cells. Then, protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis and enrichment analysis were performed to explore the hub genes. Finally, Connectivity Map (CMap) database was utilized to predicts potential drugs that may reverse or induce the mast cell-related gene expression. RESULTS Our study showed that mast cell was correlated with survival time of patients with AML, and 135 genes were screened to be related with mast cells. 6 hub genes were identified via PPI network, and 3 potential small molecule drugs were screened to be related to regulating the mast cell-related gene expression via CMap database. CONCLUSION The hub genes and drugs have high research value and clinical application in AML therapy. Our study not only provides gene targets and small molecule drugs for AML immunotherapy concerning mast cells but also provides new ideas for researchers to explore immunotherapy targets of other tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfeng Jia
- Department of Hematology, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Hematology, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Hematology, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Zhao
- Department of Hematology, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengxuan Fan
- Department of Hematology, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaming Xi
- Department of Hematology, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
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Tepper S, Mortusewicz O, Członka E, Bello A, Schmidt A, Jeschke J, Fischbach A, Pfeil I, Petersen-Mahrt SK, Mangerich A, Helleday T, Leonhardt H, Jungnickel B. Restriction of AID activity and somatic hypermutation by PARP-1. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:7418-7429. [PMID: 31127309 PMCID: PMC6698665 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Affinity maturation of the humoral immune response depends on somatic hypermutation (SHM) of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes, which is initiated by targeted lesion introduction by activation-induced deaminase (AID), followed by error-prone DNA repair. Stringent regulation of this process is essential to prevent genetic instability, but no negative feedback control has been identified to date. Here we show that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a key factor restricting AID activity during somatic hypermutation. Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) chains formed at DNA breaks trigger AID-PAR association, thus preventing excessive DNA damage induction at sites of AID action. Accordingly, AID activity and somatic hypermutation at the Ig variable region is decreased by PARP-1 activity. In addition, PARP-1 regulates DNA lesion processing by affecting strand biased A:T mutagenesis. Our study establishes a novel function of the ancestral genome maintenance factor PARP-1 as a critical local feedback regulator of both AID activity and DNA repair during Ig gene diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Tepper
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Mortusewicz
- Department of Biology II and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewelina Członka
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Amanda Bello
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Angelika Schmidt
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Jeschke
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Arthur Fischbach
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ines Pfeil
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Svend K Petersen-Mahrt
- DNA Editing in Immunity and Epigenetics, IFOM-Fondazione Instituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milano, Italy
| | - Aswin Mangerich
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heinrich Leonhardt
- Department of Biology II and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Berit Jungnickel
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Activation-induced deaminase (AID) localizes to the nucleus in brief pulses. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007968. [PMID: 30811383 PMCID: PMC6411215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation-induced deaminase (AID) converts C to U and 5-methyl-C to T. These mutagenic activities are critical to immunoglobulin (Ig) gene diversification and epigenetic reprogramming, but they must be tightly controlled to prevent compromising cell fitness. AID acts in the nucleus but localizes predominately to the cytoplasm. To address this apparent paradox, we have carried out time-lapse imaging of AID in single living B cells and fibroblasts. We demonstrate that AID enters the nucleus in brief (30 min) pulses, evident in about 10% of cells in the course of a single cell cycle (24 hr imaging). Pulses do not depend on AID catalytic activity, but they are coordinated with nuclear accumulation of P53. Pulsing may protect cells from pathologic consequences of excess exposure to AID, or enable AID to synchronize its activity with transcription of genes that are AID targets or with nuclear entry of factors that act at sites of AID-catalyzed DNA deamination to promote Ig gene diversification or epigenetic reprogramming.
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Zaprazna K, Basu A, Tom N, Jha V, Hodawadekar S, Radova L, Malcikova J, Tichy B, Pospisilova S, Atchison ML. Transcription factor YY1 can control AID-mediated mutagenesis in mice. Eur J Immunol 2017; 48:273-282. [PMID: 29080214 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deminase (AID) is crucial for controlling the immunoglobulin (Ig) diversification processes of somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR). AID initiates these processes by deamination of cytosine, ultimately resulting in mutations or double strand DNA breaks needed for SHM and CSR. Levels of AID control mutation rates, and off-target non-Ig gene mutations can contribute to lymphomagenesis. Therefore, factors that control AID levels in the nucleus can regulate SHM and CSR, and may contribute to disease. We previously showed that transcription factor YY1 can regulate the level of AID in the nucleus and Ig CSR. Therefore, we hypothesized that conditional knock-out of YY1 would lead to reduction in AID localization at the Ig locus, and reduced AID-mediated mutations. Using mice that overexpress AID (IgκAID yy1f/f ) or that express normal AID levels (yy1f/f ), we found that conditional knock-out of YY1 results in reduced AID nuclear levels, reduced localization of AID to the Sμ switch region, and reduced AID-mediated mutations. We find that the mechanism of YY1 control of AID nuclear accumulation is likely due to YY1-AID physical interaction which blocks AID ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Zaprazna
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Arindam Basu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nikola Tom
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vibha Jha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Suchita Hodawadekar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lenka Radova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Malcikova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Boris Tichy
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Pospisilova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michael L Atchison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Methot S, Di Noia J. Molecular Mechanisms of Somatic Hypermutation and Class Switch Recombination. Adv Immunol 2017; 133:37-87. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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