1
|
Jia G, Liu J, Hou X, Jiang Y, Li X. Biological function and small molecule inhibitors of histone deacetylase 11. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 276:116634. [PMID: 38972077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
HDAC11, as a rising star in the histone deacetylase (HDAC) family, has attracted widespread interest in the biomedical field in recent years specially owing to its high defatty-acylase activity compared its innate deacetylase activity. Numerous studies have provided evidence indicating the crucial involvement of HDAC11 in cancers, immune responses, and metabolic processes. Several potent and selective HDAC11 inhibitors have been discovered and identified, which is crucial for exploring the function of HDAC11 and its potential therapeutic applications. Herein, we present a critical overview of the current advances in the biological function of HDAC11 and its inhibitors. We initially discuss the physiological functions of HDAC11 and its pathological roles in relevant diseases. Subsequently, our main focus centers on the design strategy and development process of HDAC11 inhibitors. Additionally, we address significant challenges and outline future directions in this field. This perspective may provide guidance for the further development of HDAC11 inhibitors and their prospects in disease treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jinyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xinlu Hou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yuqi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Duong NX, Nguyen T, Le MK, Sawada N, Kira S, Kondo T, Inukai T, Mitsui T. NAA10 gene expression is associated with mesenchymal transition, dedifferentiation, and progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 255:155191. [PMID: 38340582 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We aimed to investigate the expression and prognostic role of NAA10 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). MATERIAL AND METHODS We performed a gene expression and survival analysis based on the human cancer genome atlas database of ccRCC patients (TCGA-KIRC). RESULTS The patients in the TCGA-KIRC (n = 537) were divided into two subgroups: NAA10-low and NAA10-high expression groups. NAA10-high ccRCC exhibited higher T stages (p = 0.002), a higher frequency of distant metastasis (p = 0.018), more advanced AJCC stages (p < 0.001), a lower overall survival time (p = 0.036), and a lower survival rate (p < 0.001). NAA10-high ccRCC was associated with increased activity of non-specific oncogenic pathways, including oxidative phosphorylation (p < 0.001) and cell cycle progression [G2 to M phase transition (p = 0.045) and E2F targets (p < 0.001)]. Additionally, the NAA10-high tumors showed reduced apoptosis via TRIAL pathways (p < 0.001) and increased levels of activity that promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition (p = 0.026) or undifferentiation (p = 0.01). In ccRCC, NAA10 expression was found to be a negative prognostic factor in both non-metastatic (p < 0.001) and metastatic tumors (p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS In ccRCC, NAA10 expression was shown to be a negative prognostic factor related to tumor progression rather than tumor initiation, and high NAA10 expression promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition and undifferentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Xuong Duong
- Department of Urology, University of Yamanashi Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Chuo-city 409-3898, Japan; Department of Urology, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam.
| | - Thao Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Yamanashi Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Chuo-city 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Minh-Khang Le
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Yamanashi Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Chuo-city 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Norifumi Sawada
- Department of Urology, University of Yamanashi Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Chuo-city 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Satoru Kira
- Department of Urology, University of Yamanashi Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Chuo-city 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Tetsuo Kondo
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Yamanashi Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Chuo-city 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Inukai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Yamanashi Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Chuo-city 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Takahiko Mitsui
- Department of Urology, University of Yamanashi Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Chuo-city 409-3898, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhu R, Chen M, Luo Y, Cheng H, Zhao Z, Zhang M. The role of N-acetyltransferases in cancers. Gene 2024; 892:147866. [PMID: 37783298 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a major global health problem that disrupts the balance of normal cellular growth and behavior. Mounting evidence has shown that epigenetic modification, specifically N-terminal acetylation, play a crucial role in the regulation of cell growth and function. Acetylation is a co- or post-translational modification to regulate important cellular progresses such as cell proliferation, cell cycle progress, and energy metabolism. Recently, N-acetyltransferases (NATs), enzymes responsible for acetylation, regulate signal transduction pathway in various cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer and prostate cancer. In this review, we clarify the regulatory role of NATs in cancer progression, such as cell proliferation, metastasis, cell apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle arrest and energy metabolism. Furthermore, the mechanism of NATs on cancer remains to be further studied, and few drugs have been developed. This provides us with a new idea that targeting acetylation, especially NAT-mediated acetylation, may be an attractive way for inhibiting cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Zhu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Big Data, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Mengjiao Chen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Big Data, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Yongjia Luo
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Big Data, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Department of Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Haipeng Cheng
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China
| | - Zhenwang Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei 441053, PR China.
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Big Data, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ho KH, Pan KF, Cheng TY, Chien MH, Hua KT. Multiple impacts of Naa10p on cancer progression: Molecular functions and clinical prospects. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188973. [PMID: 37659460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Nα-acetyltransferase 10 protein (Naa10p) is known as the catalytic subunit of N-terminal acetyltransferases A (NatA) complex, associating with Naa15p to acetylate N-termini of the human proteome. Recent investigations have unveiled additional functions for Naa10p, encompassing lysine ε-acetylation and acetyltransferase-independent activities. Its pleiotropic roles have been implicated in diverse physiological and pathological contexts. Emerging evidence has implicated Naa10p in cancer progression, demonstrating dual attributes as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor contingent on the cancer type and acetyltransferase activity context. In this comprehensive review, we present a pan-cancer analysis aimed at elucidating the intricacies underlying Naa10p dysregulation in cancer. Our findings propose the potential involvement of c-Myc as a modulatory factor influencing Naa10p expression. Moreover, we provide a consolidated summary of recent advancements in understanding the intricate molecular underpinnings through which Naa10p contributes to cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. Furthermore, we delve into the multifaceted nature of Naa10p's roles in regulating cancer behaviors, potentially attributed to its interactions with a repertoire of partner proteins. Through an exhaustive exploration of Naa10p's functions, spanning its acetylation activity and acetyltransferase-independent functionalities, this review offers novel insights with implications for targeted therapeutic strategies involving this pivotal protein in the realm of cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Hao Ho
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ke-Fan Pan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tsu-Yao Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Hsien Chien
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Pulmonary Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Tai Hua
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Post-Translational Modifications by Lipid Metabolites during the DNA Damage Response and Their Role in Cancer. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12111655. [DOI: 10.3390/biom12111655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic DNA damage occurs as an inevitable consequence of exposure to harmful exogenous and endogenous agents. Therefore, the effective sensing and repair of DNA damage are essential for maintaining genomic stability and cellular homeostasis. Inappropriate responses to DNA damage can lead to genomic instability and, ultimately, cancer. Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) are a key regulator of the DNA damage response (DDR), and recent progress in mass spectrometry analysis methods has revealed that a wide range of metabolites can serve as donors for PTMs. In this review, we will summarize how the DDR is regulated by lipid metabolite-associated PTMs, including acetylation, S-succinylation, N-myristoylation, palmitoylation, and crotonylation, and the implications for tumorigenesis. We will also discuss potential novel targets for anti-cancer drug development.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang D, Chen J, Han J, Wang K, Fang W, Jin J, Xue S. iTRAQ and two‐dimensional‐LC‐MS/MS reveal NAA10 is a potential biomarker in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Proteomics Clin Appl 2022; 16:e2100081. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.202100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of General Surgery (Emergency Surgery) Fujian Medical University Union Hospital Fujian China
| | - Jinyan Chen
- Institute for Immunology Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences Fuzhou Fujian China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Analysis Fuzhou Fujian China
| | - Junyong Han
- Institute for Immunology Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences Fuzhou Fujian China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Analysis Fuzhou Fujian China
| | - Kun Wang
- Institute for Immunology Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences Fuzhou Fujian China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Analysis Fuzhou Fujian China
| | - Weimin Fang
- Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital Fuzhou Fujian China
| | - Jingjun Jin
- Institute for Immunology Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences Fuzhou Fujian China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Analysis Fuzhou Fujian China
| | - Shijie Xue
- Institute for Immunology Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences Fuzhou Fujian China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Analysis Fuzhou Fujian China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Núñez-Álvarez Y, Suelves M. HDAC11: a multifaceted histone deacetylase with proficient fatty deacylase activity and its roles in physiological processes. FEBS J 2021; 289:2771-2792. [PMID: 33891374 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The histone deacetylases (HDACs) family of enzymes possess deacylase activity for histone and nonhistone proteins; HDAC11 is the latest discovered HDAC and the only member of class IV. Besides its shared HDAC family catalytical activity, recent studies underline HDAC11 as a multifaceted enzyme with a very efficient long-chain fatty acid deacylase activity, which has open a whole new field of action for this protein. Here, we summarize the importance of HDAC11 in a vast array of cellular pathways, which has been recently highlighted by discoveries about its subcellular localization, biochemical features, and its regulation by microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs, as well as its new targets and interactors. Additionally, we discuss the recent work showing the consequences of HDAC11 dysregulation in brain, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue, and during regeneration in response to kidney, skeletal muscle, and vascular injuries, underscoring HDAC11 as an emerging hub protein with physiological functions that are much more extensive than previously thought, and with important implications in human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mònica Suelves
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nayak A, Kumar S, Singh SP, Bhattacharyya A, Dixit A, Roychowdhury A. Oncogenic potential of ATAD2 in stomach cancer and insights into the protein-protein interactions at its AAA + ATPase domain and bromodomain. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:5606-5622. [PMID: 33438526 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1871959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
ATAD2 has recently been shown to promote stomach cancer. However, nothing is known about the functional network of ATAD2 in stomach carcinogenesis. This study illustrates the oncogenic potential of ATAD2 and the participation of its ATPase and bromodomain in stomach malignancy. Expression of ATAD2 in stomach cancer is analyzed by in silico and in vitro techniques including western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy of stomach cancer cells (SCCs) and tissues. The oncogenic potential of ATAD2 is examined thoroughly using genetic alterations, driver gene prediction, survival analysis, identification of interacting partners, and analysis of canonical pathways. To understand the protein-protein interactions (PPI) at residue level, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations (1200 ns) are performed. Enhanced expression of ATAD2 is observed in H. pylori-infected SCCs, patient biopsy tissues, and all stages and grades of stomach cancer. High expression of ATAD2 is found to be negatively correlated with the survival of stomach cancer patients. ATAD2 is a cancer driver gene with 37 mutational sites and a predictable factor for stomach cancer prognosis with high accuracy. The top canonical pathways of ATAD2 indicate its participation in stomach malignancy. The ATAD2-PPI in stomach cancer identify top-ranked partners; ESR1, SUMO2, SPTN2, and MYC show preference for the bromodomain whereas NCOA3 and HDA11 have preference for the ATPase domain of ATAD2. The oncogenic characterization of ATAD2 provides strong evidence to consider ATAD2 as a stomach cancer biomarker. These studies offer an insight for the first time into the ATAD2-PPI interface presenting a novel target for cancer therapeutics. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Nayak
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sugandh Kumar
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Asima Bhattacharyya
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, HBNI, Khurda, Odisha, India
| | | | - Anasuya Roychowdhury
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
NAA10 as a New Prognostic Marker for Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218010. [PMID: 33126484 PMCID: PMC7663132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
N-α-acetyltransferase 10 (NAA10) is an acetyltransferase that acetylates both N-terminal amino acid and internal lysine residues of proteins. NAA10 is a crucial player to regulate cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, apoptosis, and autophagy. Recently, mounting evidence presented the overexpression of NAA10 in various types of cancer, including liver, bone, lung, breast, colon, and prostate cancers, and demonstrated a correlation of overexpressed NAA10 with vascular invasion and metastasis, thereby affecting overall survival rates of cancer patients and recurrence of diseases. This evidence all points NAA10 toward a promising biomarker for cancer prognosis. Here we summarize the current knowledge regarding the biological functions of NAA10 in cancer progression and provide the potential usage of NAA10 as a prognostic marker for cancer progression.
Collapse
|
10
|
Toro TB, Watt TJ. Critical review of non-histone human substrates of metal-dependent lysine deacetylases. FASEB J 2020; 34:13140-13155. [PMID: 32862458 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001301rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lysine acetylation is a posttranslational modification that occurs on thousands of human proteins, most of which are cytoplasmic. Acetylated proteins are involved in numerous cellular processes and human diseases. Therefore, how the acetylation/deacetylation cycle is regulated is an important question. Eleven metal-dependent lysine deacetylases (KDACs) have been identified in human cells. These enzymes, along with the sirtuins, are collectively responsible for reversing lysine acetylation. Despite several large-scale studies which have characterized the acetylome, relatively few of the specific acetylated residues have been matched to a proposed KDAC for deacetylation. To understand the function of lysine acetylation, and its association with diseases, specific KDAC-substrate pairs must be identified. Identifying specific substrates of a KDAC is complicated both by the complexity of assaying relevant activity and by the non-catalytic interactions of KDACs with cellular proteins. Here, we discuss in vitro and cell-based experimental strategies used to identify KDAC-substrate pairs and evaluate each for the purpose of directly identifying non-histone substrates of metal-dependent KDACs. We propose criteria for a combination of reproducible experimental approaches that are necessary to establish a direct enzymatic relationship. This critical analysis of the literature identifies 108 proposed non-histone substrate-KDAC pairs for which direct experimental evidence has been reported. Of these, five pairs can be considered well-established, while another thirteen pairs have both cell-based and in vitro evidence but lack independent replication and/or sufficient cell-based evidence. We present a path forward for evaluating the remaining substrate leads and reliably identifying novel KDAC substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tasha B Toro
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Terry J Watt
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chaudhary P, Ha E, Vo TTL, Seo JH. Diverse roles of arrest defective 1 in cancer development. Arch Pharm Res 2019; 42:1040-1051. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-019-01195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
12
|
Yi Z, Wenwen L, Kun W, Jian S. [Overexpression of histone deacetylase 11 suppresses basal-like breast cancer cell invasion and metastasis]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019; 39:751-759. [PMID: 31340905 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.07.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Histone deacetylase 11 (HDAC11) is a class Ⅳ member of histone deacetylase family, and its role in regulating cancer cell invasion and metastasis remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the role of HDAC11 in regulating the biological behaviors of basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) cells. METHODS We analyzed the expression of HDAC11 based on Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The effects of HDAC11 on the cell invasion and metastasis were examined using Transwell assay and in a mouse model. The interaction between HDAC11 and Twist was detected with immunoprecipitation. We identified HAS2 as a target gene of Twist using promoter luciferase assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. RESULTS HDAC11 was lowly expressed in BLBC cells. HDAC11 overexpression suppressed BLBC cell invasion in vitro and their metastasis in nude mice. Mechanistically, HDAC11 directly interacted with Twist protein, antagonized its pro-invasive function and repressed Twist-induced HAS2 gene transcription. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that HDAC11 acts as a negative modulator of invasion and metastasis of BLBC cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Yi
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Second Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital/Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Luo Wenwen
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wang Kun
- Second Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital/Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shi Jian
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Aksnes H, Ree R, Arnesen T. Co-translational, Post-translational, and Non-catalytic Roles of N-Terminal Acetyltransferases. Mol Cell 2019; 73:1097-1114. [PMID: 30878283 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies of N-terminal acetylation have identified new N-terminal acetyltransferases (NATs) and expanded the known functions of these enzymes beyond their roles as ribosome-associated co-translational modifiers. For instance, the identification of Golgi- and chloroplast-associated NATs shows that acetylation of N termini also happens post-translationally. In addition, we now appreciate that some NATs are highly specific; for example, a dedicated NAT responsible for post-translational N-terminal acetylation of actin was recently revealed. Other studies have extended NAT function beyond Nt acetylation, including functions as lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) and non-catalytic roles. Finally, emerging studies emphasize the physiological relevance of N-terminal acetylation, including roles in calorie-restriction-induced longevity and pathological α-synuclein aggregation in Parkinson's disease. Combined, the NATs rise as multifunctional proteins, and N-terminal acetylation is gaining recognition as a major cellular regulator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Aksnes
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Rasmus Ree
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Thomas Arnesen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; Department of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kuhns KJ, Zhang G, Wang Z, Liu W. ARD1/NAA10 acetylation in prostate cancer. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-8. [PMID: 30054487 PMCID: PMC6063848 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0107-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer in men. Androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in prostate development and homeostasis. Dysregulation of this pathway activates AR leading to PCa pathogenesis and progression. AR binds testosterone and other male hormones, which then undergoes post-translational modification for AR nuclear translocation and transcriptional activation. AR activation by post-translational modification is thus imperative for PCa cell growth and survival. Identification and understanding of the pathological and mechanistic roles of AR modifications may increase our understanding of AR activation in PCa and provide new therapeutic options. Recently, AR acetylation has been described as an important step for AR activation. Upregulation of several acetyltransferases has been reported to be associated with PCa progression. Herein, we provide a general understanding of AR acetylation, with a special emphasis on ARD1, and potential therapies that may be exploited against the ARD1–AR axis for PCa treatment. Blocking the addition of an acetyl group to androgen receptors by Arrest-defect-1 protein (ARD1) might be an effective strategy for halting prostate cancer progression. High levels of ARD1 are found in many types of cancer and previous studies have shown that it contributes to prostate cancer (PCa) cell proliferation and survival by stimulating androgen receptor activity. Wanguo Liu and colleagues at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA, review current knowledge of the regulation and effects of ARD1 on tumor formation. The ARD1-mediated post-translational modification of androgen receptors causes them to move from the cytoplasm to the nucleus where they activate the expression of genes involved in tumor growth. Compounds that inhibit this modification could offer a new treatment option for patients with prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Kuhns
- Department of Genetics, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Guanyi Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Zehua Wang
- Department of Genetics, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Wanguo Liu
- Department of Genetics, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Juengel E, Erb HHH, Haferkamp A, Rutz J, Chun FKH, Blaheta RA. Relevance of the natural HDAC inhibitor sulforaphane as a chemopreventive agent in urologic tumors. Cancer Lett 2018; 435:121-126. [PMID: 30026053 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to an increased understanding of molecular biology and the genomics of cancer, new and potent agents have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to fight this disease. However, all of these drugs cause severe side effects and resistance inevitably develops, re-activating tumor growth and dissemination. For this reason, patients turn to natural compounds as alternative or complementary treatment options, since it has been found that natural plant products may block, inhibit, or reverse cancer development. The present review focusses on the role of the natural compound sulforaphane (SFN) as an anti-tumor agent in urologic cancer. SFN is a natural compound found in cruciferous vegetables from the Brassicaceae family such as broccoli, cauliflower and cabbage. Several epidemiologic and clinical studies have documented chemopreventive properties of SFN, making it an interesting candidate for additive cancer treatment. SFN shows remarkable anti-tumor effects in vitro and in vivo without exerting toxicity. The review summarizes the current understanding of SFN and provides insights into its molecular mode of action with particular emphasis on epigenetic tumor control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Juengel
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany; Department of Urology, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - Holger H H Erb
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
| | - Axel Haferkamp
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
| | - Jochen Rutz
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Felix K-H Chun
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Roman A Blaheta
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chien MH, Lee WJ, Yang YC, Tan P, Pan KF, Liu YC, Tsai HC, Hsu CH, Wen YC, Hsiao M, Hua KT. N-α-acetyltransferase 10 protein promotes metastasis by stabilizing matrix metalloproteinase-2 protein in human osteosarcomas. Cancer Lett 2018; 433:86-98. [PMID: 29960050 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
N-α-Acetyltransferase 10 protein (Naa10p) mediates N-terminal acetylation of nascent proteins. Oncogenic or tumor suppressive roles of Naa10p were reported in cancers. Here, we report an oncogenic role of Naa10p in promoting metastasis of osteosarcomas. Higher NAA10 transcripts were observed in metastatic osteosarcoma tissues compared to non-metastatic tissues and were also correlated with a worse prognosis of patients. Knockdown and overexpression of Naa10p in osteosarcoma cells respectively led to decreased and increased cell migratory/invasive abilities. Re-expression of Naa10p, but not an enzymatically inactive mutant, relieved suppression of the invasive ability in vitro and metastasis in vivo imposed by Naa10p-knockdown. According to protease array screening, we identified that matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 was responsible for the Naa10p-induced invasive phenotype. Naa10p was directly associated with MMP-2 protein through its acetyltransferase domain and maintained MMP-2 protein stability via NatA complex activity. MMP-2 expression levels were also significantly correlated with Naa10p levels in osteosarcoma tissues. These results reveal a novel function of Naa10p in the regulation of cell invasiveness by preventing MMP-2 protein degradation that is crucial during osteosarcoma metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsien Chien
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Education and Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jiunn Lee
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chieh Yang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Peng Tan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ke-Fan Pan
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Liu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chi Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hua Hsu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Wen
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Urology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michael Hsiao
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Tai Hua
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Farooqi AA, Naqvi SKUH, Perk AA, Yanar O, Tabassum S, Ahmad MS, Mansoor Q, Ashry MS, Ismail M, Naoum GE, Arafat WO. Natural Agents-Mediated Targeting of Histone Deacetylases. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 66:31-44. [PMID: 28852775 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-017-0488-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the past few years, basic and clinical scientists have witnessed landmark achievements in many research projects, such as those conducted by the US National Institutes of Health Roadmap Epigenomics Mapping Consortium, the International Human Epigenome Consortium, The Cancer Genome Atlas Network and the International Cancer Genome Consortium, which have provided near-complete resolution of epigenetic landscape in different diseases. Furthermore, genome sequencing of tumors has provided compelling evidence related to frequent existence of mutations in readers, erasers and writers of epigenome in different cancers. Histone acetylation is an intricate mechanism modulated by two opposing sets of enzymes and deeply studied as a key biological phenomenon in 1964 by Vincent Allfrey and colleagues. The research group suggested that this protein modification contributed substantially in transcriptional regulation. Subsequently, histone deacetylases (HDACs), histone acetyltransferases and acetyl-Lys-binding proteins were identified as transcriptional mediators, which further deepened our comprehension regarding biochemical modifications. Overwhelmingly increasing high-impact research is improving our understanding of this molecularly controlled mechanism; moreover, quantification and identification of lysine acetylation by mass spectrometry has added new layers of information. We partition this multi-component review into how both activity and expression of HDAC are targeted using natural agents. We also set spotlight on how oncogenic fusion proteins tactfully utilize HDAC-associated nano-machinery to modulate expression of different genes and how HDAC inhibitors regulate TRAIL-induced apoptosis in cancer cells. HDAC inhibitors have been reported to upregulate expression of TRAIL receptors and protect TRAIL from proteasomal degradation. Deeper understanding of HDAC biology will be useful for stratification and selection of patients who are responders, non-responders and poor-responders for HDACi therapy, and for the rational design of combination studies using HDACi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aliye Aras Perk
- Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Onur Yanar
- Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sobia Tabassum
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sheeraz Ahmad
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Qaisar Mansoor
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed S Ashry
- Clinical Oncology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Ismail
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - George E Naoum
- Alexandria Comprehensive Cancer Center, Alexandria, Egypt.,Department of radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Waleed O Arafat
- Clinical Oncology Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhou B, Zeng S, Li N, Yu L, Yang G, Yang Y, Zhang X, Fang M, Xia J, Xu Y. Angiogenic Factor With G Patch and FHA Domains 1 Is a Novel Regulator of Vascular Injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:675-684. [PMID: 28153879 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.308992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells represents a hallmark event in vascular injury. The underlying mechanism is not completely sorted out. We investigated the involvement of angiogenic factor with G patch and FHA domains 1 (Aggf1) in vascular injury focusing on the transcriptional regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell signature genes. APPROACH AND RESULTS We report here that Aggf1 expression was downregulated in several different cell models of phenotypic modulation in vitro and in the vessels after carotid artery ligation in mice. Adenovirus-mediated Aggf1 overexpression dampened vascular injury and normalized vascular smooth muscle cell signature gene expression. Mechanistically, Aggf1 interacted with myocardin and was imperative for the formation of a serum response factor-myocardin complex on gene promoters. In response to injurious stimuli, kruppel-like factor 4 was recruited to the Aggf1 promoter and enlisted histone deacetylase 11 to repress Aggf1 transcription. In accordance, depletion of kruppel-like factor 4 or histone deacetylase 11 restored Aggf1 expression and abrogated vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic modulation. Finally, treatment of a histone deacetylase 11 inhibitor attenuated vascular injury in mice. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, we have unveiled a previously unrecognized role for Aggf1 in regulating vascular injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bisheng Zhou
- From the Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (B.Z., S.Z., N.L., L.Y., G.Y., X.Z., Y.X.); State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing (Y.Y.); Department of Nursing, Jiangsu Jiankang Vocational University, Nanjing, China (M.F.); and Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China (J.X.)
| | - Sheng Zeng
- From the Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (B.Z., S.Z., N.L., L.Y., G.Y., X.Z., Y.X.); State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing (Y.Y.); Department of Nursing, Jiangsu Jiankang Vocational University, Nanjing, China (M.F.); and Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China (J.X.)
| | - Nan Li
- From the Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (B.Z., S.Z., N.L., L.Y., G.Y., X.Z., Y.X.); State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing (Y.Y.); Department of Nursing, Jiangsu Jiankang Vocational University, Nanjing, China (M.F.); and Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China (J.X.)
| | - Liming Yu
- From the Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (B.Z., S.Z., N.L., L.Y., G.Y., X.Z., Y.X.); State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing (Y.Y.); Department of Nursing, Jiangsu Jiankang Vocational University, Nanjing, China (M.F.); and Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China (J.X.)
| | - Guang Yang
- From the Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (B.Z., S.Z., N.L., L.Y., G.Y., X.Z., Y.X.); State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing (Y.Y.); Department of Nursing, Jiangsu Jiankang Vocational University, Nanjing, China (M.F.); and Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China (J.X.)
| | - Yuyu Yang
- From the Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (B.Z., S.Z., N.L., L.Y., G.Y., X.Z., Y.X.); State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing (Y.Y.); Department of Nursing, Jiangsu Jiankang Vocational University, Nanjing, China (M.F.); and Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China (J.X.)
| | - Xinjian Zhang
- From the Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (B.Z., S.Z., N.L., L.Y., G.Y., X.Z., Y.X.); State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing (Y.Y.); Department of Nursing, Jiangsu Jiankang Vocational University, Nanjing, China (M.F.); and Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China (J.X.)
| | - Mingming Fang
- From the Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (B.Z., S.Z., N.L., L.Y., G.Y., X.Z., Y.X.); State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing (Y.Y.); Department of Nursing, Jiangsu Jiankang Vocational University, Nanjing, China (M.F.); and Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China (J.X.)
| | - Jun Xia
- From the Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (B.Z., S.Z., N.L., L.Y., G.Y., X.Z., Y.X.); State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing (Y.Y.); Department of Nursing, Jiangsu Jiankang Vocational University, Nanjing, China (M.F.); and Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China (J.X.)
| | - Yong Xu
- From the Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (B.Z., S.Z., N.L., L.Y., G.Y., X.Z., Y.X.); State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing (Y.Y.); Department of Nursing, Jiangsu Jiankang Vocational University, Nanjing, China (M.F.); and Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China (J.X.).
| |
Collapse
|