1
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Dave F, Herrera K, Lockley A, van de Weijer LL, Henderson S, Sofela AA, Hook L, Adams CL, Ercolano E, Hilton DA, Maze EA, Kurian KM, Ammoun S, Hanemann CO. Targeting MERTK on tumour cells and macrophages: a potential intervention for sporadic and NF2-related meningioma and schwannoma tumours. Oncogene 2024:10.1038/s41388-024-03131-z. [PMID: 39179860 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03131-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Meningioma and schwannoma are common tumours of the nervous system. They occur sporadically or as part of the hereditary NF2-related schwannomatosis syndrome. There is an unmet need for new effective drug treatments for both tumour types. In this paper, we demonstrate overexpression/activation of TAM (TYRO3/AXL/MERTK) receptors (TAMs) and overexpression/release of ligand GAS6 in patient-derived meningioma tumour cells and tissue. For the first time, we reveal the formation of MERTK/TYRO3 heterocomplexes in meningioma and schwannoma tissue. We demonstrate the dependence of AXL and TYRO3 expression on MERTK in both tumour types, as well as interdependency of MERTK and AXL expression in meningioma. We show that MERTK and AXL contribute to increased proliferation and survival of meningioma and schwannoma cells, which we inhibited in vitro using the MERTK/FLT3 inhibitor UNC2025 and the AXL inhibitor BGB324. UNC2025 was effective in both tumour types with superior efficacy over BGB324. Finally, we found that TAMs are expressed by tumour-associated macrophages in meningioma and schwannoma tumours and that UNC2025 strongly depleted macrophages in both tumour types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foram Dave
- University of Plymouth, Faculty of Health, The John Bull Building, Plymouth Science Park, Research Way, Plymouth, PL6 8BU, UK
| | - Kevin Herrera
- University of Plymouth, Faculty of Health, The John Bull Building, Plymouth Science Park, Research Way, Plymouth, PL6 8BU, UK
| | - Alex Lockley
- University of Plymouth, Faculty of Health, The John Bull Building, Plymouth Science Park, Research Way, Plymouth, PL6 8BU, UK
| | - Laurien L van de Weijer
- University of Plymouth, Faculty of Health, The John Bull Building, Plymouth Science Park, Research Way, Plymouth, PL6 8BU, UK
| | - Summer Henderson
- University of Plymouth, Faculty of Health, The John Bull Building, Plymouth Science Park, Research Way, Plymouth, PL6 8BU, UK
| | - Agbolahan A Sofela
- University of Plymouth, Faculty of Health, The John Bull Building, Plymouth Science Park, Research Way, Plymouth, PL6 8BU, UK
| | - Laura Hook
- University of Plymouth, Faculty of Health, The John Bull Building, Plymouth Science Park, Research Way, Plymouth, PL6 8BU, UK
| | - Claire L Adams
- University of Plymouth, Faculty of Health, The John Bull Building, Plymouth Science Park, Research Way, Plymouth, PL6 8BU, UK
| | - Emanuela Ercolano
- University of Plymouth, Faculty of Health, The John Bull Building, Plymouth Science Park, Research Way, Plymouth, PL6 8BU, UK
| | - David A Hilton
- Department of Cellular and Anatomical Pathology, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Derriford, Plymouth, PL6 8DH, UK
| | - Emmanuel A Maze
- University of Plymouth, Faculty of Health, The John Bull Building, Plymouth Science Park, Research Way, Plymouth, PL6 8BU, UK
| | - Kathreena M Kurian
- University of Bristol Medical School & North Bristol Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS1 0NB UK, Bristol, BS1 0NB, UK
| | - Sylwia Ammoun
- University of Plymouth, Faculty of Health, The John Bull Building, Plymouth Science Park, Research Way, Plymouth, PL6 8BU, UK.
| | - C Oliver Hanemann
- University of Plymouth, Faculty of Health, The John Bull Building, Plymouth Science Park, Research Way, Plymouth, PL6 8BU, UK.
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2
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Parajuli KR, Jung Y, Taichman RS. Abscisic acid signaling through LANCL2 and PPARγ induces activation of p38MAPK resulting in dormancy of prostate cancer metastatic cells. Oncol Rep 2024; 51:39. [PMID: 38624012 PMCID: PMC10804438 DOI: 10.3892/or.2024.8698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one the most common malignancies in men. The high incidence of bone metastasis years after primary therapy suggests that disseminated tumor cells must become dormant, but maintain their ability to proliferate in the bone marrow. Abscisic acid (ABA) is a stress response molecule best known for its regulation of seed germination, stomal opening, root shoot growth and other stress responses in plants. ABA is also synthesized by mammalian cells and has been linked to human disease. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of ABA in regulating tumor dormancy via signaling through lanthionine synthetase C‑like protein 2 (LANCL2) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) receptors. ABA signaling in human PCa cell lines was studied using targeted gene knockdown (KD), western blotting, quantitative PCR, cell proliferation, migration, invasion and soft agar assays, as well as co‑culture assays with bone marrow stromal cells. The data demonstrated that ABA signaling increased the expression of p21, p27 and p16, while inhibiting viability, migration, invasion and colony size in a reversable manner without toxicity. ABA also induced p38MAPK activation and NR2F1 signaling. Targeted gene KD of LANCL2 and PPARγ abrogated the cellular responses to ABA. Taken together, these data demonstrate that ABA may induce dormancy in PCa cell lines through LANCL2 and PPARγ signaling, and suggest novel targets to manage metastatic PCa growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshab Raj Parajuli
- Department of Periodontology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Younghun Jung
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Russell S. Taichman
- Department of Periodontology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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3
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DeRyckere D, Huelse JM, Earp HS, Graham DK. TAM family kinases as therapeutic targets at the interface of cancer and immunity. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2023; 20:755-779. [PMID: 37667010 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-023-00813-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Novel treatment approaches are needed to overcome innate and acquired mechanisms of resistance to current anticancer therapies in cancer cells and the tumour immune microenvironment. The TAM (TYRO3, AXL and MERTK) family receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are potential therapeutic targets in a wide range of cancers. In cancer cells, TAM RTKs activate signalling pathways that promote cell survival, metastasis and resistance to a variety of chemotherapeutic agents and targeted therapies. TAM RTKs also function in innate immune cells, contributing to various mechanisms that suppress antitumour immunity and promote resistance to immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Therefore, TAM antagonists provide an unprecedented opportunity for both direct and immune-mediated therapeutic activity provided by inhibition of a single target, and are likely to be particularly effective when used in combination with other cancer therapies. To exploit this potential, a variety of agents have been designed to selectively target TAM RTKs, many of which have now entered clinical testing. This Review provides an essential guide to the TAM RTKs for clinicians, including an overview of the rationale for therapeutic targeting of TAM RTKs in cancer cells and the tumour immune microenvironment, a description of the current preclinical and clinical experience with TAM inhibitors, and a perspective on strategies for continued development of TAM-targeted agents for oncology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah DeRyckere
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Justus M Huelse
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - H Shelton Earp
- Department of Medicine, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Douglas K Graham
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Paediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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4
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Schneider K, Arandjelovic S. Apoptotic cell clearance components in inflammatory arthritis. Immunol Rev 2023; 319:142-150. [PMID: 37507355 PMCID: PMC10615714 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the synovial joints that affects ~1% of the human population. Joint swelling and bone erosion, hallmarks of RA, contribute to disability and, sometimes, loss of life. Mechanistically, disease is driven by immune dysregulation characterized by circulating autoantibodies, inflammatory mediators, tissue degradative enzymes, and metabolic dysfunction of resident stromal and recruited immune cells. Cell death by apoptosis has been therapeutically explored in animal models of RA due to the comparisons drawn between synovial hyperplasia and paucity of apoptosis in RA with the malignant transformation of cancer cells. Several efforts to induce cell death have shown benefits in reducing the development and/or severity of the disease. Apoptotic cells are cleared by phagocytes in a process known as efferocytosis, which differs from microbial phagocytosis in its "immuno-silent," or anti-inflammatory, nature. Failures in efferocytosis have been linked to autoimmune disease, whereas administration of apoptotic cells in RA models effectively inhibits inflammatory indices, likely though efferocytosis-mediated resolution-promoting mechanisms. However, the nature of signaling pathways elicited and the molecular identity of clearance mediators in RA are understudied. Furthermore, canonical efferocytosis machinery elements also play important non-canonical functions in homeostasis and pathology. Here, we discuss the roles of efferocytosis machinery components in models of RA and discuss their potential involvement in disease pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Schneider
- University of Virginia, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sanja Arandjelovic
- University of Virginia, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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5
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Dormancy, stemness, and therapy resistance: interconnected players in cancer evolution. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:197-215. [PMID: 36757577 PMCID: PMC10014678 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The biological complexity of cancer represents a tremendous clinical challenge, resulting in the frequent failure of current treatment protocols. In the rapidly evolving scenario of a growing tumor, anticancer treatments impose a drastic perturbation not only to cancer cells but also to the tumor microenvironment, killing a portion of the cells and inducing a massive stress response in the survivors. Consequently, treatments can act as a double-edged sword by inducing a temporary response while laying the ground for therapy resistance and subsequent disease progression. Cancer cell dormancy (or quiescence) is a central theme in tumor evolution, being tightly linked to the tumor's ability to survive cytotoxic challenges, metastasize, and resist immune-mediated attack. Accordingly, quiescent cancer cells (QCCs) have been detected in virtually all the stages of tumor development. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have focused on the characterization of quiescent/therapy resistant cancer cells, unveiling QCCs core transcriptional programs, metabolic plasticity, and mechanisms of immune escape. At the same time, our partial understanding of tumor quiescence reflects the difficulty to identify stable QCCs biomarkers/therapeutic targets and to control cancer dormancy in clinical settings. This review focuses on recent discoveries in the interrelated fields of dormancy, stemness, and therapy resistance, discussing experimental evidences in the frame of a nonlinear dynamics approach, and exploring the possibility that tumor quiescence may represent not only a peril but also a potential therapeutic resource.
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6
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Bone marrow NG2 +/Nestin + mesenchymal stem cells drive DTC dormancy via TGFβ2. NATURE CANCER 2022; 2:327-339. [PMID: 34993493 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00179-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment, where breast cancer (BC) disseminated tumour cells (DTCs) can remain dormant for decades, NG2+/Nestin+ mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) promote hematopoietic stem cell quiescence. Here, we reveal that periarteriolar BM-resident NG2+/Nestin+ MSCs can also instruct BC DTCs to enter dormancy. NG2+/Nestin+ MSCs produce TGFβ2 and BMP7 and activate a quiescence pathway dependent on TGFBRIII and BMPRII, which via p38-kinase result in p27 induction. Genetic depletion of MSCs or conditional knock-out of TGFβ2 in MSCs using an NG2-CreER driver led to bone metastatic outgrowth of otherwise dormant p27+/Ki67- DTCs. Also ER+ BC patients without systemic recurrence displayed higher frequency of TGFβ2 and BMP7 detection in the BM. Our results provide a direct proof that HSC dormancy niches control BC DTC dormancy and suggest that aging or extrinsic factors that affect the NG2+/Nestin+ MSC niche homeostasis may result in a break from dormancy and BC bone relapse.
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7
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Pulianmackal AJ, Sun D, Yumoto K, Li Z, Chen YC, Patel MV, Wang Y, Yoon E, Pearson A, Yang Q, Taichman R, Cackowski FC, Buttitta LA. Monitoring Spontaneous Quiescence and Asynchronous Proliferation-Quiescence Decisions in Prostate Cancer Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:728663. [PMID: 34957090 PMCID: PMC8703172 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.728663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferation-quiescence decision is a dynamic process that remains incompletely understood. Live-cell imaging with fluorescent cell cycle sensors now allows us to visualize the dynamics of cell cycle transitions and has revealed that proliferation-quiescence decisions can be highly heterogeneous, even among clonal cell lines in culture. Under normal culture conditions, cells often spontaneously enter non-cycling G0 states of varying duration and depth. This also occurs in cancer cells and G0 entry in tumors may underlie tumor dormancy and issues with cancer recurrence. Here we show that a cell cycle indicator previously shown to indicate G0 upon serum starvation, mVenus-p27K-, can also be used to monitor spontaneous quiescence in untransformed and cancer cell lines. We find that the duration of spontaneous quiescence in untransformed and cancer cells is heterogeneous and that a portion of this heterogeneity results from asynchronous proliferation-quiescence decisions in pairs of daughters after mitosis, where one daughter cell enters or remains in temporary quiescence while the other does not. We find that cancer dormancy signals influence both entry into quiescence and asynchronous proliferation-quiescence decisions after mitosis. Finally, we show that spontaneously quiescent prostate cancer cells exhibit altered expression of components of the Hippo pathway and are enriched for the stem cell markers CD133 and CD44. This suggests a hypothesis that dormancy signals could promote cancer recurrence by increasing the proportion of quiescent tumor cells poised for cell cycle re-entry with stem cell characteristics in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajai J Pulianmackal
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Dan Sun
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kenji Yumoto
- School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Zhengda Li
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yu-Chih Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Meha V Patel
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Euisik Yoon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) and Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, South Korea
| | - Alexander Pearson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Russell Taichman
- School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Frank C Cackowski
- School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute and Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Laura A Buttitta
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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8
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Yan D, Earp HS, DeRyckere D, Graham DK. Targeting MERTK and AXL in EGFR Mutant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5639. [PMID: 34830794 PMCID: PMC8616094 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MERTK and AXL are members of the TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases and are abnormally expressed in 69% and 93% of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs), respectively. Expression of MERTK and/or AXL provides a survival advantage for NSCLC cells and correlates with lymph node metastasis, drug resistance, and disease progression in patients with NSCLC. The TAM receptors on host tumor infiltrating cells also play important roles in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Thus, MERTK and AXL are attractive biologic targets for NSCLC treatment. Here, we will review physiologic and oncologic roles for MERTK and AXL with an emphasis on the potential to target these kinases in NSCLCs with activating EGFR mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yan
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (D.Y.); (D.D.)
| | - H. Shelton Earp
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Deborah DeRyckere
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (D.Y.); (D.D.)
| | - Douglas K. Graham
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (D.Y.); (D.D.)
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9
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Khoshbakht T, Taheri M, Mokhtari M. A review on the role of GAS6 and GAS6-AS1 in the carcinogenesis. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 226:153596. [PMID: 34481213 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2021.153596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Growth arrest specific 6 (GAS6) encodes a protein that serves as a ligand for AXL receptor tyrosine kinase and stimulates cell proliferation. Notably, an antisense RNA, namely GAS6-AS1 is transcribed from chromosome 13q34, near GAS6 gene. In vitro functional experiments have demonstrated that GAS6-AS1 can promote proliferation, migration and invasive properties of transformed cells through enhancing entry into S-phase. Notably, mechanistic investigations have shown that GAS6-AS1 can regulate expression of GAS6 at the transcriptional or translational stages through constructing a RNA-RNA duplex, thus enhancing expression of AXL and inducing AXL signaling. Both GAS6 and its antisense transcript contribute in the pathogenesis of human malignancies. In the current review, we provide a summary of studies that appraised the role of these genes in the carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayyebeh Khoshbakht
- Men's Health and Reproductive Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Mokhtari
- Skull Base Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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10
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Slow-cycling (dormant) cancer cells in therapy resistance, cancer relapse and metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 78:90-103. [PMID: 33979674 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly appreciated that cancer cell heterogeneity and plasticity constitute major barriers to effective clinical treatments and long-term therapeutic efficacy. Research in the past two decades suggest that virtually all treatment-naive human cancers harbor subsets of cancer cells that possess many of the cardinal features of normal stem cells. Such stem-like cancer cells, operationally defined as cancer stem cells (CSCs), are frequently quiescent and dynamically change and evolve during tumor progression and therapeutic interventions. Intrinsic tumor cell heterogeneity is reflected in a different aspect in that tumors also harbor a population of slow-cycling cells (SCCs) that are not in the proliferative cell cycle and thus are intrinsically refractory to anti-mitotic drugs. In this Perspective, we focus our discussions on SCCs in cancer and on various methodologies that can be employed to enrich and purify SCCs, compare the similarities and differences between SCCs, CSCs and cancer cells undergoing EMT, and present evidence for the involvement of SCCs in surviving anti-neoplastic treatments, mediating tumor relapse, maintaining tumor dormancy and mediating metastatic dissemination. Our discussions make it clear that an in-depth understanding of the biological properties of SCCs in cancer will be instrumental to developing new therapeutic strategies to prevent tumor relapse and distant metastasis.
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11
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Chen CJ, Liu YP. MERTK Inhibition: Potential as a Treatment Strategy in EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor-Resistant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14020130. [PMID: 33562150 PMCID: PMC7915726 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) are currently the most effective treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, who carry primary EGFR mutations. However, the patients eventually develop drug resistance to EGFR-TKIs after approximately one year. In addition to the acquisition of the EGFR T790M mutation, the activation of alternative receptor-mediated signaling pathways is a common mechanism for conferring the insensitivity of EGFR-TKI in NSCLC. Upregulation of the Mer receptor tyrosine kinase (MERTK), which is a member of the Tyro3-Axl-MERTK (TAM) family, is associated with a poor prognosis of many cancers. The binding of specific ligands, such as Gas6 and PROS1, to MERTK activates phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, which are the signaling pathways shared by EGFR. Therefore, the inhibition of MERTK can be considered a new therapeutic strategy for overcoming the resistance of NSCLC to EGFR-targeted agents. Although several small molecules and monoclonal antibodies targeting the TAM family are being developed and have been described to enhance the chemosensitivity and converse the resistance of EGFR-TKI, few have specifically been developed as MERTK inhibitors. The further development and investigation of biomarkers which can accurately predict MERTK activity and the response to MERTK inhibitors and MERTK-specific drugs are vitally important for obtaining appropriate patient stratification and increased benefits in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Ju Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Peng Liu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-3121101
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12
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Etzerodt A, Moulin M, Doktor TK, Delfini M, Mossadegh-Keller N, Bajenoff M, Sieweke MH, Moestrup SK, Auphan-Anezin N, Lawrence T. Tissue-resident macrophages in omentum promote metastatic spread of ovarian cancer. J Exp Med 2020; 217:133611. [PMID: 31951251 PMCID: PMC7144521 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental and clinical evidence suggests that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play important roles in cancer progression. Here, we have characterized the ontogeny and function of TAM subsets in a mouse model of metastatic ovarian cancer that is representative for visceral peritoneal metastasis. We show that the omentum is a critical premetastatic niche for development of invasive disease in this model and define a unique subset of CD163+ Tim4+ resident omental macrophages responsible for metastatic spread of ovarian cancer cells. Transcriptomic analysis showed that resident CD163+ Tim4+ omental macrophages were phenotypically distinct and maintained their resident identity during tumor growth. Selective depletion of CD163+ Tim4+ macrophages in omentum using genetic and pharmacological tools prevented tumor progression and metastatic spread of disease. These studies describe a specific role for tissue-resident macrophages in the invasive progression of metastatic ovarian cancer. The molecular pathways of cross-talk between tissue-resident macrophages and disseminated cancer cells may represent new targets to prevent metastasis and disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Etzerodt
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morgane Moulin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France.,Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Koed Doktor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | - Marc Bajenoff
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Michael H Sieweke
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France.,Centre for Regenerative Therapies, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Søren Kragh Moestrup
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Toby Lawrence
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France.,Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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13
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The current paradigm and challenges ahead for the dormancy of disseminated tumor cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 1:672-680. [PMID: 33681821 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-020-0088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) are known to enter a state of dormancy that is achieved via growth arrest of DTCs and/or a form of population equilibrium state, strongly influenced by the organ microenvironment. During this time, expansion of residual disseminated cancer is paused and DTCs survive to fuel relapse, sometimes decades later. This notion has opened a new window of opportunity for intervening and preventing relapse. Here we review recent data that have further augmented the understanding of cancer dormancy and discuss how this is leading to new strategies for monitoring and targeting dormant cancer.
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14
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Cell-intrinsic survival signals. The role of autophagy in metastatic dissemination and tumor cell dormancy. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 60:28-40. [PMID: 31400500 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of cancer-related deaths. Disseminated tumor cells (DTCs), which seed metastasis, can remain undetected in a dormant state for decades after treatment of the primary tumor and their persistence is the main cause of late relapse and death in a substantial proportion of cancer patients. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the survival of dormant DTCs is of utmost importance to develop new therapies that effectively kill DTCs while in a quiescent state, therefore preventing metastatic disease and minimizing the chance of future relapses. Besides key interactions with the local microenvironment, dormant DTCs must integrate survival mechanisms to remain viable for long periods of time. Here, the pro-survival role of autophagy in tumor cell dissemination and dormant DTC maintenance are discussed, as well as the implications of the current knowledge for future research efforts.
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15
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Lee CH, Decker AM, Cackowski FC, Taichman RS. Bone microenvironment signaling of cancer stem cells as a therapeutic target in metastatic prostate cancer. Cell Biol Toxicol 2019; 36:115-130. [PMID: 31250347 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-019-09483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most prevalent cancers and the second leading cause of cancer death among US males. When diagnosed in an early disease stage, primary tumors of PCa may be treated with surgical resection or radiation, sometimes combined with androgen deprivation therapy, with favorable outcomes. Unfortunately, the treatment efficacy of each approach decreases significantly in later stages of PCa that involve metastasis to soft tissues and bone. Metastatic PCa is a heterogeneous disease containing host cells, mature cancer cells, and subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSC). CSCs are highly tumorigenic due to their self-renewing and differentiating potential, clinically resulting in recurrence and resistance to standard therapies. Therefore, there is a large unmet clinical need to develop therapies, which target CSC activity. In this review, we summarize the main signaling pathways that are implicated in the current pre-clinical and clinical studies of recurrent metastatic PCa within the bone microenvironment targeting CSCs and discuss the trajectory of therapeutics moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara H Lee
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ann M Decker
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Frank C Cackowski
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Russell S Taichman
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Department of Periodontology, University of Alabama Birmingham School of Dentistry, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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16
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Talukdar S, Bhoopathi P, Emdad L, Das S, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. Dormancy and cancer stem cells: An enigma for cancer therapeutic targeting. Adv Cancer Res 2019; 141:43-84. [PMID: 30691685 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dormancy occurs when cells remain viable but stop proliferating. When most of a cancer population undergoes this phenomenon, the result is called tumor dormancy, and when a single cancer cell undergoes this process, it is termed quiescence. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) share several overlapping characteristics and signaling pathways with dormant cancer cells, including therapy resistance, and an ability to metastasize and evade the immune system. Cancer cells can be broadly grouped into dormancy-competent CSCs (DCCs), cancer-repopulating cells (CRCs), dormancy-incompetent CSCs and disseminated tumor cells (DTCs). The settings in which cancer cells exploit the dormancy phase to survive and adapt are: (i) primary cancer dormancy; (ii) metastatic dormancy; (iii) therapy-induced dormancy; and (iv) immunologic dormancy. Dormancy, therapy resistance and plasticity of CSCs are fundamentally interconnected processes mediated through mechanisms involving reversible genetic alterations. Niches including metastatic, bone marrow, and perivascular are known to harbor dormant cancer cells. Mechanisms of dormancy induction are complex and multi-factorial and can involve angiogenic switching, addictive oncogene inhibition, immunoediting, anoikis, therapy, autophagy, senescence, epigenetic, and biophysical regulation. Therapy can have opposing effects on cancer cells with respect to dormancy; some therapies can induce dormancy, while others can reactivate dormant cells. There is a lack of consensus relative to the value of therapy-induced dormancy, i.e., some researchers view dormancy induction as a beneficial strategy as it can lead to metastasis inhibition, while others argue that reactivating dormant cancer cells and then eliminating them through therapy are a better approach. More focused investigations of intrinsic cell kinetics and environmental dynamics that promote and maintain cancer cells in a dormant state, and the long-term consequences of dormancy are critical for improving current therapeutic treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Talukdar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Praveen Bhoopathi
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Swadesh Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
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17
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Ren D, Dai Y, Yang Q, Zhang X, Guo W, Ye L, Huang S, Chen X, Lai Y, Du H, Lin C, Peng X, Song L. Wnt5a induces and maintains prostate cancer cells dormancy in bone. J Exp Med 2018; 216:428-449. [PMID: 30593464 PMCID: PMC6363426 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt5a from osteoblastic niche induces and maintains the dormancy of prostate cancer cells in bone and inhibits bone metastasis in a preventive manner, uncovering a potential therapeutic utility of Wnt5a in the treatment of bone metastatic prostate cancer. In a substantial fraction of prostate cancer (PCa) patients, bone metastasis appears after years or even decades of latency. Canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been proposed to be implicated in dormancy of cancer cells. However, how these tumor cells are kept dormant and recur under control of Wnt/β-catenin signaling derived from bone microenvironment remains unknown. Here, we report that Wnt5a from osteoblastic niche induces dormancy of PCa cells in a reversible manner in vitro and in vivo via inducing Siah E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase 2 (SIAH2) expression, which represses Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Furthermore, this effect of Wnt5a-induced dormancy of PCa cells depends on receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2), and a negative correlation of ROR2 expression with bone metastasis–free survival is observed in PCa patients. Therefore, these results demonstrate that Wnt5a/ROR2/SIAH2 signaling axis plays a crucial role in inducing and maintaining PCa cells dormancy in bone, suggesting a potential therapeutic utility of Wnt5a via inducing dormancy of PCa cells in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ren
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhu Dai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Clinical Experimental Center, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liping Ye
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingrong Lai
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Du
- Department of Pathology, the First People's Hospital of Guangzhou City, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuyong Lin
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinsheng Peng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Libing Song
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China .,Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Murray NP. Minimal residual disease in prostate cancer patients after primary treatment: theoretical considerations, evidence and possible use in clinical management. Biol Res 2018; 51:32. [PMID: 30180883 PMCID: PMC6122199 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-018-0180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimal residual disease is that not detected by conventional imaging studies and clinically the patient remains disease free. However, with time these dormant cells will awaken and disease progression occurs, resulting in clinically and radiological detectable metastatic disease. This review addresses the concept of tumor cell dissemination from the primary tumor, the micrometastatic niche and tumor cell survival and finally the clinical utility of detecting and characterizing these tumor cells in order to guide management decisions in treating patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel P Murray
- Circulating Tumor Cell Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University Finis Terrae, Av Pedro de Valdivia 1509, Providencia, Santiago, Chile.
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19
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Yeh LC, Huang PW, Hsieh KH, Wang CH, Kao YK, Lin TH, Lee XL. Elevated Plasma Levels of Gas6 Are Associated with Acute Lung Injury in Patients with Severe Sepsis. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2018; 243:187-193. [PMID: 29176262 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.243.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is one of the complications of severe sepsis, causing sudden deaths. However, information regarding predictive factors for the onset of ALI in severe sepsis is limited. Growth arrest-specific gene 6 (Gas6) is secreted by endothelial cells and is important for the activation of endothelium during inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the predictive effect of plasma Gas6 in patients with severe sepsis. Collection of plasma samples was carried out from 129 participants with severe sepsis following with or without ALI development. We found that the elevated levels of Gas6, interleukin-6 and -8 (IL-6 and IL-8) in plasma were associated with the ALI development (P = 0.003, 0.002, and 0.004, respectively). We also observed the robust correlation between the plasma level of Gas6 and the following ALI development to adjustment for sepsis and administration of vasopressor. Between patients with ALI (n = 18) and those without ALI (n = 111), Gas6 and the Lung Injury Prediction Score (LIPS) showed promising discrimination (AUROC, 0.74 and 0.68, respectively), and in combination with these two indexes, the AUROC was increased to 0.86 (vs. 0.74, P = 0.05), while soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) and Willebrand factor (vWF) in plasma showed no predictive value for of ALI. Collectively, our findings indicate that higher levels of Gas6 in plasma are obviously correlated with ALI development. An early increase in the plasma Gas6 level suggests that endothelial injury is a key link in the pathogenesis of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chun Yeh
- Emergency Department, Changhua Show-Chwan Memorial Hospital
| | - Ping-Wun Huang
- Emergency Department, Changhua Show-Chwan Memorial Hospital
| | - Kuan-Hsian Hsieh
- Department of Surgery, Zuoying branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital
| | | | - Yi-Kai Kao
- Emergency Department, Changhua Show-Chwan Memorial Hospital
| | | | - Xiao-Lun Lee
- Emergency Department, Changhua Show-Chwan Memorial Hospital
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20
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Shupp AB, Kolb AD, Mukhopadhyay D, Bussard KM. Cancer Metastases to Bone: Concepts, Mechanisms, and Interactions with Bone Osteoblasts. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E182. [PMID: 29867053 PMCID: PMC6025347 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeleton is a unique structure capable of providing support for the body. Bone resorption and deposition are controlled in a tightly regulated balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts with no net bone gain or loss. However, under conditions of disease, the balance between bone resorption and deposition is upset. Osteoblasts play an important role in bone homeostasis by depositing new bone osteoid into resorption pits. It is becoming increasingly evident that osteoblasts additionally play key roles in cancer cell dissemination to bone and subsequent metastasis. Our laboratory has evidence that when osteoblasts come into contact with disseminated breast cancer cells, the osteoblasts produce factors that initially reduce breast cancer cell proliferation, yet promote cancer cell survival in bone. Other laboratories have demonstrated that osteoblasts both directly and indirectly contribute to dormant cancer cell reactivation in bone. Moreover, we have demonstrated that osteoblasts undergo an inflammatory stress response in late stages of breast cancer, and produce inflammatory cytokines that are maintenance and survival factors for breast cancer cells and osteoclasts. Advances in understanding interactions between osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and bone metastatic cancer cells will aid in controlling and ultimately preventing cancer cell metastasis to bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison B Shupp
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Alexus D Kolb
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Dimpi Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Karen M Bussard
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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21
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Xiaolei G, Xinhua L, Yaling T. [Mechanisms and implications of cancer cell dormancy in head and neck carcinoma]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2018; 36:92-98. [PMID: 29595004 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Disease metastasis and relapse in many cancer patients several years (even decades) after surgical remission have been recently acknowledged as cases of cancer dormancy. Although cases of minimal residual disease are well documented, knowledge on its biological mechanisms and clinical implications remains limited. To date, numerous reviews have summarized the three potential models that may explain this phenomenon, including the angiogenic, immunologic, and cellular dormancy. In this study, we discuss newly uncovered mechanisms governing tumor cell dormancy in head and neck cancer, emphasizing on the crosstalk between dormant tumor cells and their microenvironments. Additionally, we explore the mechanisms on the reactivation of dormant residual tumor cells in anatomical sites, including the lymph nodes and bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Xiaolei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liang Xinhua
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tang Yaling
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Pathology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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22
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Gao XL, Zhang M, Tang YL, Liang XH. Cancer cell dormancy: mechanisms and implications of cancer recurrence and metastasis. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:5219-5228. [PMID: 29138574 PMCID: PMC5667781 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s140854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
More recently, disease metastasis and relapse in many cancer patients several years (even some decades) after surgical remission are regarded as tumor dormancy. However, the knowledge of this phenomenon is cripplingly limited. Substantial quantities of reviews have summarized three main potential models that can be put forth to explain such process, including angiogenic dormancy, immunologic dormancy, and cellular dormancy. In this review, newly uncovered mechanisms governing cancer cell dormancy are discussed, with an emphasis on the cross talk between dormant cancer cells and their microenvironments. In addition, potential mechanisms of reactivation of these dormant cells in certain anatomic sites including lymph nodes and bone marrow are discussed. Molecular mechanism of cellular dormancy in head and neck cancer is also involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
| | - Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases.,Department of Oral Pathology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ling Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases.,Department of Oral Pathology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Hua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
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23
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Decker AM, Jung Y, Cackowski FC, Yumoto K, Wang J, Taichman RS. Sympathetic Signaling Reactivates Quiescent Disseminated Prostate Cancer Cells in the Bone Marrow. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:1644-1655. [PMID: 28814453 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinical observations have identified an association between psychologic stress and cancer relapse, suggesting that the sympathetic nervous system/norepinephrine (NE) plays a role in reactivation of dormant disseminated tumor cells (DTC) in the bone marrow niche. Here, the mechanism by which NE regulates prostate cancer DTCs in the marrow is explored. NE directly stimulated prostate cancer cell proliferation through β2-adrenergic receptors (ADRB2). NE also altered prostate cancer proliferation in the marrow niche by indirectly downregulating the secretion of the dormancy inducing molecule growth arrest specific-6 (GAS6) expressed by osteoblasts. These observations were confirmed in cocultures of prostate cancer cells expressing the fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell-cycle reporters (FUCCI) and osteoblasts isolated from GAS6-deficient (GAS6-/-) animals. A novel ex vivo model system, using femurs harvested from GAS6+/+ or GAS6-/- mice, was used to confirm these results. As in coculture, when prostate cancer cells were injected into the marrow cavities of GAS6+/+ femurs, NE altered the prostate cancer cell cycle. However, NE had less of an impact on prostate cancer cells in femur explants isolated from GAS6-/- mice. Together, this study demonstrates that NE reactivates prostate cancer cell cycling through both a direct action on prostate cancer cells and indirectly on adjacent niche cells.Implications: Identification of mechanisms that target DTCs may provide novel therapeutic approaches to prevent or treat cancer metastases more effectively. Mol Cancer Res; 15(12); 1644-55. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Decker
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Younghun Jung
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Frank C Cackowski
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kenji Yumoto
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jingchen Wang
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Russel S Taichman
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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24
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Decker AM, Cackowski FC, Jung Y, Taichman RS. Biochemical Changes in the Niche Following Tumor Cell Invasion. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1956-1964. [PMID: 27982511 PMCID: PMC5462852 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic cancer is the leading cause of all cancer related deaths. Prostate cancer (PCa) metastasizes preferentially to the bone marrow, specifically within the endosteal niche. Endosteal cells secrete homing molecules that may recruit PCa cells to the bone marrow. Once there, the biochemical signature of this niche regulates PCa fate including cellular dormancy or cell cycle arrest, reactivation and resistance to chemotherapeutics. Growth factors, interleukins, adhesion molecules, as well as extra-cellular matrix proteins can collectively change the phenotype of PCa cells. Understanding the biochemical signature of endosteal niche parasitism by PCa is imperative for the establishment of new and innovative therapeutic strategies. This review seeks to summarize these important niche signatures and the potential therapeutic approaches to target metastatic PCa within the bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1956-1964, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Decker
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - F C Cackowski
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Y Jung
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - R S Taichman
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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25
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Geng F, Liu J, Guo Y, Li C, Wang H, Wang H, Zhao H, Pan Y. Persistent Exposure to Porphyromonas gingivalis Promotes Proliferative and Invasion Capabilities, and Tumorigenic Properties of Human Immortalized Oral Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:57. [PMID: 28286742 PMCID: PMC5323389 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent epidemiological studies revealed a significant association between oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major pathogen of periodontal disease. As a keystone pathogen of periodontitis, P. gingivalis is known not only to damage local periodontal tissues, but also to evade the host immune system and eventually affect systemic health. However, its role in OSCC has yet to be defined. To explore the underlying effect of chronic P. gingivalis infection on OSCC and to identify relevant biomarkers as promising targets for therapy and prevention, we established a novel model by exposing human immortalized oral epithelial cells (HIOECs) to P. gingivalis at a low multiplicity of infection (MOI) for 5–23 weeks. The P. gingivalis infected HIOECs were monitored for tumor biological alteration by proliferation, wound healing, transwell invasion, and gelatin zymography assays. Microarray and proteomic analyses were performed on HIOECs infected with P. gingivalis for 15 weeks, and some selected data were validated by quantitative real-time PCR and (or) western blot on cells infected for 15 and 23 weeks. Persistent exposure to P. gingivalis caused cell morphological changes, increased proliferation ability with higher S phase fraction in the cell cycle, and promoted cell migratory and invasive properties. In combining results of bioinformatics analyses and validation assays, tumor-related genes such as NNMT, FLI1, GAS6, lncRNA CCAT1, PDCD1LG2, and CD274 may be considered as the key regulators in tumor-like transformation in response to long-time exposure of P. gingivalis. In addition, some useful clinical biomarkers and novel proteins were also presented. In conclusion, P. gingivalis could promote tumorigenic properties of HIOECs, indicating that chronic P. gingivalis infection may be considered as a potential risk factor for oral cancer. The key regulators detected from the present model might be used in monitoring the development of OSCC with chronic periodontal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxue Geng
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Junchao Liu
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Key laboratory of Liaoning Province Oral Disease, School of Stomatology, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China; Department of Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Hongyang Wang
- Department of Medicine, the Center for Immunity, Inflammation & Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Haijiao Zhao
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Yaping Pan
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China; Department of Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
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Cackowski FC, Eber MR, Rhee J, Decker AM, Yumoto K, Berry JE, Lee E, Shiozawa Y, Jung Y, Aguirre-Ghiso JA, Taichman RS. Mer Tyrosine Kinase Regulates Disseminated Prostate Cancer Cellular Dormancy. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:891-902. [PMID: 27753136 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many prostate cancer (PCa) recurrences are thought to be due to reactivation of disseminated tumor cells (DTCs). We previously found a role of the TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases TYRO3, AXL, and MERTK in PCa dormancy regulation. However, the mechanism and contributions of the individual TAM receptors is largely unknown. Knockdown of MERTK, but not AXL or TYRO3 by shRNA in PCa cells induced a decreased ratio of P-Erk1/2 to P-p38, increased expression of p27, NR2F1, SOX2, and NANOG, induced higher levels of histone H3K9me3 and H3K27me3, and induced a G1/G0 arrest, all of which are associated with dormancy. Similar effects were also observed with siRNA. Most importantly, knockdown of MERTK in PCa cells increased metastasis free survival in an intra-cardiac injection mouse xenograft model. MERTK knockdown also failed to inhibit PCa growth in vitro and subcutaneous growth in vivo, which suggests that MERTK has specificity for dormancy regulation or requires a signal from the PCa microenvironment. The effects of MERTK on the cell cycle and histone methylation were reversed by p38 inhibitor SB203580, which indicates the importance of MAP kinases for MERTK dormancy regulation. Overall, this study shows that MERTK stimulates PCa dormancy escape through a MAP kinase dependent mechanism, also involving p27, pluripotency transcription factors, and histone methylation. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 891-902, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C Cackowski
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Matthew R Eber
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - James Rhee
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ann M Decker
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kenji Yumoto
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Janice E Berry
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Eunsohl Lee
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yusuke Shiozawa
- Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Younghun Jung
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Julio A Aguirre-Ghiso
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Departments of Medicine, Otolaryngology, and Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Russell S Taichman
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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