1
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Aouimeur I, Sagnial T, Coulomb L, Maurin C, Thomas J, Forestier P, Ninotta S, Perrache C, Forest F, Gain P, Thuret G, He Z. Investigating the Role of TGF-β Signaling Pathways in Human Corneal Endothelial Cell Primary Culture. Cells 2023; 12:1624. [PMID: 37371094 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Corneal endothelial diseases are the leading cause of corneal transplantation. The global shortage of donor corneas has resulted in the investigation of alternative methods, such as cell therapy and tissue-engineered endothelial keratoplasty (TEEK), using primary cultures of human corneal endothelial cells (hCECs). The main challenge is optimizing the hCEC culture process to increase the endothelial cell density (ECD) and overall yield while preventing endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is necessary for hCEC expansion but contains TGF-βs, which have been shown to be detrimental to hCECs. Therefore, we investigated various TGF-β signaling pathways using inhibitors to improve hCEC culture. Initially, we confirmed that TGF-β1, 2, and 3 induced EndMT on confluent hCECs without FBS. Using this TGF-β-induced EndMT model, we validated NCAM as a reliable biomarker to assess EndMT. We then demonstrated that, in a culture medium containing 8% FBS for hCEC expansion, TGF-β1 and 3, but not 2, significantly reduced the ECD and caused EndMT. TGF-β receptor inhibition had an anti-EndMT effect. Inhibition of the ROCK pathway, notably that of the P38 MAPK pathway, increased the ECD, while inhibition of the ERK pathway decreased the ECD. In conclusion, the presence of TGF-β1 and 3 in 8% FBS leads to a reduction in ECD and induces EndMT. The use of SB431542 or LY2109761 may prevent EndMT, while Y27632 or Ripasudil, and SB203580 or SB202190, can increase the ECD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inès Aouimeur
- Laboratory of Biology, Engineering and Imaging for Ophthalmology (BiiO), EA2521, Faculty of Medicine, Jean Monnet University, 42270 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Tomy Sagnial
- Laboratory of Biology, Engineering and Imaging for Ophthalmology (BiiO), EA2521, Faculty of Medicine, Jean Monnet University, 42270 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Louise Coulomb
- Laboratory of Biology, Engineering and Imaging for Ophthalmology (BiiO), EA2521, Faculty of Medicine, Jean Monnet University, 42270 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Corantin Maurin
- Laboratory of Biology, Engineering and Imaging for Ophthalmology (BiiO), EA2521, Faculty of Medicine, Jean Monnet University, 42270 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Justin Thomas
- Laboratory of Biology, Engineering and Imaging for Ophthalmology (BiiO), EA2521, Faculty of Medicine, Jean Monnet University, 42270 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Pierre Forestier
- Laboratory of Biology, Engineering and Imaging for Ophthalmology (BiiO), EA2521, Faculty of Medicine, Jean Monnet University, 42270 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Sandrine Ninotta
- Laboratory of Biology, Engineering and Imaging for Ophthalmology (BiiO), EA2521, Faculty of Medicine, Jean Monnet University, 42270 Saint-Etienne, France
- Eye Bank, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Chantal Perrache
- Laboratory of Biology, Engineering and Imaging for Ophthalmology (BiiO), EA2521, Faculty of Medicine, Jean Monnet University, 42270 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Fabien Forest
- Laboratory of Biology, Engineering and Imaging for Ophthalmology (BiiO), EA2521, Faculty of Medicine, Jean Monnet University, 42270 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Philippe Gain
- Laboratory of Biology, Engineering and Imaging for Ophthalmology (BiiO), EA2521, Faculty of Medicine, Jean Monnet University, 42270 Saint-Etienne, France
- Ophthalmology Department, University Hospital Center, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Gilles Thuret
- Laboratory of Biology, Engineering and Imaging for Ophthalmology (BiiO), EA2521, Faculty of Medicine, Jean Monnet University, 42270 Saint-Etienne, France
- Ophthalmology Department, University Hospital Center, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Zhiguo He
- Laboratory of Biology, Engineering and Imaging for Ophthalmology (BiiO), EA2521, Faculty of Medicine, Jean Monnet University, 42270 Saint-Etienne, France
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2
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Walton RT, Singh A, Blainey PC. Pooled genetic screens with image-based profiling. Mol Syst Biol 2022; 18:e10768. [PMID: 36366905 PMCID: PMC9650298 DOI: 10.15252/msb.202110768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial structure in biology, spanning molecular, organellular, cellular, tissue, and organismal scales, is encoded through a combination of genetic and epigenetic factors in individual cells. Microscopy remains the most direct approach to exploring the intricate spatial complexity defining biological systems and the structured dynamic responses of these systems to perturbations. Genetic screens with deep single-cell profiling via image features or gene expression programs have the capacity to show how biological systems work in detail by cataloging many cellular phenotypes with one experimental assay. Microscopy-based cellular profiling provides information complementary to next-generation sequencing (NGS) profiling and has only recently become compatible with large-scale genetic screens. Optical screening now offers the scale needed for systematic characterization and is poised for further scale-up. We discuss how these methodologies, together with emerging technologies for genetic perturbation and microscopy-based multiplexed molecular phenotyping, are powering new approaches to reveal genotype-phenotype relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell T Walton
- Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Biological EngineeringMITCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Avtar Singh
- Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
- Present address:
Department of Cellular and Tissue GenomicsGenentechSouth San FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Paul C Blainey
- Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Biological EngineeringMITCambridgeMAUSA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer ResearchMITCambridgeMAUSA
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3
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Brown MS, Muller KE, Pattabiraman DR. Quantifying the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) from Bench to Bedside. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1138. [PMID: 35267444 PMCID: PMC8909103 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its reversal, the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) are critical components of the metastatic cascade in breast cancer and many other solid tumor types. Recent work has uncovered the presence of a variety of states encompassed within the EMT spectrum, each of which may play unique roles or work collectively to impact tumor progression. However, defining EMT status is not routinely carried out to determine patient prognosis or dictate therapeutic decision-making in the clinic. Identifying and quantifying the presence of various EMT states within a tumor is a critical first step to scoring patient tumors to aid in determining prognosis. Here, we review the major strides taken towards translating our understanding of EMT biology from bench to bedside. We review previously used approaches including basic immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry, single-cell sequencing, and multiplexed tumor mapping. Future studies will benefit from the consideration of multiple methods and combinations of markers in designing a diagnostic tool for detecting and measuring EMT in patient tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith S. Brown
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA;
| | - Kristen E. Muller
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA;
| | - Diwakar R. Pattabiraman
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA;
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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4
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Jonckheere S, Adams J, De Groote D, Campbell K, Berx G, Goossens S. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) as a Therapeutic Target. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 211:157-182. [PMID: 33401271 DOI: 10.1159/000512218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the primary tumour to distant sites and organs throughout the body. It is the primary cause of cancer morbidity and mortality, and is estimated to account for 90% of cancer-related deaths. During the initial steps of the metastatic cascade, epithelial cancer cells undergo an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and as a result become migratory and invasive mesenchymal-like cells while acquiring cancer stem cell properties and therapy resistance. As EMT is involved in such a broad range of processes associated with malignant transformation, it has become an increasingly interesting target for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Anti-EMT therapeutic strategies could potentially not only prevent the invasion and dissemination of cancer cells, and as such prevent the formation of metastatic lesions, but also attenuate cancer stemness and increase the effectiveness of more classical chemotherapeutics. In this review, we give an overview about the pros and cons of therapies targeting EMT and discuss some already existing candidate drug targets and high-throughput screening tools to identify novel anti-EMT compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Jonckheere
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jamie Adams
- Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic De Groote
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kyra Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Geert Berx
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven Goossens
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, .,Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium,
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5
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Fessel J. Caveolae, CD109, and endothelial cells as targets for treating Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2020; 6:e12066. [PMID: 32995471 PMCID: PMC7506987 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Reduced functionality of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a major pathogenetic component of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The reduction is caused by an ≈50% decrease in the AD brain of the TGF-β receptor, TGFBR, causing a bottleneck effect that reduces the downstream actions of TGF-β, which is highly disadvantageous for brain function. Degradation of TGFBR occurs in caveolae with participation by caveolin-1 (Cav-1) and CD109. Mechanisms for this are discussed. In the cerebral microcirculation, endothelial cells (which are rich in caveolae) carry CD109 as a surface marker that co-precipitates with Cav-1. Atorvastatin reduced Cav-1 by 75% and, because Cav-1 and CD109 co-immunoprecipitate reciprocally, atorvastatin would also reduce the level of CD109. Administration of atorvastatin as a component of combination therapy would diminish the degradation of TGFBR and thereby benefit patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Fessel
- Department of Medicine University of California School of Medicine San Francisco California USA
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6
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A dual role of Irf1 in maintaining epithelial identity but also enabling EMT and metastasis formation of breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2020; 39:4728-4740. [PMID: 32404986 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1326-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an embryonic dedifferentiation program which is aberrantly activated in cancer cells to acquire cellular plasticity. This plasticity increases the ability of breast cancer cells to invade into surrounding tissue, to seed metastasis at distant sites and to resist to chemotherapy. In this study, we have observed a higher expression of interferon-related factors in basal-like and claudin-low subtypes of breast cancer in patients, known to be associated with EMT. Notably, Irf1 exerts essential functions during the EMT process, yet it is also required for the maintenance of an epithelial differentiation status of mammary gland epithelial cells: RNAi-mediated ablation of Irf1 in mammary epithelial cells results in the expression of mesenchymal factors and Smad transcriptional activity. Conversely, ablation of Irf1 during TGFβ-induced EMT prevents a mesenchymal transition and stabilizes the expression of E-cadherin. In the basal-like murine breast cancer cell line 4T1, RNAi-mediated ablation of Irf1 reduces colony formation and cell migration in vitro and shedding of circulating tumor cells and metastasis formation in vivo. This context-dependent dual role of Irf1 in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity provides important new insights into the functional contribution and therapeutic potential of interferon-regulated factors in breast cancer.
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7
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Katsuda T, Kawamata M, Inoue A, Yamaguchi T, Abe M, Ochiya T. Long‐term maintenance of functional primary human hepatocytes using small molecules. FEBS Lett 2019; 594:114-125. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Katsuda
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine National Cancer Center Research Institute Tokyo Japan
| | - Masaki Kawamata
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine National Cancer Center Research Institute Tokyo Japan
- Division of Organogenesis and Regeneration Medical Institute of Bioregulation Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Ayako Inoue
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine National Cancer Center Research Institute Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomoko Yamaguchi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine National Cancer Center Research Institute Tokyo Japan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science Tokyo Medical University Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Maki Abe
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine National Cancer Center Research Institute Tokyo Japan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science Tokyo Medical University Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine National Cancer Center Research Institute Tokyo Japan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science Tokyo Medical University Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo Japan
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8
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Weigle S, Martin E, Voegtle A, Wahl B, Schuler M. Primary cell-based phenotypic assays to pharmacologically and genetically study fibrotic diseases in vitro. J Biol Methods 2019; 6:e115. [PMID: 31453262 PMCID: PMC6706098 DOI: 10.14440/jbm.2019.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ongoing tissue repair and formation and deposition of collagen-rich extracellular matrix in tissues and organs finally lead to fibrotic lesions and destruction of normal tissue/organ architecture and function. In the lung, scarring is observed in asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis to various degrees. At the cellular level immune cells, fibroblasts and epithelial cells are all involved in fibrotic processes. Mechanistically, fibroblast to myofibroblast transformation and epithelial to mesenchymal transition are major drivers of fibrosis. Amongst others, both processes are controlled by transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFβ-1), a growth factor upregulated in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lungs. Phenotypic assays with primary human cells and complex disease-relevant readouts become increasingly important in modern drug discovery processes. We describe high-content screening based phenotypic assays with primary normal human lung fibroblasts and primary human airway epithelial cells. For both cell types, TGFβ-1 stimulation is used to induce fibrotic phenotypes in vitro, with alpha smooth muscle actin and collagen-I as readouts for FMT and E-cadherin as a readout for EMT. For each assay, a detailed image analysis protocols is described. Treatment of both cell types with TGFβ-1 and a transforming growth factor beta receptor inhibitor verifies the suitability of the assays for pharmacological interventions. In addition, the assays are compatible for siRNA and Cas9-ribonucleoprotein transfections, and thus are useful for genetic target identification/validation by modulating gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael Schuler
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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9
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Meyer-Schaller N, Cardner M, Diepenbruck M, Saxena M, Tiede S, Lüönd F, Ivanek R, Beerenwinkel N, Christofori G. A Hierarchical Regulatory Landscape during the Multiple Stages of EMT. Dev Cell 2019; 48:539-553.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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10
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Pongrakhananon V, Wattanathamsan O, Takeichi M, Chetprayoon P, Chanvorachote P. Loss of CAMSAP3 promotes EMT via the modification of microtubule-Akt machinery. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.216168. [PMID: 30282632 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.216168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays pivotal roles in a variety of biological processes, including cancer invasion. Although EMT involves alterations of cytoskeletal proteins such as microtubules, the role of microtubules in EMT is not fully understood. Microtubule dynamics are regulated by microtubule-binding proteins, and one such protein is CAMSAP3, which binds the minus-end of microtubules. Here, we show that CAMSAP3 is important to preserve the epithelial phenotypes in lung carcinoma cells. Deletion of CAMSAP3 in human lung carcinoma-derived cell lines showed that CAMSAP3-deficient cells acquired increased mesenchymal features, mostly at the transcriptional level. Analysis of the mechanisms underlying these changes demonstrated that tubulin acetylation was dramatically increased following CAMSAP3 removal, leading to the upregulation of Akt proteins (also known as protein kinase B proteins, hereafter Akt) activity, which is known to promote EMT. These findings suggest that CAMSAP3 functions to protect lung carcinoma cells against EMT by suppressing Akt activity via microtubule regulation and that CAMSAP3 loss promotes EMT in these cells.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varisa Pongrakhananon
- Cell-Based Drug and Health Product Development Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand .,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Onsurang Wattanathamsan
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Inter-department Program of Pharmacology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Masatoshi Takeichi
- Laboratory for Cell adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology and RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Paninee Chetprayoon
- Nano Safety and Risk Assessment Laboratory, National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pithi Chanvorachote
- Cell-Based Drug and Health Product Development Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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11
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Burmistrova OA, Nikulin SV, Zakharova GS, Fomicheva KA, Alekseev BY, Shkurnikov MY. New Fluorescent Reporter Systems for Evaluation of the Expression of E- and N-Cadherins. Bull Exp Biol Med 2018; 165:88-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-018-4106-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Zhang G, Zhu F, Han G, Li Z, Yu Q, Li Z, Li J. Silencing of URG11 expression inhibits the proliferation and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition in benign prostatic hyperplasia cells via the RhoA/ROCK1 pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:391-398. [PMID: 29749520 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guanying Zhang
- Second Department of Urinary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Feng Zhu
- First Department of Urinary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Guangye Han
- Second Department of Urinary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Zeyu Li
- Second Department of Urinary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Quanfeng Yu
- Second Department of Urinary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhui Li
- Second Department of Urinary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Jianchang Li
- Second Department of Urinary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan 453100, P.R. China
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13
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Pavan S, Meyer-Schaller N, Diepenbruck M, Kalathur RKR, Saxena M, Christofori G. A kinome-wide high-content siRNA screen identifies MEK5-ERK5 signaling as critical for breast cancer cell EMT and metastasis. Oncogene 2018; 37:4197-4213. [PMID: 29713055 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0270-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been correlated to malignant tumor progression and metastasis by promoting cancer cell migration and invasion and chemoresistance. Hence, finding druggable EMT effectors is critical to efficiently interfere with metastasis formation and to overcome therapy resistance. We have employed a high-content microscopy screen in combination with a kinome and phosphatome-wide siRNA library to identify signaling pathways underlying an EMT of murine mammary epithelial cells and breast cancer cells. This screen identified the MEK5-ERK5 axis as a critical player in TGFβ-mediated EMT. Suppression of MEK5-ERK5 signaling completely prevented the morphological and molecular changes occurring during a TGFβ-induced EMT and, conversely, forced highly metastatic breast cancer cells into a differentiated epithelial state. Inhibition of MEK5-ERK5 signaling also repressed breast cancer cell migration and invasion and substantially reduced lung metastasis without affecting primary tumor growth. The results suggest that the MEK5-ERK5 signaling axis via activation of MEF2B and other transcription factors plays an important role in the induction and maintenance of breast cancer cell migration and invasion and thus represents an exploitable target for the pharmacological inhibition of cancer cell metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Pavan
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, 4058, Switzerland.
| | | | - Maren Diepenbruck
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | | | - Meera Saxena
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
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14
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Zhao K, Zhang S, Song X, Yao Y, Zhou Y, You Q, Guo Q, Lu N. Gambogic acid suppresses cancer invasion and migration by inhibiting TGFβ1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Oncotarget 2018; 8:27120-27136. [PMID: 28404892 PMCID: PMC5432322 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributes to the disruption of cell–cell junctions and imbues cancer cells with invasive and migratory properties. In this study, we investigated the effect of gambogic acid, a xanthone extracted from the resin of Garciania hanburyi, on transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1)-induced EMT. Gambogic acid inhibited the invasion and migration of TGFβ1-induced A549 cells in vitro. Gambogic acid also increased the mRNA and protein expression of E-cadherin, but repressed the mRNA and protein expression of N-cadherin, vimentin, and transcription factor TWIST1. Further examination of the mechanism revealed that the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway is involved in this regulation of EMT-related biomarkers. Gambogic acid inhibited NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation and the phosphorylation of the inhibitor of NF-κB (IκBα) and IκBα kinase (IKKα). Gambogic acid also suppressed the EMT induced by TGFβ1 and tumor necrosis factor α by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. Our data also indicate that gambogic acid inhibited the primary lesion and lung metastasis of orthotopic model of A549 cells in vivo. We propose that gambogic acid might be developed as a candidate drug with therapeutic potential for the treatment of cancer invasion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuming Song
- Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyuan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qidong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinglong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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15
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Diepenbruck M, Tiede S, Saxena M, Ivanek R, Kalathur RKR, Lüönd F, Meyer-Schaller N, Christofori G. miR-1199-5p and Zeb1 function in a double-negative feedback loop potentially coordinating EMT and tumour metastasis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1168. [PMID: 29079737 PMCID: PMC5660124 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01197-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tumour cells can gain invasive and metastatic capabilities by undergoing an epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Transcriptional regulators and post-transcriptional effectors like microRNAs orchestrate this process of high cellular plasticity and its malignant consequences. Here, using microRNA sequencing in a time-resolved manner and functional validation, we have identified microRNAs that are critical for the regulation of an epithelial–mesenchymal transition and of mesenchymal tumour cell migration. We report that miR-1199-5p is downregulated in its expression during an epithelial–mesenchymal transition, while its forced expression prevents an epithelial–mesenchymal transition, tumour cell migration and invasion in vitro, and lung metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, miR-1199-5p acts in a reciprocal double-negative feedback loop with the epithelial–mesenchymal transition transcription factor Zeb1. This function resembles the activities of miR-200 family members, guardians of an epithelial cell phenotype. However, miR-1199-5p and miR-200 family members share only six target genes, indicating that, besides regulating Zeb1 expression, they exert distinct functions during an epithelial–mesenchymal transition. miRNAs have been involved in tumour development and progression. Here the authors uncover a double feedback loop between miR-1199-5p and the Zeb1, potentially coordinating a protein involved in epithelial mesenchymal transition and tumour metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Diepenbruck
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Tiede
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Meera Saxena
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robert Ivanek
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Fabiana Lüönd
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
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16
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Cambados N, Walther T, Nahmod K, Tocci JM, Rubinstein N, Böhme I, Simian M, Sampayo R, Del Valle Suberbordes M, Kordon EC, Schere-Levy C. Angiotensin-(1-7) counteracts the transforming effects triggered by angiotensin II in breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:88475-88487. [PMID: 29179450 PMCID: PMC5687620 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang) II, the main effector peptide of the renin-angiotensin system, has been implicated in multiple aspects of cancer progression such as proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. Ang-(1-7), is a biologically active heptapeptide, generated predominantly from AngII by the enzymatic activity of angiotensin converting enzyme 2. Previous studies have shown that Ang-(1-7) counterbalances AngII actions in different pathophysiological settings. In this study, we have analysed the impact of Ang-(1-7) on AngII-induced pro-tumorigenic features on normal murine mammary epithelial cells NMuMG and breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231. AngII stimulated the activation of the survival factor AKT in NMuMG cells mainly through the AT1 receptor. This PI3K/AKT pathway activation also promoted epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Concomitant treatment of NMuMG cells with AngII and Ang-(1-7) completely abolished EMT features induced by AngII. Furthermore, Ang-(1-7) abrogated AngII induced migration and invasion of the MDA-MB-231 cells as well as pro-angiogenic events such as the stimulation of MMP-9 activity and VEGF expression. Together, these results demonstrate for the first time that Ang-(1-7) counteracts tumor aggressive signals stimulated by AngII in breast cancer cells emerging the peptide as a potential therapy to prevent breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Cambados
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Thomas Walther
- Department of Obstetrics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Karen Nahmod
- Department of Pediatrics, Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Johanna M Tocci
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Rubinstein
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ilka Böhme
- Department of Obstetrics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marina Simian
- Instituto de Nanosistemas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rocío Sampayo
- Instituto de Nanosistemas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melisa Del Valle Suberbordes
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Edith C Kordon
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departmento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Schere-Levy
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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17
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Wong VKW, Zeng W, Chen J, Yao XJ, Leung ELH, Wang QQ, Chiu P, Ko BCB, Law BYK. Tetrandrine, an Activator of Autophagy, Induces Autophagic Cell Death via PKC-α Inhibition and mTOR-Dependent Mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2017. [PMID: 28642707 PMCID: PMC5462963 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests the therapeutic role of autophagic modulators in cancer therapy. This study aims to identify novel traditional Chinese medicinal herbs as potential anti-tumor agents through autophagic induction, which finally lead to autophagy mediated-cell death in apoptosis-resistant cancer cells. Using bioactivity-guided purification, we identified tetrandrine (Tet) from herbal plant, Radix stephaniae tetrandrae, as an inducer of autophagy. Across a number of cancer cell lines, we found that breast cancer cells treated with tetrandrine show an increase autophagic flux and formation of autophagosomes. In addition, tetrandrine induces cell death in a panel of apoptosis-resistant cell lines that are deficient for caspase 3, caspase 7, caspase 3 and 7, or Bax-Bak respectively. We also showed that tetrandrine-induced cell death is independent of necrotic cell death. Mechanistically, tetrandrine induces autophagy that depends on mTOR inactivation. Furthermore, tetrandrine induces autophagy in a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-β (CaMKK-β), 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) independent manner. Finally, by kinase profiling against 300 WT kinases and computational molecular docking analysis, we showed that tetrandrine is a novel PKC-α inhibitor, which lead to autophagic induction through PKC-α inactivation. This study provides detailed insights into the novel cytotoxic mechanism of an anti-tumor compound originated from the herbal plant, which may be useful in promoting autophagy mediated- cell death in cancer cell that is resistant to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and TechnologyMacau, China
| | - Wu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and TechnologyMacau, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Xiao Jun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and TechnologyMacau, China
| | - Elaine Lai Han Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and TechnologyMacau, China
| | - Qian Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and TechnologyMacau, China
| | - Pauline Chiu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
| | - Ben C B Ko
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, and State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong Kong, China
| | - Betty Yuen Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and TechnologyMacau, China
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18
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Chen I, Mathews-Greiner L, Li D, Abisoye-Ogunniyan A, Ray S, Bian Y, Shukla V, Zhang X, Guha R, Thomas C, Gryder B, Zacharia A, Beane JD, Ravichandran S, Ferrer M, Rudloff U. Transcriptomic profiling and quantitative high-throughput (qHTS) drug screening of CDH1 deficient hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) cells identify treatment leads for familial gastric cancer. J Transl Med 2017; 15:92. [PMID: 28460635 PMCID: PMC5412046 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC), a cancer predisposition syndrome associated with germline mutations of the CDH1 (E-cadherin) gene, have few effective treatment options. Despite marked differences in natural history, histopathology, and genetic profile to patients afflicted by sporadic gastric cancer, patients with HDGC receive, in large, identical systemic regimens. The lack of a robust preclinical in vitro system suitable for effective drug screening has been one of the obstacles to date which has hampered therapeutic advances in this rare disease. METHODS In order to identify therapeutic leads selective for the HDGC subtype of gastric cancer, we compared gene expression profiles and drug phenotype derived from an oncology library of 1912 compounds between gastric cancer cells established from a patient with metastatic HDGC harboring a c.1380delA CDH1 germline variant and sporadic gastric cancer cells. RESULTS Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis shows select gene expression alterations in c.1380delA CDH1 SB.mhdgc-1 cells compared to a panel of sporadic gastric cancer cell lines with enrichment of ERK1-ERK2 (extracellular signal regulated kinase) and IP3 (inositol trisphosphate)/DAG (diacylglycerol) signaling as the top networks in c.1380delA SB.mhdgc-1 cells. Intracellular phosphatidylinositol intermediaries were increased upon direct measure in c.1380delA CDH1 SB.mhdgc-1 cells. Differential high-throughput drug screening of c.1380delA CDH1 SB.mhdgc-1 versus sporadic gastric cancer cells identified several compound classes with enriched activity in c.1380 CDH1 SB.mhdgc-1 cells including mTOR (Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin), MEK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase), c-Src kinase, FAK (Focal Adhesion Kinase), PKC (Protein Kinase C), or TOPO2 (Topoisomerase II) inhibitors. Upon additional drug response testing, dual PI3K (Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase)/mTOR and topoisomerase 2A inhibitors displayed up to >100-fold increased activity in hereditary c.1380delA CDH1 gastric cancer cells inducing apoptosis most effectively in cells with deficient CDH1 function. CONCLUSION Integrated pharmacological and transcriptomic profiling of hereditary diffuse gastric cancer cells with a loss-of-function c.1380delA CDH1 mutation implies various pharmacological vulnerabilities selective to CDH1-deficient familial gastric cancer cells and suggests novel treatment leads for future preclinical and clinical treatment studies of familial gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Chen
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes for Health, CCR 4 West/4-3740, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0001, USA.,Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, KY, USA
| | - Lesley Mathews-Greiner
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Dandan Li
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes for Health, CCR 4 West/4-3740, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0001, USA
| | - Abisola Abisoye-Ogunniyan
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes for Health, CCR 4 West/4-3740, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0001, USA.,Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA
| | | | - Yansong Bian
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes for Health, CCR 4 West/4-3740, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0001, USA
| | - Vivek Shukla
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes for Health, CCR 4 West/4-3740, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0001, USA
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Raj Guha
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Craig Thomas
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Athina Zacharia
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes for Health, CCR 4 West/4-3740, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0001, USA
| | - Joal D Beane
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sarangan Ravichandran
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Marc Ferrer
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Udo Rudloff
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes for Health, CCR 4 West/4-3740, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0001, USA.
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19
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Carthy JM, Stöter M, Bellomo C, Vanlandewijck M, Heldin A, Morén A, Kardassis D, Gahman TC, Shiau AK, Bickle M, Zerial M, Heldin CH, Moustakas A. Chemical regulators of epithelial plasticity reveal a nuclear receptor pathway controlling myofibroblast differentiation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29868. [PMID: 27430378 PMCID: PMC4949434 DOI: 10.1038/srep29868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasticity in epithelial tissues relates to processes of embryonic development, tissue fibrosis and cancer progression. Pharmacological modulation of epithelial transitions during disease progression may thus be clinically useful. Using human keratinocytes and a robotic high-content imaging platform, we screened for chemical compounds that reverse transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In addition to TGF-β receptor kinase inhibitors, we identified small molecule epithelial plasticity modulators including a naturally occurring hydroxysterol agonist of the liver X receptors (LXRs), members of the nuclear receptor transcription factor family. Endogenous and synthetic LXR agonists tested in diverse cell models blocked α-smooth muscle actin expression, myofibroblast differentiation and function. Agonist-dependent LXR activity or LXR overexpression in the absence of ligand counteracted TGF-β-mediated myofibroblast terminal differentiation and collagen contraction. The protective effect of LXR agonists against TGF-β-induced pro-fibrotic activity raises the possibility that anti-lipidogenic therapy may be relevant in fibrotic disorders and advanced cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon M Carthy
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 595, Biomedical Center, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Stöter
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Bellomo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 595, Biomedical Center, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, Biomedical Center, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Vanlandewijck
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 595, Biomedical Center, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Angelos Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 595, Biomedical Center, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anita Morén
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 595, Biomedical Center, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dimitris Kardassis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Timothy C Gahman
- Small Molecule Discovery Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew K Shiau
- Small Molecule Discovery Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Marc Bickle
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marino Zerial
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 595, Biomedical Center, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 595, Biomedical Center, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, Biomedical Center, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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