1
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Dos Santos MV, Holth A, Lindemann K, Staff AC, Davidson B. Clinical significance of L1CAM expression in metastatic tubo-ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2023; 176:76-81. [PMID: 37478615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the expression and prognostic role of L1CAM in tubo-ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC). METHODS L1CAM protein expression by immunohistochemistry was analyzed in 644 HGSC (413 effusions, 231 surgical specimens). Expression was analyzed for association with clinicopathologic parameters and survival. RESULTS L1CAM protein expression was found in 401/413 (97%) effusions and 209/231 (90%) surgical specimens, with significantly higher staining extent in effusions (p < 0.001). L1CAM protein expression in effusions was unrelated to clinicopathologic parameters (p > 0.05). In surgical specimens, higher L1CAM expression was significantly related to primary (intrinsic) chemoresistance (p = 0.017). High (>25%) L1CAM expression in HGSC effusions (p = 0.02), older patient age (p = 0.013), FIGO stage IV disease (p < 0.001) and larger residual disease volume (p = 0.001) were significantly associated with shorter overall survival (OS) in univariate analysis. In Cox multivariate analysis, only FIGO stage (p = 0.001) and residual disease volume (p = 0.003) were independent prognosticators of OS. L1CAM expression in effusions was unrelated to progression-free survival (PFS). There was no association between L1CAM expression in surgical specimens and survival. CONCLUSION L1CAM is overexpressed in HGSC effusions compared to surgical specimens. Its overexpression in effusions is significantly associated with shorter OS, but not independently of established prognostic factors such as FIGO stage and residual disease volume.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arild Holth
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristina Lindemann
- University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, N-0316 Oslo, Norway; Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Cathrine Staff
- University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, N-0316 Oslo, Norway; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål Hospital, N-0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ben Davidson
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway; University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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2
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Chowdhury S, Kennedy JJ, Ivey RG, Murillo OD, Hosseini N, Song X, Petralia F, Calinawan A, Savage SR, Berry AB, Reva B, Ozbek U, Krek A, Ma W, da Veiga Leprevost F, Ji J, Yoo S, Lin C, Voytovich UJ, Huang Y, Lee SH, Bergan L, Lorentzen TD, Mesri M, Rodriguez H, Hoofnagle AN, Herbert ZT, Nesvizhskii AI, Zhang B, Whiteaker JR, Fenyo D, McKerrow W, Wang J, Schürer SC, Stathias V, Chen XS, Barcellos-Hoff MH, Starr TK, Winterhoff BJ, Nelson AC, Mok SC, Kaufmann SH, Drescher C, Cieslik M, Wang P, Birrer MJ, Paulovich AG. Proteogenomic analysis of chemo-refractory high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Cell 2023; 186:3476-3498.e35. [PMID: 37541199 PMCID: PMC10414761 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
To improve the understanding of chemo-refractory high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSOCs), we characterized the proteogenomic landscape of 242 (refractory and sensitive) HGSOCs, representing one discovery and two validation cohorts across two biospecimen types (formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded and frozen). We identified a 64-protein signature that predicts with high specificity a subset of HGSOCs refractory to initial platinum-based therapy and is validated in two independent patient cohorts. We detected significant association between lack of Ch17 loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and chemo-refractoriness. Based on pathway protein expression, we identified 5 clusters of HGSOC, which validated across two independent patient cohorts and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. These clusters may represent different mechanisms of refractoriness and implicate putative therapeutic vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrabanti Chowdhury
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jacob J Kennedy
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Richard G Ivey
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Oscar D Murillo
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Noshad Hosseini
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Institute for Health Care Delivery Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Francesca Petralia
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Anna Calinawan
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sara R Savage
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Boris Reva
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Umut Ozbek
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Azra Krek
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Weiping Ma
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Jiayi Ji
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Chenwei Lin
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Uliana J Voytovich
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yajue Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sun-Hee Lee
- Departments of Oncology and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Lindsay Bergan
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Travis D Lorentzen
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Mehdi Mesri
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Henry Rodriguez
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Andrew N Hoofnagle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Zachary T Herbert
- Molecular Biology Core Facilities, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alexey I Nesvizhskii
- Department of Pathology, Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Bing Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Whiteaker
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David Fenyo
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Wilson McKerrow
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Joshua Wang
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Stephan C Schürer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, and Institute for Data Science & Computing, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Vasileios Stathias
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, and Institute for Data Science & Computing, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - X Steven Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Mary Helen Barcellos-Hoff
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Timothy K Starr
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Boris J Winterhoff
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Andrew C Nelson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Samuel C Mok
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Scott H Kaufmann
- Departments of Oncology and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Charles Drescher
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Marcin Cieslik
- Department of Pathology, Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Michael J Birrer
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Amanda G Paulovich
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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3
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Bekos C, Muqaku B, Dekan S, Horvat R, Polterauer S, Gerner C, Aust S, Pils D. NECTIN4 (PVRL4) as Putative Therapeutic Target for a Specific Subtype of High Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer-An Integrative Multi-Omics Approach. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050698. [PMID: 31137558 PMCID: PMC6562934 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In high grade serous ovarian cancer patients with peritoneal involvement and unfavorable outcome would benefit from targeted therapies. The aim of this study was to find a druggable target against peritoneal metastasis. We constructed a planar-scale free small world-co-association gene expression network and searched for clusters with hub-genes associated to peritoneal spread. Protein expression and impact was validated via immunohistochemistry and correlations of deregulated pathways with comprehensive omics data were used for biological interpretation. A cluster up-regulated in miliary tumors with NECTIN4 as hub-gene was identified and impact on survival validated. High Nectin 4 protein expression was associated with unfavorable survival and (i) reduced expression of HLA genes (mainly MHC I); (ii) with reduced expression of genes from chromosome 22q11/12; (iii) higher BCAM in ascites and in a high-scoring expression cluster; (iv) higher Kallikrein gene and protein expressions; and (v) substantial immunologic differences; locally and systemically; e.g., reduced CD14 positive cells and reduction of different natural killer cell populations. Each three cell lines with high (miliary) or low NECTIN4 expression (non-miliary) were identified. An anti-Nectin 4 antibody with a linked antineoplastic drug-already under clinical investigation-could be a candidate for a targeted therapy in patients with extensive peritoneal involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Bekos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Besnik Muqaku
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sabine Dekan
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Reinhard Horvat
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stephan Polterauer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stefanie Aust
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Dietmar Pils
- Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems (CeMSIIS), Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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4
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Wang L, Bing T, Liu Y, Zhang N, Shen L, Liu X, Wang J, Shangguan D. Imaging of Neurite Network with an Anti-L1CAM Aptamer Generated by Neurite-SELEX. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:18066-18073. [PMID: 30485743 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neurite outgrowth is the critical step of nervous development. Molecular probes against neurites are essential for evaluation of the nervous system development, compound neurotoxicity, and drug efficacy on nerve regeneration. To obtain a neurite probe, we developed a neurite-SELEX strategy and generated a DNA aptamer, yly12, that strongly binds neurites. The molecular target of yly12 was identified to be neural cell adhesion molecule L1 (L1CAM), a surface antigen expressed in normal nervous system and various cancers. Here, yly12 was successfully applied to image the three-dimensional network of neurites between live cells, as well as the neurite fibers on normal brain tissue section. This aptamer was also found to have an inhibitory effect on neurite outgrowth between cells. Given the advantages of aptamers, yly12 hold great potential as a molecular tool in the field of neuroscientific research. The high efficiency of neurite-SELEX suggests that SELEX against a subcellular structure instead of the whole cells is more effective in obtaining the desired aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Tao Bing
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Ying Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Luyao Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xiangjun Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Junyan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Dihua Shangguan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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5
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Hua T, Liu S, Xin X, Jin Z, Liu Q, Chi S, Wang X, Wang H. Prognostic significance of L1 cell adhesion molecule in cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:85196-85207. [PMID: 27833079 PMCID: PMC5356729 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) extensively participates in nervous system development and the malignant progression of human tumours. The prognostic value of L1CAM for the survival of patients with solid tumours remains controversial. The present meta-analysis was thus performed to highlight the relationship between L1CAM expression and prognosis in cancer patients. Relevant publications were identified after searching several widely used databases, including PubMed, EMBASE and the ISI Web of Science. A fixed-effect or random-effect meta-analytical model was employed to correlate L1CAM expression with different outcome measures in both entire tumours and stratified subgroups. 37 studies in total with 8552 patients were eligible for the final analysis. Combined hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) suggested that high L1CAM expression had an unfavourable impact on overall survival (HR=2.06, 95%CI 1.65-2.57, P<0.001), disease-specific survival (HR=2.45, 95%CI 1.48-4.05, P<0.001), disease-free survival (HR=2.42, 95%CI 1.4-4.19, P=0.002) and progression-free survival/recurrence-free survival (HR=2.07, 95%CI 1.41-3.05, P<0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed a similar correlation in most tumour types. Overall, L1CAM might be an effective poor prognostic factor for patients with various tumour types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Hua
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, PR China
| | - Shuangge Liu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Xin
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, PR China
| | - Zhishan Jin
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, PR China
| | - Qibin Liu
- Department of Surgery, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan 430000, PR China
| | - Shuqi Chi
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, PR China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, PR China
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6
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Roberts CM, Tran MA, Pitruzzello MC, Wen W, Loeza J, Dellinger TH, Mor G, Glackin CA. TWIST1 drives cisplatin resistance and cell survival in an ovarian cancer model, via upregulation of GAS6, L1CAM, and Akt signalling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37652. [PMID: 27876874 PMCID: PMC5120297 DOI: 10.1038/srep37652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most deadly gynaecologic malignancy due to late onset of symptoms and propensity towards drug resistance. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been linked to the development of chemoresistance in other cancers, yet little is known regarding its role in EOC. In this study, we sought to determine the role of the transcription factor TWIST1, a master regulator of EMT, on cisplatin resistance in an EOC model. We created two Ovcar8-derived cell lines that differed only in their TWIST1 expression. TWIST1 expression led to increased tumour engraftment in mice, as well as cisplatin resistance in vitro. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that TWIST1 expression resulted in upregulation of GAS6 and L1CAM and downregulation of HMGA2. Knockdown studies of these genes demonstrated that loss of GAS6 or L1CAM sensitized cells to cisplatin, but that loss of HMGA2 did not give rise to chemoresistance. TWIST1, in part via GAS6 and L1CAM, led to higher expression and activation of Akt upon cisplatin treatment, and inhibition of Akt activation sensitized cells to cisplatin. These results suggest TWIST1- and EMT-driven increase in Akt activation, and thus tumour cell proliferation, as a potential mechanism of drug resistance in EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai M Roberts
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, 1500 E. Duarte Road Duarte, CA 91010, USA.,Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Michelle A Tran
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, 1500 E. Duarte Road Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Mary C Pitruzzello
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Wei Wen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gynaecologic Oncology, City of Hope Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Joana Loeza
- California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Thanh H Dellinger
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gynaecologic Oncology, City of Hope Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Gil Mor
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Carlotta A Glackin
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, 1500 E. Duarte Road Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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