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Chelgerdi Dehkordi B, Karimi-Dehkordi M, Khamesipour F. Induction of apoptosis by hydroalcoholic and methanolic extract of Deracocephalum kotschyi on Trichomonas vaginalis. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:686-694. [PMID: 36091285 PMCID: PMC9458835 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01482-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis (T.vaginalis) causes trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted infection. Dracocephalum kotschyi (D. kotschyi) belongs to the family of Labiatae. Its antispasmodic and analgesic properties are well known in Iran. This work aimed to look into the antitrichomonal activity of D. kotschyi extracts against T. vaginalis in vitro. D. kotschyi was gathered in Isfahan Province, Iran, and extracts were prepared and isolated. Later, T. vaginalis trophozoites obtained from Iran, which are metronidazole-sensitive, were incubated with various doses of extracts. Cell viability was used to determine the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and percentage of growth inhibition (GI%). Cytotoxicity of the extracts was determined by MTT assay on the J774.A1 cell line. The effect of extracts during the initial stage of apoptosis was assayed using the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit I (BD Pharmingen™). Compared to MTZ, extracts generated more efficient lysis on T. vaginalis trophozoites. Evaluation of the in vitro anti trichomonal properties of D. kotschyi essential extracts shows that it effectively induces apoptosis on T. vaginalis between 100 and 500 µg/ml after 48 h without toxicity on hematopoietic cells. According to this study, D. kotschyi extracts induce programmed death in T. vaginalis. The extracts of D. kotschyi can be used to develop antitrichomonal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Karimi-Dehkordi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Faham Khamesipour
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
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Phytochemistry of Verbascum Species Growing in Iraqi Kurdistan and Bioactive Iridoids from the Flowers of Verbascum calvum. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9091066. [PMID: 32825214 PMCID: PMC7569995 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Traditional medicine is still widely practiced in Iraqi Kurdistan, especially by people living in villages on mountainous regions; medicinal plants are also sold in the markets of the large towns, such as at Erbil, the capital of the Kurdistan Autonomous Region. About a dozen of Verbascum species (Scrophulariaceae) are commonly employed in the Kurdish traditional medicine, especially for treating burns and other skin diseases. However, the isolation of bioactive secondary metabolites from these plants has not been the subject of intense scientific investigations in Iraq. Therefore, the information reported in the literature about the species growing in Kurdistan has been summarized in the first part of this paper, although investigations have been performed on vegetable samples collected in neighbouring countries, such as Turkey and Iran. In the second part of the work, we have investigated, for the first time, the contents of a methanol and a hydromethanol extract of V. calvum flowers. The extracts exhibited weak antimicrobial activities, whereas the methanol extract showed significant antiproliferative effects against an A549 lung cancer cell line. Moreover, both extracts exhibited a significant dose-dependent free radical scavenging action against the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, comparable to that of ascorbic acid. In the subsequent phytochemical study, a high phenolic content was determined in both extracts by the Folin–Ciocalteu assay and medium-pressure liquid chromatographic (MPLC) separation led to the isolation of iridoid glucosides ajugol and aucubin from the methanol extract. In conclusion, the high anti-inflammatory effects of aucubin and the remarkable antioxidant (antiradical) properties of the extracts give scientific support to the traditional use of V. calvum flowers for the preparation in Kurdistan of remedies to cure skin burns and inflammations.
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Trong Le N, Viet Ho D, Quoc Doan T, Tuan Le A, Raal A, Usai D, Sanna G, Carta A, Rappelli P, Diaz N, Cappuccinelli P, Zanetti S, Thi Nguyen H, Donadu MG. Biological Activities of Essential Oils from Leaves of Paramignya trimera (Oliv.) Guillaum and Limnocitrus littoralis (Miq.) Swingle. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9040207. [PMID: 32344551 PMCID: PMC7235712 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9040207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the bioactivities of essential oils extracted from the leaves of Paramignya trimera and Limnocitrus littoralis, including cytotoxicity, antiviral, antibacterial, antimycotic, and antitrichomonas effects. Herein, it was indicated that P. trimera and L. littoralis oils showed no cytotoxicity on normal cells, namely MT-4, BHK-21, MDBK, and Vero-76. P. trimera oil (i) exhibited the strongest inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus with MIC and MLC values of 2% (v/v); (ii) showed MIC and MLC values of 8% (v/v) in Candida parapsilosis; and (iii) in the remaining strains, showed MIC and MLC values greater than or equal to 16% (v/v). On the other hand, L. littoralis oil (i) displayed the strongest inhibition against Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilosis with 2% (v/v) of MIC and MLC; and (ii) in the remaining strains, possessed MIC and MLC greater than or equal to 16% (v/v). In addition, antitrichomonas activities of the oils were undertaken, showing IC50, IC90, MLC values, respectively, at 0.016%, 0.03%, and 0.06% (v/v) from P. trimera, and 0.03%, 0.06%, 0.12% (v/v) from L. littoralis, after 48 h of incubation. The oils were completely ineffective against ssRNA+ (HIV-1, YFV, BVDV, Sb-1, CV-B4), ssRNA- (RSV, VSV), dsRNA (Reo-1), and dsDNA (HSV-1, VV) viruses. This is the first report describing the cytotoxicity, antiviral, antibacterial, antimycotic, and antitrichomonas activities of the essential oils of P. trimera and L. littoralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhan Trong Le
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue 49000, Viet Nam; (N.T.L.); (D.V.H.); (T.Q.D.)
| | - Duc Viet Ho
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue 49000, Viet Nam; (N.T.L.); (D.V.H.); (T.Q.D.)
| | - Tuan Quoc Doan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue 49000, Viet Nam; (N.T.L.); (D.V.H.); (T.Q.D.)
| | - Anh Tuan Le
- Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, VAST, Hue 49000, Viet Nam;
| | - Ain Raal
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 50900 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Donatella Usai
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.U.); (P.R.); (N.D.); (S.Z.); (M.G.D.)
| | - Giuseppina Sanna
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy;
| | - Antonio Carta
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Paola Rappelli
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.U.); (P.R.); (N.D.); (S.Z.); (M.G.D.)
| | - Nicia Diaz
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.U.); (P.R.); (N.D.); (S.Z.); (M.G.D.)
| | - Piero Cappuccinelli
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.U.); (P.R.); (N.D.); (S.Z.); (M.G.D.)
- Correspondence: (P.C.); (H.T.N.)
| | - Stefania Zanetti
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.U.); (P.R.); (N.D.); (S.Z.); (M.G.D.)
| | - Hoai Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue 49000, Viet Nam; (N.T.L.); (D.V.H.); (T.Q.D.)
- Correspondence: (P.C.); (H.T.N.)
| | - Matthew Gavino Donadu
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.U.); (P.R.); (N.D.); (S.Z.); (M.G.D.)
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
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In vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil Extracted from Leaves of Leoheo domatiophorus Chaowasku, D.T. Ngo and H.T. Le in Vietnam. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040453. [PMID: 32260297 PMCID: PMC7237999 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
:The present study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of leaves-extracted essential oil of Leoheo domatiophorus Chaowasku, D.T. Ngo and H.T. Le (L. domatiophorus), including antibacterial, antimycotic, antitrichomonas and antiviral effects. The essential oil was obtained using hydrodistillation, with an average yield of 0.34 ± 0.01% (v/w, dry leaves). There were 52 constituents as identified by GC/MS with available authentic standards, representing 96.74% of the entire leaves oil. The essential oil was comprised of three main components, namely viridiflorene (16.47%), (-)-δ-cadinene(15.58%) and γ-muurolene (8.00%). The oil showed good antimicrobial activities against several species: Gram-positive strains: Staphylococcus aureus (two strains) and Enterococcus faecalis, with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Lethal Concentration (MLC) values from 0.25 to 1% (v/v); Gram-negative strains such as Escherichia coli (two strains), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (two strains) and Klebsiella pneumoniae, with MIC and MLC values between 2% and 8% (v/v); and finally Candida species, having MIC and MLC between 0.12 and 4% (v/v).Antitrichomonas activity of the oil was also undertaken, showing IC50, IC90 and MLC values of 0.008%, 0.016% and 0.03% (v/v), respectively, after 48h of incubation. The essential oil resultedin being completely ineffective against tested viruses, ssRNA+ (HIV-1, YFV, BVDV, Sb-1, CV-B4), ssRNA- (hRSVA2, VSV), dsRNA (Reo-1), and dsDNA (HSV-1, VV) viruses with EC50 values over 100 µg/mL. This is the first, yet comprehensive, scientific report about the chemical composition and pharmacological properties of the essential oil in L. domatiophorus.
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