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Pásztor K, Kőrösi Á, Gór Á, Szigeti V, Vajna F, Kis J. Phenotypic senescence in a natural insect population. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9668. [PMID: 36619713 PMCID: PMC9798249 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence seems to be universal in living organisms and plays a major role in life-history strategies. Phenotypic senescence, the decline of body condition and/or performance with age, is a largely understudied component of senescence in natural insect populations, although it would be important to understand how and why insects age under natural conditions. We aimed (i) to investigate how body mass and thorax width change with age in a natural population of the univoltine Clouded Apollo butterfly (Parnassius mnemosyne, Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) and (ii) to assess the relationship of this change with sex and wing length. We studied a population between 2014 and 2020 using mark-recapture during the whole flight period each year. Repeated measurements of body mass and thorax width and single measurements of wing length were performed on marked individuals. We analyzed body mass and thorax width change with age (days since marking), wing length, and the date of the first capture. Both body mass and thorax width declined nonlinearly with age. Individuals appearing earlier in the flight period had significantly higher initial body mass and thorax width and their body mass declined faster than later ones. Initial body sizes of females were higher, but males' body sizes decreased slower. Initial thorax width showed higher annual variation than body mass. To our best knowledge, this is the first study that revealed phenotypic senescence in a natural butterfly population, using in vivo measurements. We found sexual differences in the rate of phenotypic senescence. Despite the annual variation of initial body sizes, the rate of senescence did not vary considerably across the years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata Pásztor
- Doctoral School of Biological SciencesHungarian University of Agriculture and Life SciencesGödöllőHungary
| | - Ádám Kőrösi
- MTA‐ELTE‐MTM Ecology Research GroupBudapestHungary,Büro Geyer und DolekWörthseeGermany
| | - Ádám Gór
- The Doctoral School of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Veterinary Medicine BudapestBudapestHungary
| | - Viktor Szigeti
- Lendület Ecosystem Services Research GroupInstitute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological ResearchVácrátótHungary
| | - Flóra Vajna
- Lendület Ecosystem Services Research GroupInstitute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological ResearchVácrátótHungary
| | - János Kis
- Department of Ecology, Institute for BiologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine BudapestBudapestHungary
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2
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Davidowitz G, Bronstein JL, Tigreros N. Flight-Fecundity Trade-offs: A Possible Mechanistic Link in Plant-Herbivore-Pollinator Systems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:843506. [PMID: 35548312 PMCID: PMC9082648 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.843506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant-herbivore and plant-pollinator interactions are both well-studied, but largely independent of each other. It has become increasingly recognized, however, that pollination and herbivory interact extensively in nature, with consequences for plant fitness. Here, we explore the idea that trade-offs in investment in insect flight and reproduction may be a mechanistic link between pollination and herbivory. We first provide a general background on trade-offs between flight and fecundity in insects. We then focus on Lepidoptera; larvae are generally herbivores while most adults are pollinators, making them ideal to study these links. Increased allocation of resources to flight, we argue, potentially increases a Lepidopteran insect pollinator's efficiency, resulting in higher plant fitness. In contrast, allocation of resources to reproduction in the same insect species reduces plant fitness, because it leads to an increase in herbivore population size. We examine the sequence of resource pools available to herbivorous Lepidopteran larvae (maternally provided nutrients to the eggs, as well as leaf tissue), and to adults (nectar and nuptial gifts provided by the males to the females), which potentially are pollinators. Last, we discuss how subsequent acquisition and allocation of resources from these pools may alter flight-fecundity trade-offs, with concomitant effects both on pollinator performance and the performance of larval herbivores in the next generation. Allocation decisions at different times during ontogeny translate into costs of herbivory and/or benefits of pollination for plants, mechanistically linking herbivory and pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goggy Davidowitz
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Judith L. Bronstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Natasha Tigreros
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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3
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Degut A, Fischer K, Quque M, Criscuolo F, Michalik P, Beaulieu M. Irreversible impact of early thermal conditions: an integrative study of developmental plasticity linked to mobility in a butterfly species. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:273908. [PMID: 34989809 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Within populations, phenotypic plasticity may allow adaptive phenotypic variation in response to selection generated by environmental heterogeneity. For instance, in multivoltine species, seasonal changes between and within generations may trigger morphological and physiological variation enhancing fitness under different environmental conditions. These seasonal changes may irreversibly affect adult phenotypes when experienced during development. Yet, the irreversible effects of developmental plasticity on adult morphology have rarely been linked to life-history traits even though they may affect different fitness components such as reproduction, mobility and self-maintenance. To address this issue, we raised larvae of Pieris napi butterflies under warm or cool conditions to subsequently compare adult performance in terms of reproduction performance (as assessed through fecundity), displacement capacity (as assessed through flight propensity and endurance) and self-maintenance (as assessed through the measurement of oxidative markers). As expected in ectotherms, individuals developed faster under warm conditions and were smaller than individuals developing under cool conditions. They also had more slender wings and showed a higher wing surface ratio. These morphological differences were associated with changes in the reproductive and flight performances of adults, as individuals developing under warm conditions laid fewer eggs and flew larger distances. Accordingly, the examination of their oxidative status suggested that individuals developing under warm conditions invested more strongly into self-maintenance than individuals developing under cool conditions (possibly at the expense of reproduction). Overall, our results indicate that developmental conditions have long-term consequences on several adult traits in butterflies. This plasticity likely acts on life history strategies for each generation to keep pace with seasonal variations and may facilitate acclimation processes in the context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Degut
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Loitzer Str. 26, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Klaus Fischer
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Loitzer Str. 26, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.,Institute for Integrated Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Universität Str. 1, 56070 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Martin Quque
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien
- IPHC · Department of Ecology, Physiology and Ethology, Strasbourg, France
| | - François Criscuolo
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien
- IPHC · Department of Ecology, Physiology and Ethology, Strasbourg, France
| | - Peter Michalik
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Loitzer Str. 26, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michaël Beaulieu
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Loitzer Str. 26, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.,German Oceanographic Museum, Katharinenberg 14-20, 18439 Stralsund, Germany
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4
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Xochipiltecatl D, Baixeras J, Cordero CR. Atypical functioning of female genitalia explains monandry in a butterfly. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12499. [PMID: 34900425 PMCID: PMC8614189 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monandrous species are rare in nature, especially in animals where males transfer nutrients to females in the ejaculate. The proximate mechanisms responsible for monandry are poorly studied. In butterflies and moths, the male transfers a nutritious spermatophore into the corpus bursae (CB) of the female. The CB is a multifunctional organ that digests the spermatophore and has partial control of the post-mating sexual receptivity of the female. The spermatophore distends the CB and the post-mating sexual receptivity of the female is inversely proportional to the degree of distension. The CB of many butterfly species has a muscular sheath whose contractions mechanically contribute to digest the spermatophore. As the contents of the CB are absorbed, the degree of distension decreases and the female recovers receptivity. We studied the monandrous butterfly Leptophobia aripa (Boisduval, 1836) (Pieridae) and found that females do not digest the spermatophores. We investigated the structure of the CB and found that a muscular sheath is absent, indicating that in this butterfly females lack the necessary "apparatus" for the mechanical digestion of the spermatophore. We propose that female monandry in this species is result of its incapability to mechanically digest the spermatophore, which results in a constant degree of CB distension after mating and, thus, in the maintenance of the sexually unreceptive state of females. Hypotheses on the evolution of this mechanism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Xochipiltecatl
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
| | - Joaquín Baixeras
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de València, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos R Cordero
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
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5
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McDonough-Goldstein CE, Pitnick S, Dorus S. Drosophila oocyte proteome composition covaries with female mating status. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3142. [PMID: 33542461 PMCID: PMC7862673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82801-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oocyte composition can directly influence offspring fitness, particularly in oviparous species such as most insects, where it is the primary form of parental investment. Oocyte production is also energetically costly, dependent on female condition and responsive to external cues. Here, we investigated whether mating influences mature oocyte composition in Drosophila melanogaster using a quantitative proteomic approach. Our analyses robustly identified 4,485 oocyte proteins and revealed that stage-14 oocytes from mated females differed significantly in protein composition relative to oocytes from unmated females. Proteins forming a highly interconnected network enriched for translational machinery and transmembrane proteins were increased in oocytes from mated females, including calcium binding and transport proteins. This mating-induced modulation of oocyte maturation was also significantly associated with proteome changes that are known to be triggered by egg activation. We propose that these compositional changes are likely to have fitness consequences and adaptive implications given the importance of oocyte protein composition, rather than active gene expression, to the maternal-to-zygotic transition and early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E. McDonough-Goldstein
- grid.264484.80000 0001 2189 1568Center for Reproductive Evolution, Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Scott Pitnick
- grid.264484.80000 0001 2189 1568Center for Reproductive Evolution, Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Steve Dorus
- grid.264484.80000 0001 2189 1568Center for Reproductive Evolution, Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY USA
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6
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Montejo‐Kovacevich G, Smith JE, Meier JI, Bacquet CN, Whiltshire‐Romero E, Nadeau NJ, Jiggins CD. Altitude and life-history shape the evolution of Heliconius wings. Evolution 2019; 73:2436-2450. [PMID: 31631338 PMCID: PMC6916360 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic divergence between closely related species has long interested biologists. Taxa that inhabit a range of environments and have diverse natural histories can help understand how selection drives phenotypic divergence. In butterflies, wing color patterns have been extensively studied but diversity in wing shape and size is less well understood. Here, we assess the relative importance of phylogenetic relatedness, natural history, and habitat on shaping wing morphology in a large dataset of over 3500 individuals, representing 13 Heliconius species from across the Neotropics. We find that both larval and adult behavioral ecology correlate with patterns of wing sexual dimorphism and adult size. Species with solitary larvae have larger adult males, in contrast to gregarious Heliconius species, and indeed most Lepidoptera, where females are larger. Species in the pupal-mating clade are smaller than those in the adult-mating clade. Interestingly, we find that high-altitude species tend to have rounder wings and, in one of the two major Heliconius clades, are also bigger than their lowland relatives. Furthermore, within two widespread species, we find that high-altitude populations also have rounder wings. Thus, we reveal novel adaptive wing morphological divergence among Heliconius species beyond that imposed by natural selection on aposematic wing coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joana I. Meier
- St John's CollegeUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1TP
| | | | | | - Nicola J. Nadeau
- Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
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7
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Plakke MS, Walker JL, Lombardo JB, Goetz BJ, Pacella GN, Durrant JD, Clark NL, Morehouse NI. Characterization of Female Reproductive Proteases in a Butterfly from Functional and Evolutionary Perspectives. Physiol Biochem Zool 2019; 92:579-590. [DOI: 10.1086/705722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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8
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Mozuraitis R, Murtazina R, Zurita J, Pei Y, Ilag L, Wiklund C, Karlson AKB. Anti-aphrodisiac pheromone, a renewable signal in adult butterflies. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14262. [PMID: 31582781 PMCID: PMC6776535 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50838-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The male butterfly Pieris napi produces the anti-aphrodisiac pheromone methyl salicylate (MeS) and transfers it to the female during mating. After mating she releases MeS, when courted by conspecific males, which decreases her attractiveness and the duration of male harassment, thus increasing her time available for egg-laying. In previous studies we have shown that males produced MeS from the amino acid L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) acquired during larval stage. In this study we show that adult males of P. napi can utilize L-Phe and aromatic flower volatiles as building blocks for production of anti-aphrodisiac pheromone and transfer it to females during mating. We demonstrate this by feeding butterflies with stable isotope labelled molecules mixed in sugar solutions, and, to mimic the natural conditions, we fed male butterflies with floral nectar of Bunias orientalis plants treated with labelled L-Phe. The volatiles from butterflies and plants were collected and identified by solid phase micro extraction, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques. Since P. napi is polygamous, males would gain from restoring the titre of MeS after mating and the use of aromatic precursors for production of MeS could be considered as an advantageous trait which could enable butterflies to relocate L-Phe for other needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimondas Mozuraitis
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Laboratory of Chemical and Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Rushana Murtazina
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Javier Zurita
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yuxin Pei
- Northwest A&F University, Department of Applied Chemistry, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Leopold Ilag
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Wiklund
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Karin Borg Karlson
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Technology, Tartu University, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
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9
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Rokhas MK, Rönn JL, Wiklund C, Emmer Å. Analysis of butterfly reproductive proteins using capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2019; 566:23-26. [PMID: 30423321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A method for analysis of proteins from spermatophores transferred from male to female Pieris napi butterflies during mating has been developed. The proteins were solubilized from the dissected spermatophores using different solubilization agents (water, methanol, acetonitrile and hexafluoroisopropanol). Capillary electrophoresis (CE) analysis was performed using an acidic background electrolyte containing a fluorosurfactant to avoid protein-wall adsorption, and to increase separation performance. The samples were also analyzed with matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), in a lower m/z range (1000-6000) and a higher m/z range (6000-12000). Solubilization with different solvents and the use of alternative matrices gave partly complementary profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Khihon Rokhas
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Dept. of Chemistry, Div. of Applied Physical Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Christer Wiklund
- Stockholm University, Dept. of Zoology, Ecology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Emmer
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Dept. of Chemistry, Div. of Applied Physical Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm, Sweden.
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10
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Espeset A, Kobiela ME, Sikkink KL, Pan T, Roy C, Snell-Rood EC. Anthropogenic increases in nutrients alter sexual selection dynamics: a case study in butterflies. Behav Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Espeset
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Megan E Kobiela
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Kristin L Sikkink
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Tiffany Pan
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Colton Roy
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Emilie C Snell-Rood
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
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11
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Romson J, Jacksén J, Emmer Å. An automated system for CE-MALDI and on-target digestion under a fluorocarbon lid applied on spermatophore proteins from Pieris napi. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1104:228-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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12
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Wone BWM, Pathak J, Davidowitz G. Flight duration and flight muscle ultrastructure of unfed hawk moths. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2018; 47:457-464. [PMID: 29782921 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Flight muscle breakdown has been reported for many orders of insects, but the basis of this breakdown in insects with lifelong dependence on flight is less clear. Lepidopterans show such muscle changes across their lifespans, yet how this change affects the ability of these insects to complete their life cycles is not well documented. We investigated the changes in muscle function and ultrastructure of unfed aging adult hawk moths (Manduca sexta). Flight duration was examined in young, middle-aged, and advanced-aged unfed moths. After measurement of flight duration, the main flight muscle (dorsolongitudinal muscle) was collected and histologically prepared for transmission electron microscopy to compare several measurements of muscle ultrastructure among moths of different ages. Muscle function assays revealed significant positive correlations between muscle ultrastructure and flight distance that were greatest in middle-aged moths and least in young moths. In addition, changes in flight muscle ultrastructure were detected across treatment groups. The number of mitochondria in muscle cells peaked in middle-aged moths. Many wild M. sexta do not feed as adults; thus, understanding the changes in flight capacity and muscle ultrastructure in unfed moths provides a more complete understanding of the ecophysiology and resource allocation strategies of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard W M Wone
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA.
| | - Jaika Pathak
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Goggy Davidowitz
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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13
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Meslin C, Cherwin TS, Plakke MS, Hill J, Small BS, Goetz BJ, Wheat CW, Morehouse NI, Clark NL. Structural complexity and molecular heterogeneity of a butterfly ejaculate reflect a complex history of selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E5406-E5413. [PMID: 28630352 PMCID: PMC5502654 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1707680114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Male ejaculates are often structurally complex, and this complexity is likely to influence key reproductive interactions between males and females. However, despite its potential evolutionary significance, the molecular underpinnings of ejaculate structural complexity have received little empirical attention. To address this knowledge gap, we sought to understand the biochemical and functional properties of the structurally complex ejaculates of Pieris rapae butterflies. Males in this species produce large ejaculates called spermatophores composed of an outer envelope, an inner matrix, and a bolus of sperm. Females are thought to benefit from the nutrition contained in the soluble inner matrix through increases in longevity and fecundity. However, the indigestible outer envelope of the spermatophore delays female remating, allowing males to monopolize paternity for longer. Here, we show that these two nonsperm-containing spermatophore regions, the inner matrix and the outer envelope, differ in their protein composition and functional properties. We also reveal how these divergent protein mixtures are separately stored in the male reproductive tract and sequentially transferred to the female reproductive tract during spermatophore assembly. Intriguingly, we discovered large quantities of female-derived proteases in both spermatophore regions shortly after mating, which may contribute to spermatophore digestion and hence, female control over remating rate. Finally, we report evidence of past selection on these spermatophore proteins and female proteases, indicating a complex evolutionary history. Our findings illustrate how structural complexity of ejaculates may allow functionally and/or spatially associated suites of proteins to respond rapidly to divergent selective pressures, such as sexual conflict or reproductive cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Meslin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (IEES-Paris), 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Tamara S Cherwin
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Melissa S Plakke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | | | - Brandon S Small
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Breanna J Goetz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | | | - Nathan I Morehouse
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260;
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221
| | - Nathan L Clark
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260;
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
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14
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Ng SY, Bhardwaj S, Monteiro A. Males Become Choosier in Response to Manipulations of Female Wing Ornaments in Dry Season Bicyclus anynana Butterflies. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2017; 17:3934672. [PMID: 28973485 PMCID: PMC5501498 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iex053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Male investment towards reproduction is substantial in some species, and this leads to the evolution of choosy males. Male choice is often directed towards female phenotypes that are good indicators of fecundity such as body size, age, or virgin status, and often acts in the same direction as fecundity selection. In insects, only a few examples exist where male choice is directed towards female ornaments as proxies Butler of female quality. Here, we use dry season males of the sex-role reversed butterfly species Bicyclus anynana to test for differences in male choosiness and investment towards females of varying attractiveness using ornament-manipulations. Male reproductive investment in this species is in the form of a nuptial gift, a spermatophore, given to females upon mating. Males were placed in cages with either wild-type ornamented females or with nonornamented females (center of the dorsal forewing eyespots painted over), and time to mating, duration of mating, and longevity of males and females after a single mating were measured. Ornament manipulations consisted of blocking the UV-reflective scales in the center of the dorsal forewing eyespots of females, a known sexual ornament. Males displayed lower latency to mate and longer mating durations with ornamented females. The longer mating duration did not, however, translate in the transfer of a nuptial gift that increased female longevity or reduced male longevity. Instead, we propose that longer mating durations with ornamented females may represent increased mate guarding behavior or increased sperm transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swit Yee Ng
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543 (; ; )
| | - Shivam Bhardwaj
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543 (; ; )
| | - Antónia Monteiro
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543 (; ; )
- Yale-NUS College, 10 College Avenue West, Singapore 138609, Singapore, Singapore ()
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15
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Schäpers A, Petrén H, Wheat CW, Wiklund C, Friberg M. Female fecundity variation affects reproducibility of experiments on host plant preference and acceptance in a phytophagous insect. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:20162643. [PMID: 28202813 PMCID: PMC5326532 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproducibility is a scientific cornerstone. Many recent studies, however, describe a reproducibility crisis and call for assessments of reproducibility across scientific domains. Here, we explore the reproducibility of a classic ecological experiment-that of assessing female host plant preference and acceptance in phytophagous insects, a group in which host specialization is a key driver of diversification. We exposed multiple cohorts of Pieris napi butterflies from the same population to traditional host acceptance and preference tests on three Brassicaceae host species. Whereas the host plant rank order was highly reproducible, the propensity to oviposit on low-ranked hosts varied significantly even among cohorts exposed to similar conditions. Much variation could be attributed to among-cohort variation in female fecundity, a trait strongly correlated both to female size and to the size of the nuptial gift a female receives during mating. Small males provide small spermatophores, and in our experiment small females that mated with small males had a disproportionally low propensity to oviposit on low-ranked hosts. Hence, our results provide empirical support to the theoretical prediction that female host utilization is strongly affected by non-genetic, environmental variation, and that such variation can affect the reproducibility of ecological experiments even under seemingly identical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hampus Petrén
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, EBC, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Christer Wiklund
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magne Friberg
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, EBC, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Kohyama T, Horikawa C, Kawai S, Shikata M, Kato T, Sato H. Differential butterfly performance on host plant variants from populations under intense vs. low mammalian herbivory. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Kohyama
- Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
| | - Chika Horikawa
- Department of Biological Sciences; Faculty of Science; Nara Women's University; Nara 630-8506 Japan
| | - Shizuka Kawai
- Department of Biological Sciences; Faculty of Science; Nara Women's University; Nara 630-8506 Japan
| | - Megumi Shikata
- Department of Biological Sciences; Faculty of Science; Nara Women's University; Nara 630-8506 Japan
| | - Teiko Kato
- Department of Biological Sciences; Faculty of Science; Nara Women's University; Nara 630-8506 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- Department of Biological Sciences; Faculty of Science; Nara Women's University; Nara 630-8506 Japan
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17
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Schausberger P, Patiño-Ruiz JD, Osakabe M, Murata Y, Sugimoto N, Uesugi R, Walzer A. Ultimate Drivers and Proximate Correlates of Polyandry in Predatory Mites. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154355. [PMID: 27100395 PMCID: PMC4839743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyandry is more widespread than anticipated from Bateman’s principle but its ultimate (evolutionary) causes and proximate (mechanistic) correlates are more difficult to pinpoint than those of polygyny. Here, we combined mating experiments, quantification of reproductive traits and microsatellite genotyping to determine the fitness implications of polyandry in two predatory mite species, where males are highly polygynous (up to 45 fertilized females during life), whereas females range from monandry to various polyandry levels. The medium-level polyandrous (up to eight male mates possible) Neoseiulus californicus received clear direct and indirect benefits: multiply mated females produced more offspring with higher survival chances over longer times than singly mated females. In contrast, singly and multiply mated females of the low-level polyandrous (commonly two male mates at maximum) Phytoseiulus persimilis produced similar numbers of offspring having similar survival chances. In both species, multiple mating resulted in mixed offspring paternities, opening the chance for indirect fitness benefits such as enhanced genetic compatibility, complementarity and/or variability. However, the female re-mating likelihood and the paternity chance of non-first male mates were lower in P. persimilis than in N. californicus. Regarding proximate factors, in both species first mating duration and female re-mating likelihood were negatively correlated. Based on occasional fertilization failure of first male mates in P. persimilis, and mixed offspring paternities in both species, we argue that fertilization assurance and the chance to gain indirect fitness benefits are the ultimate drivers of polyandry in P. persimilis, whereas those of N. californicus are higher offspring numbers coupled with enhanced offspring viability and possibly other indirect fitness benefits. Overall, the adaptive significance and proximate events well reflected the polyandry levels. Our study provides a key example for linking behavioral experiments, quantification of reproductive traits and paternity analysis via offspring genotyping to explain the evolution of differing levels of polyandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schausberger
- Group of Arthropod Ecology and Behavior, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - J. David Patiño-Ruiz
- Group of Arthropod Ecology and Behavior, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Masahiro Osakabe
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Murata
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoya Sugimoto
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryuji Uesugi
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Andreas Walzer
- Group of Arthropod Ecology and Behavior, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Westerman E, Monteiro A. Rearing Temperature Influences Adult Response to Changes in Mating Status. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146546. [PMID: 26863319 PMCID: PMC4749170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rearing environment can have an impact on adult behavior, but it is less clear how rearing environment influences adult behavior plasticity. Here we explore the effect of rearing temperature on adult mating behavior plasticity in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana, a species that has evolved two seasonal forms in response to seasonal changes in temperature. These seasonal forms differ in both morphology and behavior. Females are the choosy sex in cohorts reared at warm temperatures (WS butterflies), and males are the choosy sex in cohorts reared at cooler temperatures (DS butterflies). Rearing temperature also influences mating benefits and costs. In DS butterflies, mated females live longer than virgin females, and mated males live shorter than virgin males. No such benefits or costs to mating are present in WS butterflies. Given that choosiness and mating costs are rearing temperature dependent in B. anynana, we hypothesized that temperature may also impact male and female incentives to remate in the event that benefits and costs of second matings are similar to those of first matings. We first examined whether lifespan was affected by number of matings. We found that two matings did not significantly increase lifespan for either WS or DS butterflies relative to single matings. However, both sexes of WS but not DS butterflies experienced decreased longevity when mated to a non-virgin relative to a virgin. We next observed pairs of WS and DS butterflies and documented changes in mating behavior in response to changes in the mating status of their partner. WS but not DS butterflies changed their mating behavior in response to the mating status of their partner. These results suggest that rearing temperature influences adult mating behavior plasticity in B. anynana. This developmentally controlled behavioral plasticity may be adaptive, as lifespan depends on the partner’s mating status in one seasonal form, but not in the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Westerman
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Antónia Monteiro
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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Turnell BR, Shaw KL. Polyandry and postcopulatory sexual selection in a wild population. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:6278-88. [PMID: 26577698 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
When females mate multiply, postcopulatory sexual selection can occur via sperm competition and cryptic female choice. Although postcopulatory selection has the potential to be a major force in driving evolution, few studies have estimated its strength in natural populations. Likewise, although polyandry is widespread across taxa and is the focus of a growing body of research, estimates of natural female mating rates are still limited in number. Microsatellites can be used to estimate the number of mates represented in females' sperm stores and the number of sires contributing to their offspring, enabling comparisons both of polyandry and of two components of postcopulatory selection: the proportion of males that mate but fail to sire offspring, and the degree of paternity skew among the males that do sire offspring. Here, we estimate the number of mates and sires among wild females in the Hawaiian swordtail cricket Laupala cerasina. We compare these estimates to the actual mating rates and paternity shares we observed in a semi-natural population. Our results show that postcopulatory sexual selection operates strongly in this species: wild females mated with an average minimum of 3.6 males but used the sperm from only 58% of them. Furthermore, among the males that did sire offspring, paternity was significantly skewed. These patterns were similar to those observed in the field enclosure, where females mated with an average of 5.7 males and used the sperm from 62% of their mates, with paternity significantly skewed among the sires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biz R Turnell
- Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Kerry L Shaw
- Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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20
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Pincheira-Donoso D, Hunt J. Fecundity selection theory: concepts and evidence. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 92:341-356. [PMID: 26526765 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fitness results from an optimal balance between survival, mating success and fecundity. The interactions between these three components of fitness vary depending on the selective context, from positive covariation between them, to antagonistic pleiotropic relationships when fitness increases in one reduce the fitness of others. Therefore, elucidating the routes through which selection shapes life history and phenotypic adaptations via these fitness components is of primary significance to understanding ecological and evolutionary dynamics. However, while the fitness components mediated by natural (survival) and sexual (mating success) selection have been debated extensively from most possible perspectives, fecundity selection remains considerably less studied. Here, we review the theoretical basis, evidence and implications of fecundity selection as a driver of sex-specific adaptive evolution. Based on accumulating literature on the life-history, phenotypic and ecological aspects of fecundity, we (i) suggest a re-arrangement of the concepts of fecundity, whereby we coin the term 'transient fecundity' to refer to brood size per reproductive episode, while 'annual' and 'lifetime fecundity' should not be used interchangeably with 'transient fecundity' as they represent different life-history parameters; (ii) provide a generalized re-definition of the concept of fecundity selection as a mechanism that encompasses any traits that influence fecundity in any direction (from high to low) and in either sex; (iii) review the (macro)ecological basis of fecundity selection (e.g. ecological pressures that influence predictable spatial variation in fecundity); (iv) suggest that most ecological theories of fecundity selection should be tested in organisms other than birds; (v) argue that the longstanding fecundity selection hypothesis of female-biased sexual size dimorphism (SSD) has gained inconsistent support, that strong fecundity selection does not necessarily drive female-biased SSD, and that this form of SSD can be driven by other selective pressures; and (vi) discuss cases in which fecundity selection operates on males. This conceptual analysis of the theory of fecundity selection promises to help illuminate one of the central components of fitness and its contribution to adaptive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pincheira-Donoso
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology of Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Campus, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, LN6 7DL, U.K
| | - John Hunt
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, U.K
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21
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Fatouros NE, Paniagua Voirol LR, Drizou F, Doan QT, Pineda A, Frago E, van Loon JJA. Role of Large Cabbage White butterfly male-derived compounds in elicitation of direct and indirect egg-killing defenses in the black mustard. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:794. [PMID: 26483811 PMCID: PMC4586945 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
To successfully exert defenses against herbivores and pathogens plants need to recognize reliable cues produced by their attackers. Up to now, few elicitors associated with herbivorous insects have been identified. We have previously shown that accessory reproductive gland secretions associated with eggs of Cabbage White butterflies (Pieris spp.) induce chemical changes in Brussels sprouts plants recruiting egg-killing parasitoids. Only secretions of mated female butterflies contain minute amounts of male-derived anti-aphrodisiac compounds that elicit this indirect plant defense. Here, we used the black mustard (Brassica nigra) to investigate how eggs of the Large Cabbage White butterfly (Pieris brassicae) induce, either an egg-killing direct [i.e., hypersensitive response (HR)-like necrosis] or indirect defense (i.e., oviposition-induced plant volatiles attracting Trichogramma egg parasitoids). Plants induced by P. brassicae egg-associated secretions expressed both traits and previous mating enhanced elicitation. Treatment with the anti-aphrodisiac compound of P. brassicae, benzyl cyanide (BC), induced stronger HR when compared to controls. Expression of the salicylic (SA) pathway- and HR-marker PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENE1 was induced only in plants showing an HR-like necrosis. Trichogramma wasps were attracted to volatiles induced by secretion of mated P. brassicae females but application of BC did not elicit the parasitoid-attracting volatiles. We conclude that egg-associated secretions of Pieris butterflies contain specific elicitors of the different plant defense traits against eggs in Brassica plants. While in Brussels sprouts plants anti-aphrodisiac compounds in Pieris egg-associated secretions were clearly shown to elicit indirect defense, the wild relative B. nigra, recognizes different herbivore cues that mediate the defensive responses. These results add another level of specificity to the mechanisms by which plants recognize their attackers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina E. Fatouros
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Luis R. Paniagua Voirol
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Fryni Drizou
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, The University of NottinghamNottingham, UK
| | - Quyen T. Doan
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ana Pineda
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Enric Frago
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
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22
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Larsdotter‐Mellström H, Eriksson K, Janz N, Nylin S, Carlsson MA. Male butterflies use an anti‐aphrodisiac pheromone to tailor ejaculates. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Larsdotter‐Mellström
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University SE‐106 91 Stockholm Sweden
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology School of Animal Biology (M092) The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Kerstin Eriksson
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University SE‐106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Niklas Janz
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University SE‐106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University SE‐106 91 Stockholm Sweden
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23
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Li C, Wang F, Chen X, Zhou C, Yao J. Adult Behavior of Tirumala limniace (Lepidoptera: Danaidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2015; 15:iev061. [PMID: 26106088 PMCID: PMC4535579 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iev061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tirumala limniace Cramer as an ornamental butterfly is utilized in butterfly garden, in this article we study their adult activities include flight, foraging, courtship, mating, and oviposition. We found that males spent 22.1% of its time flying, 14.1% foraging, 63.8% in courtship and mating. And females spent 30.8% of its time flying, 10.1% foraging, 57.1% in courtship and mating, and 2% ovipositing. Adults emerged from pupae when temperatures were above 23.5°C and eclosion took only ∼1 min, typically followed by a small amount of flight on the first day. Flight activity peaked from the ninth to the thirteenth day after eclosion, and there were two daily peak flight times: 10:00-13:00 and 15:00-18:00. The peak of flower-visiting activity was from the eighth to the thirteenth day after eclosion, and there were two daily peak foraging times: 11:00-12:00 and 16:00-17:00. Flight and foraging frequency and time were positively correlated and both were closely related to temperature, with very little flight or foraging below 18°C and an increase at temperatures above 22°C. Courtship and mating took place on the sixth day after eclosion, while oviposition occurred the following day. Oviposition occurred over 8 d, and the shortest time of a single oviposition was 2 s. The average life expectancy of males was 16.5 d, while that of females was 15 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhe Li
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Fanyan Wang
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Chengli Zhou
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Jun Yao
- The Center of Butterfly Research and Development, Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
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24
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Larsdotter-Mellström H, Wiklund C. Different mating expenditure in response to sperm competition risk between generations in the bivoltine butterfly Pieris napi. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-015-1919-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Niitepõld K, Perez A, Boggs CL. Aging, life span, and energetics under adult dietary restriction in lepidoptera. Physiol Biochem Zool 2014; 87:684-94. [PMID: 25244380 DOI: 10.1086/677570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Stressful conditions can affect resource allocation among different life-history traits. The effect of dietary restriction (DR) on longevity and reproduction has been studied in many species, but we know little about its effects on energetics, especially in flying animals that have high energy demand. We assessed the effects of DR on metabolic rate throughout the entire adult life span in two butterfly species, Colias eurytheme and Speyeria mormonia. We cut the food intake of adult females in half and measured resting metabolic rate (RMR) and flight metabolic rate (FMR) together with body mass repeatedly throughout life. In both species, DR reduced body mass, but mass-corrected FMR was not affected, indicating that flight capacity was retained. DR lowered RMR and reduced fecundity but had no effect on life span. FMR declined with age, but the rate of senescence was not affected by DR. In contrast, aging had a strong negative effect on RMR only in control females, whereas food-restricted females had more stable RMR throughout their lives. The results suggest that flight capacity is conserved during nutritional stress but that investment in flight and survival may negatively affect other important physiological processes when resources are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristjan Niitepõld
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; 2Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado 81224
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Tigreros N, Mowery MA, Lewis SM. Male mate choice favors more colorful females in the gift-giving cabbage butterfly. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-014-1764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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27
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Effects of no mating on the female adults and embryonic development of Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera: Acrididae). CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-013-5867-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Banger N, Blouin-Demers G, Bulté G, Lougheed SC. More sires may enhance offspring fitness in Northern Map Turtles (Graptemys geographica). CAN J ZOOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2012-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sexual selection theory predicts that males should be promiscuous to maximize their reproductive success, while females should be choosy. Yet females of many taxa often produce progeny sired by multiple males, indicating that promiscuity can be important for the reproductive success of females. Promiscuity may enhance the fitness of females if it increases the genetic quality, or the genetic variety, and thus the viability of their offspring. We quantified the number of sires per clutch in a population of Northern Map Turtles (Graptemys geographica (LeSueur, 1817)) in Lake Opinicon, Ontario, Canada, and tested whether the number of sires affects several metrics of viability in hatchlings. Based on the most conservative estimate, at least 71% of clutches in this population are sired by multiple males, but there was no evidence that larger clutches are sired by more males. Clutches sired by more males had higher hatching success and survival, but the differences were not statistically significant. We did not find any effect of the number of sires on hatchling morphology or locomotor performance. Collectively, our results partially support the hypothesis that promiscuity can increase the reproductive success of female Northern Map Turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Banger
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Gabriel Blouin-Demers
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Grégory Bulté
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Stephen C. Lougheed
- Department of Biology, Queen’s University, 116 Barrie, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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29
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Tigreros N, Sass EM, Lewis SM. Sex-specific response to nutrient limitation and its effects on female mating success in a gift-giving butterfly. Evol Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-013-9647-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Alonzo SH, Pizzari T. Selection on female remating interval is influenced by male sperm competition strategies and ejaculate characteristics. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120044. [PMID: 23339235 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Female remating rate dictates the level of sperm competition in a population, and extensive research has focused on how sperm competition generates selection on male ejaculate allocation. Yet the way ejaculate allocation strategies in turn generate selection on female remating rates, which ultimately influence levels of sperm competition, has received much less consideration despite increasing evidence that both mating itself and ejaculate traits affect multiple components of female fitness. Here, we develop theory to examine how the effects of mating on female fertility, fecundity and mortality interact to generate selection on female remating rate. When males produce more fertile ejaculates, females are selected to mate less frequently, thus decreasing levels of sperm competition. This could in turn favour decreased male ejaculate allocation, which could subsequently lead to higher female remating. When remating simultaneously increases female fecundity and mortality, females are selected to mate more frequently, thus exacerbating sperm competition and favouring male traits that convey a competitive advantage even when harmful to female survival. While intuitive when considered separately, these predictions demonstrate the potential for complex coevolutionary dynamics between male ejaculate expenditure and female remating rate, and the correlated evolution of multiple male and female reproductive traits affecting mating, fertility and fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne H Alonzo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06517, USA.
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31
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Variation in immune defence in relation to age in the green-veined white butterfly (Pieris napi L.). J Invertebr Pathol 2012; 111:252-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Honda K, Takase H, Ômura H, Honda H. Procurement of exogenous ammonia by the swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polytes, for protein biosynthesis and sperm production. Naturwissenschaften 2012; 99:695-703. [PMID: 22842938 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-012-0951-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
How to acquire sufficient quantity of nitrogen is a pivotal issue for herbivores, particularly for lepidopterans (butterflies and moths) of which diet quality greatly differs among their life stages. Male Lepidoptera often feed from mud puddles, dung, and carrion, a behavior known as puddling, which is thought to be supplementary feeding targeted chiefly at sodium. During copulation, males transfer a spermatophore to females that contains, besides sperm, nutrients (nuptial gifts) rich in sodium, proteins, and amino acids. However, it is still poorly understood how adults, mostly nectarivores, extract nitrogen from the environment. We examined the availability of two ubiquitous inorganic nitrogenous ions in nature, viz. ammonium (or ammonia) and nitrate ions, as nutrients in a butterfly, and show that exogenous ammonia ingested by adult males of the swallowtail, Papilio polytes, can serve as a resource for protein biosynthesis. Feeding experiments with (15)N-labeled ammonium chloride revealed that nitrogen was incorporated into eupyrene spermatozoa, seminal protein, and thoracic muscle. Ammonia uptake by males significantly increased the number of eupyrene sperms in the reproductive tract tissues. The females also had the capacity to assimilate ammonia into egg protein. Consequently, it is evident that acquired ammonia is utilized for the replenishment of proteins allocable for reproduction and somatic maintenance. The active exploitation of exogenous ammonia as a nutrient by a butterfly would foster better understanding of the foraging and reproductive strategies in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Honda
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, 739-8528, Japan.
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Nectar amino acids enhance reproduction in male butterflies. Oecologia 2012; 171:197-205. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2395-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Berger D, Olofsson M, Friberg M, Karlsson B, Wiklund C, Gotthard K. Intraspecific variation in body size and the rate of reproduction in female insects - adaptive allometry or biophysical constraint? J Anim Ecol 2012; 81:1244-1258. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.02010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Berger
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
- Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; 752 36 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Martin Olofsson
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Magne Friberg
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA
| | - Bengt Karlsson
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Christer Wiklund
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
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Ducatez S, Baguette M, Stevens VM, Legrand D, Fréville H. Complex interactions between paternal and maternal effects: parental experience and age at reproduction affect fecundity and offspring performance in a butterfly. Evolution 2012; 66:3558-69. [PMID: 23106718 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parental effects can greatly affect offspring performance and are thus expected to impact population dynamics and evolutionary trajectories. Most studies have focused on maternal effects, whereas fathers are also likely to influence offspring phenotype, for instance when males transfer nutrients to females during mating. Moreover, although the separate effects of maternal age and the environment have been documented as a source of parental effects in many species, their combined effects have not been investigated. In the present study, we analyzed the combined effects of maternal and paternal age at reproduction and a mobility treatment in stressful conditions on offspring performance in the butterfly Pieris brassicae. Both paternal and maternal effects affected progeny traits but always via interactions between age and mobility treatment. Moreover, parental effects shifted from male effects expressed at the larval stage to maternal effects at the adult stage. Indeed, egg survival until adult emergence significantly decreased with father age at mating only for fathers having experienced the mobility treatment, whereas offspring adult life span decreased with increasing mother age at laying only for females that did not experience the mobility treatment. Overall, our results demonstrate that both parents' phenotypes influence offspring performance through nongenetic effects, their relative contribution varying over the course of progeny's life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ducatez
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Département Ecologie et Gestion de la Biodiversité, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris cedex 5, France.
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Cahenzli F, Erhardt A. Enhancing offspring quality or quantity? Different ways for using nectar amino acids in female butterflies. Oecologia 2012; 169:1005-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2254-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Prudic KL, Jeon C, Cao H, Monteiro A. Developmental plasticity in sexual roles of butterfly species drives mutual sexual ornamentation. Science 2011; 331:73-5. [PMID: 21212355 DOI: 10.1126/science.1197114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Current explanations for why sexual ornaments are found in both sexes include genetic correlation, same sex competition, and mutual mate choice. In this study, we report developmental plasticity in mating behavior as induced by temperature during development in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana. Males and females reciprocally change their sexual roles depending on their larval rearing temperatures. This switch is correlated with a change in mating benefits to females and costs to males. The discrete seasonal environments, wet season and dry season, are known to produce the two developmental forms and as a consequence impose alternating, symmetrical patterns of sexual selection, one season on male ornaments, the following season on female ornaments. Thus, reciprocal selection through time may result in mutual sexual ornamentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L Prudic
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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38
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The Role of Coloration in Mate Choice and Sexual Interactions in Butterflies. ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-380896-7.00002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Allen CE, Zwaan BJ, Brakefield PM. Evolution of sexual dimorphism in the Lepidoptera. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 56:445-464. [PMID: 20822452 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Among the animals, the Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) are second only to beetles in number of described species and are known for their striking intra- and interspecific diversity. Within species, sexual dimorphism is a source of variation in life history (e.g., sexual size dimorphism and protandry), morphology (e.g., wing shape and color pattern), and behavior (e.g., chemical and visual signaling). Sexual selection and mating systems have been considered the primary forces driving the evolution of sexual dimorphism in the Lepidoptera, and alternative hypotheses have been neglected. Here, we examine opportunities for sexual selection, natural selection, and the interplay between the two forces in the evolution of sexual differences in the moths and butterflies. Our primary goal is to identify mechanisms that either facilitate or constrain the evolution of sexual dimorphism, rather than to resolve any perceived controversy between hypotheses that may not be mutually exclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cerisse E Allen
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA.
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40
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Male remating and female fitness in the wolf spider Pardosa astrigera: the role of male mating history. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-010-1049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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41
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Nuptial gift-giving behaviour and male mating effort in the Neotropical spider Paratrechalea ornata (Trechaleidae). Anim Behav 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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Alonzo S, Pizzari T. Male Fecundity Stimulation: Conflict and Cooperation Within and Between the Sexes: Model Analyses and Coevolutionary Dynamics. Am Nat 2010; 175:174-85. [DOI: 10.1086/649596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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44
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Sphragis in Parnassius mnemosyne (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae): male-derived insemination plugs loose efficiency with progress of female flight. Biologia (Bratisl) 2009. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-009-0207-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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45
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Larsdotter Mellström H, Wiklund C. Males use sex pheromone assessment to tailor ejaculates to risk of sperm competition in a butterfly. Behav Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arp109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Saastamoinen M, Ikonen S, Hanski I. Significant effects of Pgi genotype and body reserves on lifespan in the Glanville fritillary butterfly. Proc Biol Sci 2009; 276:1313-22. [PMID: 19129143 PMCID: PMC2660954 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.1464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with a particular variant of the gene phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi) have been shown to have superior dispersal capacity and fecundity in the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia), raising questions about the mechanisms that maintain polymorphism in this gene in the field. Here, we investigate how variation in the Pgi genotype affects female and male life history under controlled conditions. The most striking effect is the longer lifespan of genotypes with high dispersal capacity, especially in non-reproducing females. Butterflies use body reserves for somatic maintenance and reproduction, but different resources (in thorax versus abdomen) are used under dissimilar conditions, with some interactions with the Pgi genotype. These results indicate life-history trade-offs that involve resource allocation and genotypexenvironment interactions, and these trade-offs are likely to contribute to the maintenance of Pgi polymorphism in the natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjo Saastamoinen
- Section of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands.
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48
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VÄLIMÄKI P, KIVELÄ SM, JÄÄSKELÄINEN L, KAITALA A, KAITALA V, OKSANEN J. Divergent timing of egg-laying may maintain life history polymorphism in potentially multivoltine insects in seasonal environments. J Evol Biol 2008; 21:1711-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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49
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Karlsson B, Johansson A. Seasonal polyphenism and developmental trade-offs between flight ability and egg laying in a pierid butterfly. Proc Biol Sci 2008; 275:2131-6. [PMID: 18522912 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Butterflies have competing demands for flight ability depending on, for example, mating system, predation pressure, the localization of host plants and dispersal needs. The flight apparatus, however, is costly to manufacture and therefore trade-offs are expected since resources are limited and must be allocated between flight ability and other functions, such as reproduction. Trade-offs between flight and reproduction may be difficult to reveal since they interact with other factors and can be confounded by differences in resource consumption. Previous studies have shown that adults of the summer generation of Pieris napi have relatively larger thoraxes compared with the spring generation. To study whether difference in thorax size results in a trade-off between flight ability and reproduction among the two generations, we conducted a split-brood experiment under common garden conditions. Our results show that summer generation adults have a higher dispersal capacity measured as flight duration in five different temperatures. Reproductive output differed between the two developmental pathways; spring generation females had a significantly higher output of eggs compared with summer generation females. We suggest that this is a consequence of a resource-allocation trade-off made during pupal development implemented by different demands for flight between the spring and summer generations. The significance of this finding is discussed in relation to reproduction and mobility in butterflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Karlsson
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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50
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Maternal body size as a morphological constraint on egg size and fecundity in butterflies. Basic Appl Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2007.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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