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Nägeli M, Scherler P, Witczak S, Catitti B, Aebischer A, van Bergen V, Kormann U, Grüebler MU. Weather and food availability additively affect reproductive output in an expanding raptor population. Oecologia 2021; 198:125-138. [PMID: 34797425 PMCID: PMC8803806 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The joint effects of interacting environmental factors on key demographic parameters can exacerbate or mitigate the separate factors’ effects on population dynamics. Given ongoing changes in climate and land use, assessing interactions between weather and food availability on reproductive performance is crucial to understand and forecast population dynamics. By conducting a feeding experiment in 4 years with different weather conditions, we were able to disentangle the effects of weather, food availability and their interactions on reproductive parameters in an expanding population of the red kite (Milvus milvus), a conservation-relevant raptor known to be supported by anthropogenic feeding. Brood loss occurred mainly during the incubation phase, and was associated with rainfall and low food availability. In contrast, brood loss during the nestling phase occurred mostly due to low temperatures. Survival of last-hatched nestlings and nestling development was enhanced by food supplementation and reduced by adverse weather conditions. However, we found no support for interactive effects of weather and food availability, suggesting that these factors affect reproduction of red kites additively. The results not only suggest that food-weather interactions are prevented by parental life-history trade-offs, but that food availability and weather conditions are crucial separate determinants of reproductive output, and thus population productivity. Overall, our results suggest that the observed increase in spring temperatures and enhanced anthropogenic food resources have contributed to the elevational expansion and the growth of the study population during the last decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Nägeli
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, 6204, Sempach, Switzerland.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Wintherthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Scherler
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, 6204, Sempach, Switzerland. .,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Wintherthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Stephanie Witczak
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, 6204, Sempach, Switzerland.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Wintherthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benedetta Catitti
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, 6204, Sempach, Switzerland.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Wintherthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Urs Kormann
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, 6204, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Martin U Grüebler
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, 6204, Sempach, Switzerland
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2
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Redondo T, Romero JM, Díaz‐Delgado R, Nagy J. Broodmate aggression and life history variation in accipitrid birds of prey. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:9185-9206. [PMID: 31463015 PMCID: PMC6706193 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggressive sibling competition for parental food resources is relatively infrequent in animals but highly prevalent and extreme among certain bird families, particularly accipitrid raptors (Accipitriformes). Intense broodmate aggression within this group is associated with a suite of traits including a large adult size, small broods, low provisioning rates, and slow development. In this study, we apply phylogenetic comparative analyses to assess the relative importance of several behavioral, morphological, life history, and ecological variables as predictors of the intensity of broodmate aggression in 65 species of accipitrid raptors. We show that intensity of aggression increases in species with lower parental effort (small clutch size and low provisioning rates), while size effects (adult body mass and length of nestling period) are unimportant. Intense aggression is more closely related to a slow life history pace (high adult survival coupled with a restrained parental effort), rather than a by-product of allometry or food limitation. Consideration of several ecological variables affecting prey abundance and availability reveals that certain lifestyles (e.g., breeding in aseasonal habitats or hunting for more agile prey) may slow a species' life history pace and favor the evolution of intense broodmate aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jenő Nagy
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human BiologyUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
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3
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Grüebler MU, Müller M, Michel VT, Perrig M, Keil H, Naef-Daenzer B, Korner-Nievergelt F. Brood provisioning and reproductive benefits in relation to habitat quality: a food supplementation experiment. Anim Behav 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Ludwig SC, Roos S, Bubb D, Baines D. Long-term trends in abundance and breeding success of red grouse and hen harriers in relation to changing management of a Scottish grouse moor. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja C. Ludwig
- S. C. Ludwig and D. Baines, Game and Wildlife Conservation Trust, The Coach Ho
| | - Staffan Roos
- S. Roos, RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, RSPB Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Damian Bubb
- SCL and D. Bubb, Langholm Moor Demonstration Project, The Estate Office, Ewesbank, Langholm, UK. Pre
| | - Dave Baines
- S. C. Ludwig and D. Baines, Game and Wildlife Conservation Trust, The Coach Ho
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Reynolds RT, Lambert JS, Flather CH, White GC, Bird BJ, Baggett LS, Lambert C, Bayard De Volo S. Long-term demography of the Northern Goshawk in a variable environment. WILDLIFE MONOGRAPHS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/wmon.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard T. Reynolds
- Rocky Mountain Research Station; 240 West Prospect Road Fort Collins CO 80526 USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Lambert
- Rocky Mountain Research Station; 240 West Prospect Road Fort Collins CO 80526 USA
| | - Curtis H. Flather
- Rocky Mountain Research Station; 240 West Prospect Road Fort Collins CO 80526 USA
| | - Gary C. White
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife and Conservation Biology; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Benjamin J. Bird
- Rocky Mountain Research Station; 240 West Prospect Road Fort Collins CO 80526 USA
| | - L. Scott Baggett
- Rocky Mountain Research Station; 240 West Prospect Road Fort Collins CO 80526 USA
| | - Carrie Lambert
- Rocky Mountain Research Station; 240 West Prospect Road Fort Collins CO 80526 USA
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6
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Chenchouni H. Variation in White Stork (Ciconia ciconia) diet along a climatic gradient and across rural-to-urban landscapes in North Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2017; 61:549-564. [PMID: 27582284 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-016-1232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Assessing diet composition of White Storks (Ciconia ciconia) breeding under North African conditions provides key information to understanding its trophic niche for conservation purpose. Since, climate controls productivities of foraging habitats and thus food availability for predators, this study examines how Storks' diet parameters varied following a climate gradient along with rural-to-urban landscapes in north-eastern Algeria. Feeding strategies to cope with severe conditions were discussed in light of climate aridity and urbanization and how these influence reproduction, population dynamics and distribution. While invertebrate prey accounted for 94 % of ingested individuals, the biomass intake was dominated by chicken remains scavenged from rubbish dumps (67 %) and small mammals (14 %). Generalized linear models revealed that prey numbers varied significantly between climatic regions and landscapes types, but no significant differences were observed for other dietary parameters, including prey biomass. The study showed high dietary similarity between study climates and landscapes, mainly among rural and urban colonies located in semi-arid and sub-humid areas, which differed from those in suburban and arid climate. Rarefaction and extrapolation curves indicated that prey species richness in White Stork diets was expected to be higher in urban colonies located in sub-humid climate. Despite low prey species diversity in arid regions, the White Stork demonstrates a broad trophic niche, which could be due to supplementary feeding from human refuse. This study suggests that regardless of the climate or landscape, White Storks ensure a constant food intake, despite prey biomass fluctuations, by adapting their diet. Foraging in diverse habitats, including trash dumps, ensures a sufficiently balanced diet to meet nutritional requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroun Chenchouni
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Natural and Life Sciences, University of Tebessa, 12002, Tebessa, Algeria.
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Hu CS, Song X, Ding CQ, Ye YX, Qing BP, Wang C. The Size of Winter-Flooded Paddy Fields No Longer Limits the Foraging Habitat Use of the Endangered Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon) in Winter. Zoolog Sci 2016; 33:345-51. [PMID: 27498793 DOI: 10.2108/zs150012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Paddy fields have traditionally been viewed as the key foraging habitats for the endangered crested ibis (Nipponia nippon). With the population of this species now increasing, its distribution has expanded to both lowland areas and outside the nature reserve. However, little is known about the current foraging habitat preferences of these birds, especially during winter. In this research, a total of 54 used sites and 50 unused sites were investigated during winter from December 2011 to January 2012. The results of logistic regression analysis indicate that soil softness, human disturbance, and distance to the nearest road were important factors. For the site plots of winter-flooded paddy fields, the birds prefer the paddy fields with higher coverage of vegetation, except softer foraging sites and lower human-related disturbance. In lowland areas, the size of winter-flooded paddy fields was not a limiting factor, due to the availability of other wetlands capable of providing abundant food. The micro-habitat characteristics were important indicators of foraging habitat quality rather than the size of winter-flooded paddy fields, and the food accessibility may play an important role in the process of foraging habitat use. We suggest the improvement of the foraging micro-habitat and environmental characteristics would be effective in ensuring the availability of food in the dispersed lowland areas. The local people still needed to be encouraged and compensated by their single-cropping cultivation, ploughed the paddy fields after harvesting and irrigated them with shallow water flooded in the original core areas of the nature reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can-Shi Hu
- 1 School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.,† These authors contributed equally to this study
| | - Xiao Song
- 1 School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.,2 College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058, China.,† These authors contributed equally to this study
| | - Chang-Qing Ding
- 1 School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuan-Xing Ye
- 1 School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bao-Ping Qing
- 3 Hanzhong Crested Ibis National Nature Reserve, Yangxian Shaanxi 723300, China
| | - Chao Wang
- 3 Hanzhong Crested Ibis National Nature Reserve, Yangxian Shaanxi 723300, China
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9
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Chakarov N, Pauli M, Mueller AK, Potiek A, Grünkorn T, Dijkstra C, Krüger O. Territory Quality and Plumage Morph Predict Offspring Sex Ratio Variation in a Raptor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138295. [PMID: 26445010 PMCID: PMC4596812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parents may adapt their offspring sex ratio in response to their own phenotype and environmental conditions. The most significant causes for adaptive sex-ratio variation might express themselves as different distributions of fitness components between sexes along a given variable. Several causes for differential sex allocation in raptors with reversed sexual size dimorphism have been suggested. We search for correlates of fledgling sex in an extensive dataset on common buzzards Buteo buteo, a long-lived bird of prey. Larger female offspring could be more resource-demanding and starvation-prone and thus the costly sex. Prominent factors such as brood size and laying date did not predict nestling sex. Nonetheless, lifetime sex ratio (LSR, potentially indicative of individual sex allocation constraints) and overall nestling sex were explained by territory quality with more females being produced in better territories. Additionally, parental plumage morphs and the interaction of morph and prey abundance tended to explain LSR and nestling sex, indicating local adaptation of sex allocation However, in a limited census of nestling mortality, not females but males tended to die more frequently in prey-rich years. Also, although females could have potentially longer reproductive careers, a subset of our data encompassing full individual life histories showed that longevity and lifetime reproductive success were similarly distributed between the sexes. Thus, a basis for adaptive sex allocation in this population remains elusive. Overall, in common buzzards most major determinants of reproductive success appeared to have no effect on sex ratio but sex allocation may be adapted to local conditions in morph-specific patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayden Chakarov
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, PO Box 10 01 31, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Martina Pauli
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, PO Box 10 01 31, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina Mueller
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, PO Box 10 01 31, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Astrid Potiek
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, PO Box 10 01 31, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Cor Dijkstra
- Behavioural Biology, University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Krüger
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, PO Box 10 01 31, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
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10
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Björklund H, Valkama J, Tomppo E, Laaksonen T. Habitat Effects on the Breeding Performance of Three Forest-Dwelling Hawks. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137877. [PMID: 26422684 PMCID: PMC4589344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat loss causes population declines, but the mechanisms are rarely known. In the European Boreal Zone, loss of old forest due to intensive forestry is suspected to cause declines in forest-dwelling raptors by reducing their breeding performance. We studied the boreal breeding habitat and habitat-associated breeding performance of the northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), common buzzard (Buteo buteo) and European honey buzzard (Pernis apivorus). We combined long-term Finnish bird-of-prey data with multi-source national forest inventory data at various distances (100–4000 m) around the hawk nests. We found that breeding success of the goshawk was best explained by the habitat within a 2000-m radius around the nests; breeding was more successful with increasing proportions of old spruce forest and water, and decreasing proportions of young thinning forest. None of the habitat variables affected significantly the breeding success of the common buzzard or the honey buzzard, or the brood size of any of the species. The amount of old spruce forest decreased both around goshawk and common buzzard nests and throughout southern Finland in 1992–2010. In contrast, the area of young forest increased in southern Finland but not around hawk nests. We emphasize the importance of studying habitats at several spatial and temporal scales to determine the relevant species-specific scale and to detect environmental changes. Further effort is needed to reconcile the socioeconomic and ecological functions of forests and habitat requirements of old forest specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Björklund
- The Zoology Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Jari Valkama
- The Zoology Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erkki Tomppo
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Vantaa, Finland
| | - Toni Laaksonen
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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11
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L'Hérault V, Franke A, Lecomte N, Alogut A, Bêty J. Landscape heterogeneity drives intra-population niche variation and reproduction in an arctic top predator. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:2867-79. [PMID: 24101979 PMCID: PMC3790536 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
While intra-population variability in resource use is ubiquitous, little is known of how this measure of niche diversity varies in space and its role in population dynamics. Here we examined how heterogeneous breeding environments can structure intra-population niche variation in both resource use and reproductive output. We investigated intra-population niche variation in the Arctic tundra ecosystem, studying peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus tundrius, White) breeding within a terrestrial-marine gradient near Rankin Inlet, Nunavut, Canada. Using stable isotope analysis, we found that intra-population niches varied at the individual level; we examined within-nest and among-nest variation, though only the latter varied along the terrestrial-marine gradient (i.e., increased among-nest variability among birds nesting within the marine environment, indicating higher degree of specialization). Terrestrial prey species (small herbivores and insectivores) were consumed by virtually all falcons. Falcons nesting within the marine environment made use of marine prey (sea birds), but depended heavily on terrestrial prey (up to 90% of the diet). Using 28-years of peregrine falcon nesting data, we found a positive relationship between the proportion of terrestrial habitat surrounding nest sites and annual nestling production, but no relationship with the likelihood of successfully rearing at least one nestling reaching 25 days old. Annually, successful inland breeders raised 0.47 more young on average compared to offshore breeders, which yields potential fitness consequences for this long-living species. The analyses of niche and reproductive success suggest a potential breeding cost for accessing distant terrestrial prey, perhaps due to additional traveling costs, for those individuals with marine nest site locations. Our study indicates how landscape heterogeneity can generate proximate (niche variation) and ultimate (reproduction) consequences on a population of generalist predator. We also show that within-individual and among-individual variation are not mutually exclusive, but can simultaneously arise and structure intra-population niche variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent L'Hérault
- Université du Québec à Rimouski et Centre d'Études Nordiques300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Quebec, G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Alastair Franke
- Canadian Circumpolar Institute, University of EdmontonEdmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicolas Lecomte
- Université du Québec à Rimouski et Centre d'Études Nordiques300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Quebec, G5L 3A1, Canada
- Government of Nunavut Department of EnvironmentP.O. Box 209, Igloolik, Nunavut, Canada
- Université de Moncton18 Avenue Antonine-Maillet Moncton, New Brunswick, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Adam Alogut
- Nunavut Arctic CollegeP.O. Box 187, Rankin Inlet, Nunavut, Canada
| | - Joël Bêty
- Université du Québec à Rimouski et Centre d'Études Nordiques300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Quebec, G5L 3A1, Canada
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Byholm P, Burgas D, Virtanen T, Valkama J. Competitive exclusion within the predator community influences the distribution of a threatened prey species. Ecology 2012; 93:1802-8. [DOI: 10.1890/12-0285.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Lehikoinen A, Lindén A, Byholm P, Ranta E, Saurola P, Valkama J, Kaitala V, Lindén H. Impact of climate change and prey abundance on nesting success of a top predator, the goshawk. Oecologia 2012; 171:283-93. [PMID: 22791186 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2411-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary research has documented a large number of shifts in spring phenology and changes in distribution range although the average spring temperatures have increased by only 0.3-0.6 °C over the past 100 years. Generally, earlier breeding birds have larger clutch sizes, and the advancing spring could thus potentially increase breeding success. Shifts in spring phenology can, however, be crucial for bird reproduction, and mistiming the breeding event may even have negative consequences for population development. Our aim was to explore how weather and prey abundance relates to the breeding performance of a north European top predator, the northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis. Our nationwide dataset from Finland, spanning the period 1989-2004, shows that ambient weather has a greater impact on the timing and success of breeding than the density of grouse Tetraonidae, the main prey of goshawks. Higher early spring temperatures were associated with advancing hatching date of goshawks. Correspondingly, grouse density and temperature during laying and brooding were positively associated with brood size, while precipitation showed a negative connection. Applying our models to a future scenario of climate warming, combined with a 50 % reduction in grouse density, suggests that average breeding dates will advance only 2.5 days and average breeding success would remain the same. Notably, breeding success was not spatially equal throughout Finland, as northern and eastern populations suffered most from declining grouse densities. The observed pattern is thus the opposite to what is expected from a population situated at the northern edge of its distribution range, and thus may help to understand why populations may not increase at the northern edge of their thermal distribution due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksi Lehikoinen
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Santangeli A, Hakkarainen H, Laaksonen T, Korpimäki E. Home range size is determined by habitat composition but feeding rate by food availability in male Tengmalm’s owls. Anim Behav 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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16
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Byholm P, Rousi H, Sole I. Parental care in nesting hawks: breeding experience and food availability influence the outcome. Behav Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arr019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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17
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Experimental increase in food supply influences the outcome of within-family conflicts in Tengmalm’s owl. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-009-0898-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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