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Desbiens AA, Roff G, Robbins WD, Taylor BM, Castro-Sanguino C, Dempsey A, Mumby PJ. Revisiting the paradigm of shark-driven trophic cascades in coral reef ecosystems. Ecology 2021; 102:e03303. [PMID: 33565624 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Global overfishing of higher-level predators has caused cascading effects to lower trophic levels in many marine ecosystems. On coral reefs, which support highly diverse food webs, the degree to which top-down trophic cascades can occur remains equivocal. Using extensive survey data from coral reefs across the relatively unfished northern Great Barrier Reef (nGBR), we quantified the role of reef sharks in structuring coral reef fish assemblages. Using a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach, we explored the interactions between shark abundance and teleost mesopredator and prey functional group density and biomass, while explicitly accounting for the potentially confounding influence of environmental variation across sites. Although a fourfold difference in reef shark density was observed across our survey sites, this had no impact on either the density or biomass of teleost mesopredators or prey, providing evidence for a lack of trophic cascading across nGBR systems. Instead, many functional groups, including sharks, responded positively to environmental drivers. We found reef sharks to be positively associated with habitat complexity. In turn, physical processes such as wave exposure and current velocity were both correlated well with multiple functional groups, reflecting how changes to energetic conditions and food availability, or modification of habitat affect fish distribution. The diversity of species within coral reef food webs and their associations with bottom-up drivers likely buffers against trophic cascading across GBR functional guilds when reef shark assemblages are depleted, as has been demonstrated in other complex ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia A Desbiens
- Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences & Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - George Roff
- Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences & Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - William D Robbins
- Wildlife Marine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Marine Science Program, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brett M Taylor
- The Australian Institute of Marine Science, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Carolina Castro-Sanguino
- Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences & Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alexandra Dempsey
- Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation, Annapolis, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter J Mumby
- Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences & Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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2
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Bhattacharyya J, Roelke DL, Walton JR, Banerjee S. Using YY supermales to destabilize invasive fish populations. Theor Popul Biol 2020; 134:1-14. [PMID: 32335069 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A plausible biocontrol strategy for the eradication of invasive species involves augmenting wild populations with genetically modified supermales. Supermales contain double YY chromosomes. When they are augmented into a wild population, destabilization and eventual extinction occurs over time due to a strongly skewed gender ratio towards males. Here, we employ a mathematical model that considers an Allee effect, but we have discovered through simulation that the presence of supermales leads to an increase in the minimal number of females needed for survival at a value higher than the mathematically defined Allee effect. Using this effect, we focus our research on exploring the sensitivity of the optimized supply rate of supermale fish to the initial gender ratio and density of the wild populations. We find that the eradication strategy with optimized supply rate of supermales can be determined with knowledge of reproductive rate and survival fitness of supermale fish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel L Roelke
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 200 Seawolf Parkway, Galveston, TX 77554, USA
| | - Jay R Walton
- Department of Mathematics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3368, USA
| | - Soumitro Banerjee
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, WB 741246, India
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3
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Economic value of ecological information in ecosystem-based natural resource management depends on exploitation history. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:1658-1663. [PMID: 29378966 PMCID: PMC5816180 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1716858115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecosystem approaches to natural resource management are seen as a way to provide better outcomes for ecosystems and for people, yet the nature and strength of interactions among ecosystem components is usually unknown. Here we characterize the economic benefits of ecological knowledge through a simple model of fisheries that target a predator (piscivore) and its prey. We solve for the management (harvest) trajectory that maximizes net present value (NPV) for different ecological interactions and initial conditions that represent different levels of exploitation history. Optimal management trajectories generally approached similar harvest levels, but the pathways toward those levels varied considerably by ecological scenario. Application of the wrong harvest trajectory, which would happen if one type of ecological interaction were assumed but in fact another were occurring, generally led to only modest reductions in NPV. However, the risks were not equal across fleets: risks of incurring large losses of NPV and missing management targets were much higher in the fishery targeting piscivores, especially when piscivores were heavily depleted. Our findings suggest that the ecosystem approach might provide the greatest benefits when used to identify system states where management performs poorly with imperfect knowledge of system linkages so that management strategies can be adopted to avoid those states.
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Dunn RP, Baskett ML, Hovel KA. Interactive effects of predator and prey harvest on ecological resilience of rocky reefs. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:1718-1730. [PMID: 28581670 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A major goal of ecosystem-based fisheries management is to prevent fishery-induced shifts in community states. This requires an understanding of ecological resilience: the ability of an ecosystem to return to the same state following a perturbation, which can strongly depend on species interactions across trophic levels. We use a structured model of a temperate rocky reef to explore how multi-trophic level fisheries impact ecological resilience. Increasing fishing mortality of prey (urchins) has a minor effect on equilibrium biomass of kelp, urchins, and spiny lobster predators, but increases resilience by reducing the range of predator harvest rates at which alternative stable states are possible. Size-structured predation on urchins acts as the feedback maintaining each state. Our results demonstrate that the resilience of ecosystems strongly depends on the interactive effects of predator and prey harvest in multi-trophic level fisheries, which are common in marine ecosystems but are unaccounted for by traditional management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Dunn
- Coastal and Marine Institute & Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, 92182, USA
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Marissa L Baskett
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Kevin A Hovel
- Coastal and Marine Institute & Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, 92182, USA
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5
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Rapid and direct recoveries of predators and prey through synchronized ecosystem management. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:68. [PMID: 28812672 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-016-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
One of the twenty-first century's greatest environmental challenges is to recover and restore species, habitats and ecosystems. The decision about how to initiate restoration is best-informed by an understanding of the linkages between ecosystem components and, given these linkages, an appreciation of the consequences of choosing to recover one ecosystem component before another. However, it remains difficult to predict how the sequence of species' recoveries within food webs influences the speed and trajectory of restoration, and what that means for human well-being. Here, we develop theory to consider the ecological and social implications of synchronous versus sequential (species-by-species) recovery in the context of exploited food webs. A dynamical systems model demonstrates that synchronous recovery of predators and prey is almost always more efficient than sequential recovery. Compared with sequential recovery, synchronous recovery can be twice as fast and produce transient fluctuations of much lower amplitude. A predator-first strategy is particularly slow because it counterproductively suppresses prey recovery. An analysis of real-world predator-prey recoveries shows that synchronous and sequential recoveries are similarly common, suggesting that current practices are not ideal. We highlight policy tools that can facilitate swift and steady recovery of ecosystem structure, function and associated services.
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6
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Jiao J, Pilyugin SS, Osenberg CW. Random movement of predators can eliminate trophic cascades in marine protected areas. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jiao
- Department of Biology University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
| | - Sergei S. Pilyugin
- Department of Mathematics University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
| | - Craig W. Osenberg
- Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602 USA
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7
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Pilyugin SS, Medlock J, De Leenheer P. The effectiveness of marine protected areas for predator and prey with varying mobility. Theor Popul Biol 2016; 110:63-77. [PMID: 27151107 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are regions in the ocean where fishing is restricted or prohibited. Although several measures for MPA performance exist, here we focus on a specific one, namely the ratio of the steady state fish densities inside and outside the MPA. Several 2 patch models are proposed and analyzed mathematically. One patch represents the MPA, whereas the second patch represents the fishing ground. Fish move freely between both regions in a diffusive manner. Our main objective is to understand how fish mobility affects MPA performance. We show that MPA effectiveness decreases with fish mobility for single species models with logistic growth, and that densities inside and outside the MPA tend to equalize. This suggests that MPA performance is highest for the least mobile species. We then consider a 2 patch Lotka-Volterra predator-prey system. When one of the species moves, and the other does not, the ratio of the moving species first remains constant, and ultimately decreases with increased fish mobility, again with a tendency of equalization of the density in both regions. This suggests that MPA performance is not only highest for slow, but also for moderately mobile species. The discrepancy in MPA performance for single species models and for predator-prey models, confirms that MPA design requires an integrated, ecosystem-based approach. The mathematical approaches advocated here complement and enhance the numerical and theoretical approaches that are commonly applied to more complex models in the context of MPA design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Medlock
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, United States.
| | - Patrick De Leenheer
- Department of Mathematics, Oregon State University, United States; Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, United States.
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8
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Baskett ML, Barnett LA. The Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Marine Reserves. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Here we review the population, community, and evolutionary consequences of marine reserves. Responses at each level depend on the tendency of fisheries to target larger body sizes and the tendency for greater reserve protection with less movement within and across populations. The primary population response to reserves is survival to greater ages and sizes plus increases in the population size for harvested species, with greater response to reserves that are large relative to species' movement rates. The primary community response to reserves is an increase in total biomass and diversity, with the potential for trophic cascades and altered spatial patterning of metacommunities. The primary evolutionary response to reserves is increased genetic diversity, with the theoretical potential for protection against fisheries-induced evolution and selection for reduced movement. The potential for the combined outcome of these responses to buffer marine populations and communities against temporal environmental heterogeneity has preliminary theoretical and empirical support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L. Baskett
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270
| | - Lewis A.K. Barnett
- Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Oceans, under contract to Fisheries Resource Assessment and Monitoring Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, Washington 98110
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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Jonsson PR, Nilsson Jacobi M, Moksnes P. How to select networks of marine protected areas for multiple species with different dispersal strategies. DIVERS DISTRIB 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Per R. Jonsson
- Department of Marine Sciences – Tjärnö University of Gothenburg SE‐452 96 Strömstad Sweden
| | - Martin Nilsson Jacobi
- Complex Systems Group Department of Energy and Environment Chalmers University of Technology SE‐412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Per‐Olav Moksnes
- Department of Marine Sciences University of Gothenburg Box 462 SE‐405 30 Gothenburg Sweden
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Reef Fishes at All Trophic Levels Respond Positively to Effective Marine Protected Areas. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140270. [PMID: 26461104 PMCID: PMC4603671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) offer a unique opportunity to test the assumption that fishing pressure affects some trophic groups more than others. Removal of larger predators through fishing is often suggested to have positive flow-on effects for some lower trophic groups, in which case protection from fishing should result in suppression of lower trophic groups as predator populations recover. We tested this by assessing differences in the trophic structure of reef fish communities associated with 79 MPAs and open-access sites worldwide, using a standardised quantitative dataset on reef fish community structure. The biomass of all major trophic groups (higher carnivores, benthic carnivores, planktivores and herbivores) was significantly greater (by 40% - 200%) in effective no-take MPAs relative to fished open-access areas. This effect was most pronounced for individuals in large size classes, but with no size class of any trophic group showing signs of depressed biomass in MPAs, as predicted from higher predator abundance. Thus, greater biomass in effective MPAs implies that exploitation on shallow rocky and coral reefs negatively affects biomass of all fish trophic groups and size classes. These direct effects of fishing on trophic structure appear stronger than any top down effects on lower trophic levels that would be imposed by intact predator populations. We propose that exploitation affects fish assemblages at all trophic levels, and that local ecosystem function is generally modified by fishing.
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Gilby BL, Maxwell PS, Tibbetts IR, Stevens T. Bottom-Up Factors for Algal Productivity Outweigh No-Fishing Marine Protected Area Effects in a Marginal Coral Reef System. Ecosystems 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-015-9883-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Gilby BL, Stevens T. Meta-analysis indicates habitat-specific alterations to primary producer and herbivore communities in marine protected areas. Glob Ecol Conserv 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Vulnerability of Coral Reef Fisheries to a Loss of Structural Complexity. Curr Biol 2014; 24:1000-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Guidetti P, Baiata P, Ballesteros E, Di Franco A, Hereu B, Macpherson E, Micheli F, Pais A, Panzalis P, Rosenberg AA, Zabala M, Sala E. Large-scale assessment of Mediterranean marine protected areas effects on fish assemblages. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91841. [PMID: 24740479 PMCID: PMC3989174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) were acknowledged globally as effective tools to mitigate the threats to oceans caused by fishing. Several studies assessed the effectiveness of individual MPAs in protecting fish assemblages, but regional assessments of multiple MPAs are scarce. Moreover, empirical evidence on the role of MPAs in contrasting the propagation of non-indigenous-species (NIS) and thermophilic species (ThS) is missing. We simultaneously investigated here the role of MPAs in reversing the effects of overfishing and in limiting the spread of NIS and ThS. The Mediterranean Sea was selected as study area as it is a region where 1) MPAs are numerous, 2) fishing has affected species and ecosystems, and 3) the arrival of NIS and the northward expansion of ThS took place. Fish surveys were done in well-enforced no-take MPAs (HP), partially-protected MPAs (IP) and fished areas (F) at 30 locations across the Mediterranean. Significantly higher fish biomass was found in HP compared to IP MPAs and F. Along a recovery trajectory from F to HP MPAs, IP were similar to F, showing that just well enforced MPAs triggers an effective recovery. Within HP MPAs, trophic structure of fish assemblages resembled a top-heavy biomass pyramid. Although the functional structure of fish assemblages was consistent among HP MPAs, species driving the recovery in HP MPAs differed among locations: this suggests that the recovery trajectories in HP MPAs are likely to be functionally similar (i.e., represented by predictable changes in trophic groups, especially fish predators), but the specific composition of the resulting assemblages may depend on local conditions. Our study did not show any effect of MPAs on NIS and ThS. These results may help provide more robust expectations, at proper regional scale, about the effects of new MPAs that may be established in the Mediterranean Sea and other ecoregions worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Guidetti
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Faculté des Sciences, EA 4228 ECOMERS, Nice, France
- CoNISMa, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Pasquale Baiata
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Faculté des Sciences, EA 4228 ECOMERS, Nice, France
| | - Enric Ballesteros
- Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes, CEAB-CSIC, Accés Cala Sant Francesc, Blanes, Spain
| | - Antonio Di Franco
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Faculté des Sciences, EA 4228 ECOMERS, Nice, France
- CoNISMa, Rome, Italy
| | - Bernat Hereu
- Department of Ecology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Macpherson
- Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes, CEAB-CSIC, Accés Cala Sant Francesc, Blanes, Spain
| | - Fiorenza Micheli
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California, United States of America
| | - Antonio Pais
- Laboratorio di Acquacoltura e Gestione delle Risorse Acquatiche, Sezione di Scienze Zootecniche, Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Andrew A. Rosenberg
- Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mikel Zabala
- Department of Ecology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Sala
- Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes, CEAB-CSIC, Accés Cala Sant Francesc, Blanes, Spain
- National Geographic Society, Washington, D. C., United States of America
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Aalto EA, Baskett ML. Quantifying the balance between bycatch and predator or competitor release for nontarget species. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2013; 23:972-983. [PMID: 23967569 DOI: 10.1890/12-1316.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
If a species is bycatch in a fishery targeted at its competitor or predator, it experiences both direct anthropogenic mortality and indirect positive effects through species interactions. If the species involved interact strongly, the release from competition or predation can counteract or exceed the negative effects of bycatch. We used a set of two- and three-species community modules to analyze the relative importance of species interactions when modeling the overall effect of harvest with bycatch on a nontarget species. To measure the trade-off between direct mortality and indirect positive effects, we developed a "bycatch transition point" metric to determine, for different scenarios, what levels of bycatch shift overall harvest impact from positive to negative. Under strong direct competition with a targeted competitor, release from competition due to harvest leads to a net increase in abundance even under moderate levels of bycatch. For a three-species model with a shared obligate predator, the release from apparent competition exceeds direct competitive release and outweighs the decrease from bycatch mortality under a wide range of parameters. Therefore, in communities where a shared predator forms a strong link between the target and nontarget species, the effects of indirect interactions on populations can be larger than those of direct interactions. The bycatch transition point metric can be used for tightly linked species to evaluate the relative strengths of positive indirect effects and negative anthropogenic impacts such as bycatch, habitat degradation, and introduction of invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilius A Aalto
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, 1 Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Takashina N, Mougi A, Iwasa Y. Paradox of marine protected areas: suppression of fishing may cause species loss. POPUL ECOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-012-0323-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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Kellner JB, Sanchirico JN, Hastings A, Mumby PJ. Optimizing for multiple species and multiple values: tradeoffs inherent in ecosystem-based fisheries management. Conserv Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-263x.2010.00132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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