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Vahsen ML, Kleiner HS, Kodak H, Summers JL, Vahsen WL, Blum MJ, Megonigal JP, McLachlan JS. Complex eco-evolutionary responses of a foundational coastal marsh plant to global change. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:2121-2136. [PMID: 37452486 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the fate of coastal marshes requires understanding how plants respond to rapid environmental change. Environmental change can elicit shifts in trait variation attributable to phenotypic plasticity and act as selective agents to shift trait means, resulting in rapid evolution. Comparably, less is known about the potential for responses to reflect the evolution of trait plasticity. Here, we assessed the relative magnitude of eco-evolutionary responses to interacting global change factors using a multifactorial experiment. We exposed replicates of 32 Schoenoplectus americanus genotypes 'resurrected' from century-long, soil-stored seed banks to ambient or elevated CO2 , varying levels of inundation, and the presence of a competing marsh grass, across two sites with different salinities. Comparisons of responses to global change factors among age cohorts and across provenances indicated that plasticity has evolved in five of the seven traits measured. Accounting for evolutionary factors (i.e. evolution and sources of heritable variation) in statistical models explained an additional 9-31% of trait variation. Our findings indicate that evolutionary factors mediate ecological responses to environmental change. The magnitude of evolutionary change in plant traits over the last century suggests that evolution could play a role in pacing future ecosystem response to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Vahsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Helena S Kleiner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - Haley Kodak
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Jennifer L Summers
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Wendy L Vahsen
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - Michael J Blum
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | | | - Jason S McLachlan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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2
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Garces KR, Bell-Dereske L, Rudgers JA, Emery SM. Nitrogen addition and fungal symbiosis alter early dune plant succession. Oecologia 2023; 201:1067-1077. [PMID: 36941448 PMCID: PMC10027266 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05362-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) enrichment can have complex effects on plant communities. In low-nutrient, primary successional systems such as sand dunes, N enrichment may alter the trajectory of plant community assembly or the dominance of foundational, ecosystem-engineering plants. Predicting the consequences of N enrichment may be complicated by plant interactions with microbial symbionts because increases in a limiting resource, such as N, could alter the costs and benefits of symbiosis. To evaluate the direct and interactive effects of microbial symbiosis and N addition on plant succession, we established a long-term field experiment in Michigan, USA, manipulating the presence of the symbiotic fungal endophyte Epichloë amarillans in Ammophila breviligulata, a dominant ecosystem-engineering dune grass species. From 2016 to 2020, we implemented N fertilization treatments (control, low, high) in a subset of the long-term experiment. N addition suppressed the accumulation of plant diversity over time mainly by reducing species richness of colonizing plants. However, this suppression occurred only when the endophyte was present in Ammophila. Although Epichloë enhanced Ammophila tiller density over time, N addition did not strongly interact with Epichloë symbiosis to influence vegetative growth of Ammophila. Instead, N addition directly altered plant community composition by increasing the abundance of efficient colonizers, especially C4 grasses. In conclusion, hidden microbial symbionts can alter the consequences of N enrichment on plant primary succession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylea R Garces
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, 139 Life Sciences Bldg, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
| | - Lukas Bell-Dereske
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jennifer A Rudgers
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Sarah M Emery
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, 139 Life Sciences Bldg, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
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3
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Epichloë Increases Root Fungal Endophyte Richness and Alters Root Fungal Endophyte Composition in a Changing World. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8111142. [DOI: 10.3390/jof8111142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants harbor a variety of fungal symbionts both above- and belowground, yet little is known about how these fungi interact within hosts, especially in a world where resource availability is changing due to human activities. Systemic vertically transmitted endophytes such as Epichloë spp. may have particularly strong effects on the diversity and composition of later-colonizing symbionts such as root fungal endophytes, especially in primary successional systems. We made use of a long-term field experiment in Great Lakes sand dunes to test whether Epichloë colonization of the dune-building grass, Ammophila breviligulata, could alter fungal root endophyte species richness or community composition in host plants. We also tested whether nitrogen addition intensified the effects of Epichlöe on the root endophyte community. We found that Epichloë increased richness of root endophytes in Ammophila by 17% overall, but only shifted community composition of root endophytes under nitrogen-enriched conditions. These results indicate that Epichlöe acts as a key species within Ammophila, changing richness and composition of the root mycobiome and integrating above- and belowground mycobiome interactions. Further, effects of Epichloë on root endophyte communities were enhanced by N addition, indicating that this fungal species may become even more important in future environments.
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Rudgers JA, Afkhami ME, Bell-Dereske L, Chung YA, Crawford KM, Kivlin SN, Mann MA, Nuñez MA. Climate Disruption of Plant-Microbe Interactions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011720-090819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between plants and microbes have important influences on evolutionary processes, population dynamics, community structure, and ecosystem function. We review the literature to document how climate change may disrupt these ecological interactions and develop a conceptual framework to integrate the pathways of plant-microbe responses to climate over different scales in space and time. We then create a blueprint to aid generalization that categorizes climate effects into changes in the context dependency of plant-microbe pairs, temporal mismatches and altered feedbacks over time, or spatial mismatches that accompany species range shifts. We pair a new graphical model of how plant-microbe interactions influence resistance to climate change with a statistical approach to predictthe consequences of increasing variability in climate. Finally, we suggest pathways through which plant-microbe interactions can affect resilience during recovery from climate disruption. Throughout, we take a forward-looking perspective, highlighting knowledge gaps and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Rudgers
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA;,
| | - Michelle E. Afkhami
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33157, USA
| | - Lukas Bell-Dereske
- Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, Michigan 49060, USA
| | - Y. Anny Chung
- Departments of Plant Biology and Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Kerri M. Crawford
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Stephanie N. Kivlin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Michael A. Mann
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA;,
| | - Martin A. Nuñez
- Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente, CONICET/Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche 8400, Argentina
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Fischman HS, Crotty SM, Angelini C. Optimizing coastal restoration with the stress gradient hypothesis. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191978. [PMID: 31847771 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Restoration efforts have been escalating worldwide in response to widespread habitat degradation. However, coastal restoration attempts notoriously vary in their ability to establish resilient, high-functioning ecosystems. Conventional restoration attempts disperse transplants in competition-minimizing arrays, yet recent studies suggest that clumping transplants to maximize facilitative interactions may improve restoration success. Here, we modify the stress gradient hypothesis to generate predictions about where each restoration design will perform best across environmental stress gradients. We then test this conceptual model with field experiments manipulating transplant density and configuration across dune elevations and latitudes. In hurricane-damaged Georgia (USA) dunes, grass transplanted in competition-minimizing (low-density, dispersed) arrays exhibited the highest growth, resilience to disturbance and dune formation in low-stress conditions. In contrast, transplants survived best in facilitation-maximizing (high-density, clumped) arrays in high-stress conditions, but these benefits did not translate to higher transplant growth or resilience. In a parallel experiment in Massachusetts where dune grasses experience frequent saltwater inundation, fewer transplants survived, suggesting that there are thresholds above which intraspecific facilitation cannot overcome local stressors. These results suggest that ecological theory can be used to guide restoration strategies based on local stress regimes, maximizing potential restoration success and return-on-investment of future efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hallie S Fischman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Sinead M Crotty
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School for Sustainable Infrastructure and the Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christine Angelini
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School for Sustainable Infrastructure and the Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Couret J, Huynh‐Griffin L, Antolic‐Soban I, Acevedo‐Gonzalez TS, Gerardo NM. Even obligate symbioses show signs of ecological contingency: Impacts of symbiosis for an invasive stinkbug are mediated by host plant context. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:9087-9099. [PMID: 31463006 PMCID: PMC6706230 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Many species interactions are dependent on environmental context, yet the benefits of obligate, mutualistic microbial symbioses to their hosts are typically assumed to be universal across environments. We directly tested this assumption, focusing on the symbiosis between the sap-feeding insect Megacopta cribraria and its primary bacterial symbiont Candidatus Ishikawaella capsulata. We assessed host development time, survival, and body size in the presence and absence of the symbiont on two alternative host plants and in the insects' new invasive range. We found that association with the symbiont was critical for host survival to adulthood when reared on either host plant, with few individuals surviving in the absence of symbiosis. Developmental differences between hosts with and without microbial symbionts, however, were mediated by the host plants on which the insects were reared. Our results support the hypothesis that benefits associated with this host-microbe interaction are environmentally contingent, though given that few individuals survive to adulthood without their symbionts, this may have minimal impact on ecological dynamics and current evolutionary trajectories of these partners. OPEN RESEARCH BADGES This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally-shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.kg4bc56.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannelle Couret
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRIUSA
- Department of BiologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
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David AS, Bell-Dereske LP, Emery SM, McCormick BM, Seabloom EW, Rudgers JA. Testing for loss of Epichloë and non-epichloid symbionts under altered rainfall regimes. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:1081-1089. [PMID: 31386172 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Microbial symbionts can buffer plant hosts from environmental change. Therefore, understanding how global change factors alter the associations between hosts and their microbial symbionts may improve predictions of future changes in host population dynamics and microbial diversity. Here, we investigated how one global change factor, precipitation, affected the maintenance or loss of symbiotic fungal endophytes in a C3 grass host. Specifically, we examined the distinct responses of Epichloë (vertically transmitted and systemic) and non-epichloid endophytes (typically horizontally transmitted and localized) by considering (1) how precipitation altered associations with Epichloë and non-epichloid endophytic taxa across host ontogeny, and (2) interactive effects of water availability and Epichloë on early seedling life history stages. METHODS We manipulated the presence of Epichloë amarillans in American beachgrass (Ammophila breviligulata) in a multiyear field experiment that imposed three precipitation regimes (ambient or ±30% rainfall). In laboratory assays, we investigated the interactive effects of water availability and Epichloë on seed viability and germination. RESULTS Reduced precipitation decreased the incidence of Epichloë in leaves in the final sampling period, but had no effect on associations with non-epichloid taxa. Epichloë reduced the incidence of non-epichloid endophytes, including systemic p-endophytes, in seeds. Laboratory assays suggested that association with Epichloë is likely maintained, in part, due to increased seed viability and germination regardless of water availability. CONCLUSIONS Our study empirically demonstrates several pathways for plant symbionts to be lost or maintained across host ontogeny and suggests that reductions in precipitation can drive the loss of a plant's microbial symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S David
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Lukas P Bell-Dereske
- Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI, 49060, USA
| | - Sarah M Emery
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Brandon M McCormick
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Eric W Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Jennifer A Rudgers
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
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8
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Drake I, White Jr JF, Belanger FC. Identification of the fungal endophyte of Ammophila breviligulata (American beachgrass) as Epichloë amarillans. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4300. [PMID: 29375938 PMCID: PMC5784578 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The grass Ammophila breviligulata (American beachgrass) is known to host an endophyte of the genus Epichloë. Based on morphological characteristics it was originally identified as Acremonium typhinum var. ammophilae and is currently designated as Epichloë typhina var. ammophilae. However, the Epichloë species has not previously been identified based on DNA sequence data. Based on phylogenetic placement of beta-tubulin and translation elongation factor 1-alpha DNA sequences the endophyte is identified as a member of E. amarillans rather than E. typhina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Drake
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States of America
| | - James F. White Jr
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - Faith C. Belanger
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
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French KE. Engineering Mycorrhizal Symbioses to Alter Plant Metabolism and Improve Crop Health. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1403. [PMID: 28785256 PMCID: PMC5519612 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Creating sustainable bioeconomies for the 21st century relies on optimizing the use of biological resources to improve agricultural productivity and create new products. Arbuscular mycorrhizae (phylum Glomeromycota) form symbiotic relationships with over 80% of vascular plants. In return for carbon, these fungi improve plant health and tolerance to environmental stress. This symbiosis is over 400 million years old and there are currently over 200 known arbuscular mycorrhizae, with dozens of new species described annually. Metagenomic sequencing of native soil communities, from species-rich meadows to mangroves, suggests biologically diverse habitats support a variety of mycorrhizal species with potential agricultural, medical, and biotechnological applications. This review looks at the effect of mycorrhizae on plant metabolism and how we can harness this symbiosis to improve crop health. I will first describe the mechanisms that underlie this symbiosis and what physiological, metabolic, and environmental factors trigger these plant-fungal relationships. These include mycorrhizal manipulation of host genetic expression, host mitochondrial and plastid proliferation, and increased production of terpenoids and jasmonic acid by the host plant. I will then discuss the effects of mycorrhizae on plant root and foliar secondary metabolism. I subsequently outline how mycorrhizae induce three key benefits in crops: defense against pathogen and herbivore attack, drought resistance, and heavy metal tolerance. I conclude with an overview of current efforts to harness mycorrhizal diversity to improve crop health through customized inoculum. I argue future research should embrace synthetic biology to create mycorrhizal chasses with improved symbiotic abilities and potentially novel functions to improve plant health. As the effects of climate change and anthropogenic disturbance increase, the global diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi should be monitored and protected to ensure this important agricultural and biotechnological resource for the future.
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Shymanovich T, Charlton ND, Musso AM, Scheerer J, Cech NB, Faeth SH, Young CA. Interspecific and intraspecific hybrid Epichloë species symbiotic with the North American native grass Poa alsodes. Mycologia 2017; 109:459-474. [PMID: 28723242 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2017.1340779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The endophyte presence and diversity in natural populations of Poa alsodes were evaluated along a latitudinal transect from the southern distribution range in North Carolina to New York. Two distinct Epichloë hybrid taxa were identified from 23 populations. Each taxon could easily be distinguished by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) genotyping with primers designed to mating type genes and alkaloid biosynthesis genes that encode key pathway steps for ergot alkaloids, indole-diterpenes, lolines, and peramine. The most commonly found Epichloë taxon, Poa alsodes Taxonomic Group-1 (PalTG-1), was detected in 22 populations at high infection frequencies (72-100%), with the exception of one population at high elevation (26% infection). The second taxon, PalTG-2, was observed only in five populations in Pennsylvania constituting 12% of infected samples. Phylogenetic analyses placed PalTG-1 as an interspecific hybrid of E. amarillans and E. typhina subsp. poae ancestors, and it is considered a new hybrid species, which the authors name Epichloë alsodes. PalTG-2 is an intraspecific hybrid of two E. typhina subsp. poae ancestors, similar to E. schardlii from the host Cinna arundinacea, which the authors propose as a new variety, Epichloë schardlii var. pennsylvanica. Epichloë alsodes isolates were all mating type MTA MTB and tested positive for dmaW, easC, perA, and some LOL genes, but only the alkaloid N-acetylnorloline was detected in E. alsodes-infected plant material. Epichloë schardlii var. pennsylvanica isolates were all mating type MTB MTB and tested positive for perA, but peramine was not produced. Both E. alsodes and E. schardlii var. pennsylvanica appeared to have complete perA genes, but point mutations were identified in E. alsodes that would render the encoded perA gene nonfunctional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsiana Shymanovich
- a Department of Biology , University of North Carolina Greensboro , 312 Eberhart Building, Greensboro , North Carolina 27412
| | - Nikki D Charlton
- b Noble Research Institute, LLC ., 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore , Oklahoma 73401
| | - Ashleigh M Musso
- c Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina Greensboro , 435 Patricia A. Sullivan Science Building, Greensboro , North Carolina 27402
| | | | - Nadja B Cech
- c Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina Greensboro , 435 Patricia A. Sullivan Science Building, Greensboro , North Carolina 27402
| | - Stanley H Faeth
- a Department of Biology , University of North Carolina Greensboro , 312 Eberhart Building, Greensboro , North Carolina 27412
| | - Carolyn A Young
- b Noble Research Institute, LLC ., 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore , Oklahoma 73401
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Bell-Dereske L, Takacs-Vesbach C, Kivlin SN, Emery SM, Rudgers JA. Leaf endophytic fungus interacts with precipitation to alter belowground microbial communities in primary successional dunes. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2017; 93:3071445. [PMID: 28334408 PMCID: PMC5827620 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding interactions between above- and belowground components of ecosystems is an important next step in community ecology. These interactions may be fundamental to predicting ecological responses to global change because indirect effects occurring through altered species interactions can outweigh or interact with the direct effects of environmental drivers. In a multiyear field experiment (2010-2015), we tested how experimental addition of a mutualistic leaf endophyte (Epichloë amarillans) associated with American beachgrass (Ammophila breviligulata) interacted with an altered precipitation regime (±30%) to affect the belowground microbial community. Epichloë addition increased host root biomass at the plot scale, but reduced the length of extraradical arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal hyphae in the soil. Under ambient precipitation alone, the addition of Epichloë increased root biomass per aboveground tiller and reduced the diversity of AM fungi in A. breviligulata roots. Furthermore, with Epichloë added, the diversity of root-associated bacteria declined with higher soil moisture, whereas in its absence, bacterial diversity increased with higher soil moisture. Thus, the aboveground fungal mutualist not only altered the abundance and composition of belowground microbial communities but also affected how belowground communities responded to climate, suggesting that aboveground microbes have potential for cascading influences on community dynamics and ecosystem processes that occur belowground.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Bell-Dereske
- Department of Biology, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | | | - Stephanie N. Kivlin
- Department of Biology, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Sarah M. Emery
- Department of Biology, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Rudgers
- Department of Biology, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Bell‐Dereske L, Gao X, Masiello CA, Sinsabaugh RL, Emery SM, Rudgers JA. Plant–fungal symbiosis affects litter decomposition during primary succession. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Bell‐Dereske
- Dept of Biology, MSC03‐2020 Univ. of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131‐0001 USA
| | - Xiaodong Gao
- Dept of Earth Science Rice Univ. Houston TX 77005 USA
| | | | | | - Sarah M. Emery
- Dept of Biology Univ. of Louisville Louisville KY 40292 USA
| | - Jennifer A. Rudgers
- Dept of Biology, MSC03‐2020 Univ. of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131‐0001 USA
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