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van Zwieten R, Bierman TV, Klinkhamer PGL, Bezemer TM, Vrieling K, Kodger TE. Mimicking natural deterrent strategies in plants using adhesive spheres. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321565121. [PMID: 38739796 PMCID: PMC11127000 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321565121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
With a continuous increase in world population and food production, chemical pesticide use is growing accordingly, yet unsustainably. As chemical pesticides are harmful to the environment and developmental resistance in pests is increasing, a sustainable and effective pesticide alternative is needed. Inspired by nature, we mimic one defense strategy of plants, glandular trichomes, to shift away from using chemical pesticides by moving toward a physical immobilization strategy via adhesive particles. Through controlled oxidation of a biobased starting material, triglyceride oils, an adhesive material is created while monitoring the reactive intermediates. After being milled into particles, nanoindentation shows these particles to be adhesive even at low contact forces. A suspension of particles is then sprayed and found to be effective at immobilizing a target pest, thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. Small arthropod pests, like thrips, can cause crop damage through virus transfer, which is prevented by their immobilization. We show that through a scalable fabrication process, biosourced materials can be used to create an effective, sustainable physical pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph van Zwieten
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Agrotechnology & Food Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, WageningenWK6700, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs V. Bierman
- Department of Above-Belowground Interactions Group, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, LeidenBE2333, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G. L. Klinkhamer
- Department of Above-Belowground Interactions Group, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, LeidenBE2333, The Netherlands
| | - T. Martijn Bezemer
- Department of Above-Belowground Interactions Group, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, LeidenBE2333, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Department of Above-Belowground Interactions Group, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, LeidenBE2333, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas E. Kodger
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Agrotechnology & Food Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, WageningenWK6700, The Netherlands
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Pearse IS, LoPresti E, Baldwin BG, Krimmel B. The evolution of glandularity as a defense against herbivores in the tarweed clade. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2024; 111:e16281. [PMID: 38334065 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
PREMISE Glandular trichomes are implicated in direct and indirect defense of plants. However, the degree to which glandular and non-glandular trichomes have evolved as a consequence of herbivory remains unclear, because their heritability, their association with herbivore resistance, their trade-offs with one another, and their association with other functions are rarely quantified. METHODS We conducted a phylogenetic comparison of trichomes and herbivore resistance against the generalist caterpillar, Heliothis virescens, among tarweed species (Asteraceae: Madiinae) and a genetic correlation study comparing those same traits among maternal half-sibs of three tarweed species. RESULTS Within a tarweed species, we found no evidence that herbivore growth rate decreased on tarweed individuals or maternal sib groups with more glandularity or denser trichomes. However, tarweed species with more glandularity and fewer non-glandular trichomes resulted in slower-growing herbivores. Likewise, a trade-off between glandular and non-glandular trichomes was apparent among tarweed species, but not among individuals or sib groups within a species. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that this key herbivore does not select for trichomes as a direct defense in tarweed species. However, trichomes differed substantially among species and likely affect herbivore pressure on those species. Our results demonstrate that trade-offs among plant traits, as well as inference on the function of those traits, can depend on scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian S Pearse
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Eric LoPresti
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Bruce G Baldwin
- University of California-Berkeley, Jepson Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, Berkeley, CA, USA
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3
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Defensive functions and potential ecological conflicts of floral stickiness. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19848. [PMID: 36400941 PMCID: PMC9674602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stickiness of vegetative tissues has evolved multiple times in different plant families but is rare and understudied in flowers. While stickiness in general is thought to function primarily as a defense against herbivores, it may compromise mutualistic interactions (such as those with pollinators) in reproductive tissues. Here, we test the hypothesis that stickiness on flower petals of the High-Andean plant, Bejaria resinosa (Ericaceae), functions as a defense against florivores. We address ecological consequences and discuss potential trade-offs associated with a repellant trait expressed in flowers that mediate mutualistic interactions. In surveys and manipulative experiments, we assess florivory and resulting fitness effects on plants with sticky and non-sticky flowers in different native populations of B. resinosa in Colombia. In addition, we analyze the volatile and non-volatile components in sticky and non-sticky flower morphs to understand the chemical information context within which stickiness is expressed. We demonstrate that fruit set is strongly affected by floral stickiness but also varies with population. While identifying floral stickiness as a major defensive function, our data also suggest that the context-dependency of chemical defense functionality likely arises from differential availability of primary pollinators and potential trade-offs between chemical defense with different modes of action.
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Attracted to feed, not to be fed upon – on the biology of Toxomerus basalis (Walker, 1836), the kleptoparasitic ‘sundew flower fly’ (Diptera: Syrphidae). JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467422000128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The complete life history of the kleptoparasitic ‘sundew flower fly’, Toxomerus basalis, is presented and illustrated. Adults of this species are photographed alive for the first time, including video recordings of larval and adult behaviour. Adult flies of both sexes visit Drosera (sundews) and show territorial behaviour around the plants, avoiding the dangerous sticky traps and demonstrating recognition of their larval host plant. Females lay eggs directly on non-sticky parts of the Drosera host plants, such as on the lower surface of the leaves and flower stalks, but apparently also on other plants growing in close proximity with the sundews.
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Watts S, Kariyat R. Morphological characterization of trichomes shows enormous variation in shape, density and dimensions across the leaves of 14 Solanum species. AOB PLANTS 2021; 13:plab071. [PMID: 34917310 PMCID: PMC8670628 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes are the epidermal appendages commonly observed on plant surfaces including leaves, stem and fruits. Plant trichomes have been well studied as a structural plant defence designed to protect plants against abiotic and biotic stressors such as UV rays, temperature extremities and herbivores. Trichomes are primarily classified into glandular and non-glandular trichomes, based on the presence or absence of a glandular head. The plant genus Solanum is the largest genus of family Solanaceae that houses ~3500 species of ecological and economic importance have a diverse set of trichomes that vary in density and morphology. However, due to the incomplete and contradictory classification system, trichomes have subjective names and have been largely limited to be grouped into glandular or non-glandular types. Through this study, we did a complete workup to classify and characterize trichomes on both adaxial and abaxial leaf surface of 14 wild and domesticated species of the genus Solanum. Using electron microscopy, statistical analyses and artistic rendition, we examined finer details of trichomes and measured their density and dimensions to compile a detailed data set which can be of use for estimating the variation in trichome types, and their density, with consequences for understanding their functional roles. Our study is the first of its kind that provides us with a better and well-defined classification, density and dimension analysis to complete the morphological classification of trichomes on both leaf surfaces of a diverse range of members in Solanum genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Watts
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
| | - Rupesh Kariyat
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
- School of Earth Environmental and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
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Weirauch C, Zhang G, Forero D, Bérenger JM. Living on a sticky trap: natural history and morphology of Bactrodes assassin bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Bactrodinae). J NAT HIST 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2021.1903110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Weirauch
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - G. Zhang
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - D. Forero
- Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Entomología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - J.-M. Bérenger
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie, Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire de biologie et évolution des insectes, Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, Paris, France
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7
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Tagawa K, Watanabe M. Can sticky plants reduce herbivory of neighboring plants? Ecology 2020; 102:e03240. [PMID: 33188640 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Tagawa
- Department of Education, Miyazaki International College, 1405 Kano, Kiyotake-cho, Miyazaki, 889-1605, Japan
| | - Mikio Watanabe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Aichi University of Education, Kariya City, Aichi, 448-8542, Japan
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Pearse IS, LoPresti E, Schaeffer RN, Wetzel WC, Mooney KA, Ali JG, Ode PJ, Eubanks MD, Bronstein JL, Weber MG. Generalising indirect defence and resistance of plants. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1137-1152. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian S. Pearse
- U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center 2150 Centre Ave #C Ft Collins CO 80526 USA
| | - Eric LoPresti
- Department of Plant Biology Evolutionary Biology & Behavior Program Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | | | - William C. Wetzel
- Department of Entomology and Ecology Evolutionary Biology & Behavior Program Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | - Kailen A. Mooney
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of California Irvine, CA USA
| | - Jared G. Ali
- Department of Entomology Penn State University State College PA USA
| | - Paul J. Ode
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Department of Bioagricultural Science and Pest Management Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Micky D. Eubanks
- Department of Entomology Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | - Judith L. Bronstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721 USA
| | - Marjorie G. Weber
- Department of Plant Biology Evolutionary Biology & Behavior Program Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
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LoPresti EF, Goidell J, Mola JM, Page ML, Specht CD, Stuligross C, Weber MG, Williams NM, Karban R. A lever action hypothesis for pendulous hummingbird flowers: experimental evidence from a columbine. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 125:59-65. [PMID: 31402377 PMCID: PMC6948206 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pendulous flowers (due to a flexible pedicel) are a common, convergent trait of hummingbird-pollinated flowers. However, the role of flexible pedicels remains uncertain despite several functional hypotheses. Here we present and test the 'lever action hypothesis': flexible pedicels allow pendulous flowers to move upwards from all sides, pushing the stigma and anthers against the underside of the feeding hummingbird regardless of which nectary is being visited. METHODS To test whether this lever action increased pollination success, we wired emasculated flowers of serpentine columbine, Aquilegia eximia, to prevent levering and compared pollination success of immobilized flowers with emasculated unwired and wire controls. KEY RESULTS Seed set was significantly lower in wire-immobilized flowers than unwired control and wire control flowers. Video analysis of visits to wire-immobilized and unwired flowers demonstrated that birds contacted the stigmas and anthers of immobilized flowers less often than those of flowers with flexible pedicels. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that flexible pedicels permit the levering of reproductive structures onto a hovering bird. Hummingbirds, as uniquely large, hovering pollinators, differ from flies or bees which are too small to cause levering of flowers while hovering. Thus, flexible pedicels may be an adaptation to hummingbird pollination, in particular due to hummingbird size. We further speculate that this mechanism is effective only in radially symmetric flowers; in contrast, zygomorphic hummingbird-pollinated flowers are usually more or less horizontally oriented rather than having pendulous flowers and flexible pedicels.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F LoPresti
- Department of Plant Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Entomology, UC-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J Goidell
- Department of Entomology, UC-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J M Mola
- Department of Entomology, UC-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M L Page
- Department of Entomology, UC-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - C D Specht
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - C Stuligross
- Department of Entomology, UC-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M G Weber
- Department of Plant Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - N M Williams
- Department of Entomology, UC-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - R Karban
- Department of Entomology, UC-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Van Wyk JI, Krimmel BA, Crova L, Pearse IS. Plants trap pollen to feed predatory arthropods as an indirect resistance against herbivory. Ecology 2019; 100:e02867. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer I. Van Wyk
- Department of Entomology and Nematology University of California Davis 1 Shields Ave Davis California 95616 USA
| | - Billy A. Krimmel
- Department of Entomology and Nematology University of California Davis 1 Shields Ave Davis California 95616 USA
- Miridae 1322 F St. Sacramento California 95814 USA
| | - Laure Crova
- Department of Entomology and Nematology University of California Davis 1 Shields Ave Davis California 95616 USA
| | - Ian S. Pearse
- U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center 2150 Centre Avenue #C Fort Collins Colorado 80526 USA
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11
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Karban R, LoPresti E, Pepi A, Grof-Tisza P. Induction of the sticky plant defense syndrome in wild tobacco. Ecology 2019; 100:e02746. [PMID: 31032891 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Many plants engage in protective mutualisms, offering resources such as extrafloral nectar and shelters to predatory arthropods in exchange for protection against herbivores. Recent work indicates that sticky plants catch small insects and provide this carrion to predators who defend the plants against herbivores. In this study, we investigated whether wild tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata, fits this sticky plant defense syndrome that has been described for other sticky plants. We developed a bioassay for stickiness involving the number of flies that adhered to flowers, the stickiest tissues. In surveys conducted over three field seasons at four sites, we found that the number of carrion that adhered to a plant was positively correlated with the number of predators that we observed foraging over its surfaces. The number of predators was positively correlated with the number of seed capsules that the plant produced, a measure of lifetime female reproductive success. Structural equation modeling indicated strong support for the causal path linking carrion numbers to predator numbers to capsule production. We investigated whether stickiness was an inducible trait and examined two potential cues. We found that experimental clipping of rosette leaves induced greater stickiness, although clipping of neighboring sagebrush leaves did not. Damage to leaf tissue is likely to be a more reliable predictor of risk than is damage to a neighboring plant. The sticky plant defense syndrome is a widespread protective mutualism; its strength and ecological relevance can adjust as risk of herbivory changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Karban
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Eric LoPresti
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, Room 262, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Adam Pepi
- Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Patrick Grof-Tisza
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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12
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LoPresti EF, Pan V, Goidell J, Weber MG, Karban R. Mucilage‐bound sand reduces seed predation by ants but not by reducing apparency: a field test of 53 plant species. Ecology 2019; 100:e02809. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. F. LoPresti
- Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University 612 Wilson Road East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
| | - V. Pan
- Department of Entomology UC‐Davis 1 Shields Avenue Davis California 95616 USA
| | - J. Goidell
- Department of Entomology UC‐Davis 1 Shields Avenue Davis California 95616 USA
| | - M. G. Weber
- Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University 612 Wilson Road East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
| | - R. Karban
- Department of Entomology UC‐Davis 1 Shields Avenue Davis California 95616 USA
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de Sousa‐Lopes B, Alves‐da‐Silva N, Alves‐Martins F, Del‐Claro K. Antiherbivore protection and plant selection by the lynx spider
Peucetia flava
(Araneae: Oxyopidae) in the Brazilian Cerrado. J Zool (1987) 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. de Sousa‐Lopes
- Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental e de Interações Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Entomologia Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - N. Alves‐da‐Silva
- Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental e de Interações Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Minas Gerais Brazil
| | | | - K. Del‐Claro
- Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental e de Interações Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Minas Gerais Brazil
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Unidirectional grass hairs usher insects away from meristems. Oecologia 2019; 189:711-718. [PMID: 30758657 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Grasses are major agricultural products worldwide and they are critical to ecosystem function in many terrestrial habitats. Despite their global importance, we know relatively little about their defenses against herbivory. Grasses tend to be tolerant of leaf loss because their valuable meristems are located underground, out of reach for above ground herbivores. Many grasses have unidirectional leaf hairs, prickles, and spines that make moving up the leaf blade easy, but make moving down, toward the meristem, difficult. We tested the hypothesis that unidirectional grass hairs direct small arthropod herbivores away from the meristems. In a field survey of the distribution of herbivore damage, we found that leaf tips received five times more damage than leaf bases for Avena barbata. Early-instar grasshoppers fed three times as often on leaf tops as on leaf bases of pubescent individuals in a common garden laboratory experiment. This effect was not observed for glabrous individuals where grasshoppers damaged leaf bases as often as leaf tops. A common generalist caterpillar, Heliothus virescens, was more than twice as likely to turn in the direction of the hairs, away from the meristems, when it encountered pubescent leaves of A. barbata. However, larger caterpillars of the generalist feeder Arctia virginalis showed no directional bias when they encountered pubescent leaves. In common garden experiments, selection on pubescence was weak and inconsistent over space and time. Under some circumstances, individuals of A. barbata with pubescent leaves were more likely to produce seeds than were individuals with fewer hairs. The surveys, behavioral experiments with small insects, and estimates of lifetime reproduction all support the hypothesis that unidirectional leaf hairs on A. barbata, and perhaps other grasses, serve as an unstudied defense that direct small herbivores away from the meristems.
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LoPresti EF, Robinson ML, Krimmel BA, Charles GK. The sticky fruit of manzanita: potential functions beyond epizoochory. Ecology 2018; 99:2128-2130. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric F. LoPresti
- Graduate Group in Ecology; Center for Population Biology; UC-Davis; Davis 95616 California USA
- Department of Plant Biology; Michigan State University; East Lansing 48808 Michigan USA
| | - Moria L. Robinson
- Graduate Group in Ecology; Center for Population Biology; UC-Davis; Davis 95616 California USA
- Department of Entomology; Michigan State University; East Lansing 48808 Michigan USA
| | - Billy A. Krimmel
- Graduate Group in Ecology; Center for Population Biology; UC-Davis; Davis 95616 California USA
- Restoration Landscaping Company; Sacramento 94203 California USA
| | - Grace K. Charles
- Graduate Group in Ecology; Center for Population Biology; UC-Davis; Davis 95616 California USA
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Kersch-Becker MF, Grisolia BB, Campos MJO, Romero GQ. The role of spider hunting mode on the strength of spider–plant mutualisms. Oecologia 2018; 188:213-222. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4170-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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17
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LoPresti E, Krimmel B, Pearse IS. Entrapped carrion increases indirect plant resistance and intra-guild predation on a sticky tarweed. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric LoPresti
- Dept. Entomology; UC Davis; 1 Shields Ave Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Billy Krimmel
- Dept. Entomology; UC Davis; 1 Shields Ave Davis CA 95616 USA
- Restoration Landscaping Company; Sacramento CA USA
| | - Ian S. Pearse
- US Geological Survey, Ft. Collins Science Center; Ft Collins CO USA
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Polyphagy by omnivory: scavenging improves performance of a polyphagous caterpillar on marginal hosts. Oecologia 2018; 186:1007-1015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4057-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Sand entrapment on plant surfaces, termed psammophory or sand armor, is a phylogenetically and geographically widespread trait. The functional significance of this phenomenon has been poorly investigated. Sand and soil are nonnutritive and difficult for herbivores to process, as well as visually identical to the background. We experimentally investigated whether this sand coating physically protected the plant from herbivores or increased crypsis (e.g., decreased apparency to herbivores). We tested the former hypothesis by removing entrapped sand from stems, petioles, and leaves of the sand verbena Abronia latifolia and by supplementing natural sand levels in the honeyscented pincushion plant Navarretia mellita. Consistent with a physical defensive function, leaves with sand present or supplemented suffered less chewing herbivory than those with sand removed or left as is. To test a possible crypsis effect, we coated some sand verbena stems with green sand, matching the stem color, as well as others with brown sand to match the background color. Both suffered less chewing herbivory than controls with no sand and herbivory did not significantly differ between the colors, suggesting crypsis was not the driving resistance mechanism. Strong tests of plant apparency are rare; this experimental approach may be possible in other systems and represents one of few manipulative tests of this long-standing hypothesis.
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Vermeij GJ. Plant defences on land and in water: why are they so different? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:1099-109. [PMID: 27091505 PMCID: PMC4904178 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants (attached photosynthesizing organisms) are eaten by a wide variety of herbivorous animals. Despite a vast literature on plant defence, contrasting patterns of antiherbivore adaptation among marine, freshwater and land plants have been little noticed, documented or understood. SCOPE Here I show how the surrounding medium (water or air) affects not only the plants themselves, but also the sensory and locomotor capacities of herbivores and their predators, and I discuss patterns of defence and host specialization of plants and herbivores on land and in water. I analysed the literature on herbivory with special reference to mechanical defences and sensory cues emitted by plants. Spines, hairs, asymmetrically oriented features on plant surfaces, and visual and olfactory signals that confuse or repel herbivores are common in land plants but rare or absent in water-dwelling plants. Small terrestrial herbivores are more often host-specific than their aquatic counterparts. I propose that patterns of selection on terrestrial herbivores and plants differ from those on aquatic species. Land plants must often attract animal dispersers and pollinators that, like their herbivorous counterparts, require sophisticated locomotor and sensory abilities. Plants counter their attractiveness to animal helpers by evolving effective contact defences and long-distance cues that mislead or warn herbivores. The locomotor and sensory world of small aquatic herbivores is more limited. These characteristics result from the lower viscosity and density of air compared with water as well as from limitations on plant physiology and signal transmission in water. Evolutionary innovations have not eliminated the contrasts in the conditions of life between water and land. CONCLUSION Plant defence can be understood fully when herbivores and their victims are considered in the broader context of other interactions among coexisting species and of the medium in which these interactions occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geerat J Vermeij
- University of California, Davis, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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