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Abriham T, Bekele A, Yihune M. Diurnal activity time budget of Grevy's zebra ( Equus grevyi, Oustalet 1882) in a protected savannah area. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26117. [PMID: 38370237 PMCID: PMC10869900 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding natural history such as diurnal activity of wildlife species is important for their conservation intervention. The aim of the current study was to examine Grevy's zebra diurnal activity time budget in Hallaydeghe Asebot Proposed National Park (HAPNP) considering both wet and dry seasons. Scan sampling method was used. Activities of the species were recorded based on age and sex. Species were observed for 15 min (10 min activities recording followed 5 min rest). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to analysis data. Grazing (31.26%) was the highest followed by resting (30.24%) during the wet season and grazing (37.13%) was the highest followed by moving (27.25%) during dry season. The peak grazing time of species was morning 6:00-9:00 a.m. and late afternoon 16:00-18:00 p.m. while resting was observed during midday. The time the species spent over grazing (df = 1, F = 27.15, p = 0.000132), Grooming (df = 1, F = 24.082, p = 0.000231), mating (df = 1, F = 24.850, p = 0.0002) and moving (df = 1, F = 5.550, p = 0.0336) activity during both seasons were significantly different. There is statistical difference for grazing (df = 2, F = 9.336, p = 0.002653), mating (df = 2, F = 6.216, p = 0.0117), moving (df = 2, F = 5.604, p = 0.0163) and other (df = 2, F = 5.006, p = 0.0229) activities based on sex of species. The current study examined only diurnal activity time budget of the species. As a result, future research shall be conducted by taking into account the impact of different factors (temperature and livestock) that can influence the activity time budget of Grevy's zebra in HAPNP. Lastly, we recommend thorough species management plan in HAPNP for sustainable conservation of Grevy's zebra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolera Abriham
- Department of Natural Resource Management, Samara University, P.O.Box 132 Samara, Ethiopia
| | - Afework Bekele
- Departments of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mesele Yihune
- Departments of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Wereszczuk A, Zalewski A. An anthropogenic landscape reduces the influence of climate conditions and moonlight on carnivore activity. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2023; 77:55. [PMID: 37200556 PMCID: PMC10172063 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-023-03331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Abiotic factors are limitations that can affect animal activity and distribution, whether directly or indirectly. The objective of this study was to evaluate how abiotic factors influence the activity of two mustelid species inhabiting the same region but different habitats in NE Poland-pine marten inhabits forests and stone marten occupy built-up areas. From 1991 to 2016, we obtained 23,639 year-round observations of 15 pine martens and 8524 observations of 47 stone martens. We explore the influence of ambient temperature, snow cover depth and moonlight reaching the ground and interactions between these variables on the probability of martens' activity. The activity of pine martens living in natural habitats is more affected by climate conditions and moonlight than that of stone martens living in anthropogenic areas. Pine martens inhabiting forests increased activity when the ambient temperature was above 0 °C and snow cover was absent, as well as when the ambient temperature dropped to - 15 °C and snow cover depth was about 10 cm. Stone marten occupying anthropogenic areas did not reduce their activity if the temperature dropped. Variation of activity in relation to ambient conditions is probably related to pine martens' behavioural thermoregulation. The pine marten was active more frequently on bright nights, while moonlight intensity did not affect the activity of the stone marten. Our study concludes that complex interactions among abiotic factors concerning different habitats play a synergetic role in shaping carnivore activity and suggest that climate warming may affect the behaviour of both martens. Significance statement The survival and reproduction of animals depends on their activity, which is subject to various constraints. We studied the influence of climate conditions and moonlight intensity on the ground on the activity of pine and stone marten. We found that pine martens in natural habitat were greatly impacted by ambient conditions, whereas stone martens in built-up areas were less so. Natural habitats involve limitations related to harsh winters but may mitigate the effects of high temperatures. In contrast, animals living in built-up areas are exposed to higher temperatures in summer, which is of particular importance in the face of climate change. Our results show that the combination of several environmental factors affects animal behaviour and these factors have varying effects in various habitats. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00265-023-03331-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wereszczuk
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, 17-230 Białowieża, Poland
| | - Andrzej Zalewski
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, 17-230 Białowieża, Poland
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Gilbert NA, McGinn KA, Nunes LA, Shipley AA, Bernath-Plaisted J, Clare JDJ, Murphy PW, Keyser SR, Thompson KL, Maresh Nelson SB, Cohen JM, Widick IV, Bartel SL, Orrock JL, Zuckerberg B. Daily activity timing in the Anthropocene. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:324-336. [PMID: 36402653 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Animals are facing novel 'timescapes' in which the stimuli entraining their daily activity patterns no longer match historical conditions due to anthropogenic disturbance. However, the ecological effects (e.g., altered physiology, species interactions) of novel activity timing are virtually unknown. We reviewed 1328 studies and found relatively few focusing on anthropogenic effects on activity timing. We suggest three hypotheses to stimulate future research: (i) activity-timing mismatches determine ecological effects, (ii) duration and timing of timescape modification influence effects, and (iii) consequences of altered activity timing vary biogeographically due to broad-scale variation in factors compressing timescapes. The continued growth of sampling technologies promises to facilitate the study of the consequences of altered activity timing, with emerging applications for biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Gilbert
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kate A McGinn
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Laura A Nunes
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Amy A Shipley
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jacy Bernath-Plaisted
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - John D J Clare
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Penelope W Murphy
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Spencer R Keyser
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kimberly L Thompson
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), 04103 Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Scott B Maresh Nelson
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jeremy M Cohen
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ivy V Widick
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Savannah L Bartel
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - John L Orrock
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Benjamin Zuckerberg
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Green AM, Young E, Keller H, Grace T, Pendergast ME, Şekercioğlu ÇH. Variation in human diel activity patterns mediates periodic increases in recreational activity on mammal behavioural response: investigating the presence of a temporal ‘weekend effect’. Anim Behav 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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Lu S, Yue Y, Wang Y, Zhang D, Yang B, Yu Z, Lin H, Dai Q. The Factors Influencing Wildlife to Use Existing Bridges and Culverts in Giant Panda National Park. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15040487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Roads, acting as barriers, hamper wildlife movements and disrupt habitat connectivity. Bridges and culverts are common structures on roads, and some of them can function to allow wildlife passage. This study investigated the effects of traffic, the surrounding landscape, human disturbance, and bridge and culvert structures on the utilization of bridges and culverts as dedicated passages by wildlife, using motion-activated infrared camera traps along a 64 km road in Giant Panda National Park, Sichuan, China. The results show that both species richness and counts of wildlife recorded at the bridge and culvert were significantly lower than those observed at sites distant from roads. No large-sized wildlife was recorded at the bridges and culverts. Human activities and traffic volume significantly and negatively affect medium-sized wildlife utilization of bridges and culverts. We conclude that bridges and culverts serve as wildlife crossings, but their efficacy is weak. This emphasizes the necessity of retrofitting bridges and culverts via mitigation facilities such as noise and light barriers, and vegetation restoration on both sides of the roads in Giant Panda National Park.
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Brennan L, Chow E, Lamb C. Wildlife overpass structure size, distribution, effectiveness, and adherence to expert design recommendations. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14371. [PMID: 36530405 PMCID: PMC9753749 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well evidenced that wildlife crossing structures paired with exclusion fencing reduce wildlife vehicles collisions while facilitating wildlife connectivity across roadways. Managing animal mortality and subpopulation connectivity is crucial to successful species and landscape stewardship. Highway mitigation projects are large economic investments that remain on the landscape for many decades. Governments and planning agents thus strive to balance cost and benefit to build cost-effective structures with the greatest positive impact on local wildlife and motorists. Ideal dimensions of overpasses and underpasses vary by species, but scientists generally suggest that overpasses for large mammals should be approximately 50 m wide. Optimal width also depends on structure length, with longer structures requiring additional width. Accordingly, experts have suggested a width to length ratio of 0.8. We sought to assess how these recommendations manifested in practice-where agencies use this information to design and build structures while also balancing cost and logistical challenges-and the degree to which built structures conform to current recommendations. We identified 120 wildlife overpasses across the world that were constructed to reduce the negative impacts of roads. Using a novel measurement technique, we analyzed the dimensions of these 120 overpasses located in North America, Europe, Asia, and Oceania. The average width of the wildlife overpasses was 34 m. Most wildlife overpasses located in North America and Europe did not meet their respective dimensional expert guidelines. We investigate reasons explaining the non-compliance and provide recommendations for future overpass designs. Building on previous evidence showing that wider overpasses have increased crossing rates, we examined crossing rates for multiple large mammal species across 12 overpasses located in western North America. We qualitatively observed that wider North American overpasses (40-60 m), in or near compliance with expert guidelines, were associated with a more diverse set of species use and had nearly twice the average crossing rates when compared to non-compliant, narrow North American overpasses. In reviewing various studies from around the world, we conclude that wide overpasses (~50 m) continue to present ecologically sound and cost-effective solutions for decreasing the barrier of roadways, especially when targeting width-sensitive species and large assemblages of mammals. Future studies, however, are encouraged to further explore the specific instances when underpasses and narrower overpasses present more cost-effective ecological solutions, or how these structures can complement wide overpasses in successful wildlife crossing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Brennan
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, Cranbrook, British Columbia, Canada,The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emily Chow
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, Cranbrook, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Clayton Lamb
- The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
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Kitegile A, Hassan SN, Norton GW. A road traversing a protected area has little effect on feeding and foraging behaviour of yellow baboons. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9405. [PMID: 36479024 PMCID: PMC9719999 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tanzania-Zambia (TANZAM) Highway traversing Mikumi National Park (MINAPA) has been a concern for wildlife managers since it was first paved in 1973-1974. After its upgrade in 1989-1990, researchers have documented increasing traffic resulting in considerable animal injuries and mortalities. Yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in MINAPA use the road as the bridge to and from foraging areas, therefore in addition to the risk of mortality road use could potentially have significant influence on their feeding behavior. However, knowledge on the influences of the TANZAM highway in the feeding behavior of yellow baboons is sparse. Using focal animal sampling techniques, we collected data on feeding and foraging behavior of two habituated troops of yellow baboons to examine to what extent the TANZAM highway is important in their feeding and foraging behavior. Results showed that in relation to habitat availability, visitation to habitat types reflect actual habitat choice of baboons. In general, yellow baboons less frequently visit and spent less time on the highway than natural habitats. Whenever they were on the highway, adult females and subadult males engage more into feeding, resting and socializing, while adult males were more vigilant. The major dietary compositions were fruits, seeds, leaves, sap, and invertebrates, almost exclusively collected from natural habitats, foods from the highway were opportunistically consumed. This study provides empirical evidence and concludes that yellow baboons do not directly depend on the highway for food, rather they use the TANZAM highway as normal part of their home range. However, its location near sleeping sites may have significant impact on baboons' activity budget. With these findings, we recommend strict implementation of rules against park littering and animal feeding in protected areas traversed by highways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Kitegile
- Department of Wildlife ManagementSokoine University of AgricultureMorogoroTanzania,Animal Behaviour Research UnitMorogoroTanzania
| | - Shombe N. Hassan
- Department of Wildlife ManagementSokoine University of AgricultureMorogoroTanzania
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Shafaghat A, Keyvanfar A, Wui Ket C. A decision support tool for evaluating the wildlife corridor design and conservation performance using analytic network process (ANP). J Nat Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2022.126280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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9
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Artificial Water Troughs Use by the Mountain Ungulate Ovis gmelini ophion (Cyprus Mouflon) at Pafos Forest. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12213060. [DOI: 10.3390/ani12213060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
For large herbivores inhabiting arid/semi-arid environments, water can be a limiting resource affecting their distribution and abundance for periods when water requirements are not met via forage. The Cyprus mouflon (Ovis gmelini ophion) is such a species, which is endemic to the mountain habitats of Cyprus. Recognizing water scarcity to be a major pressure to the mouflon, and with global warming projected to intensify hot and dry periods in the region, the Game and Fauna Service has been maintaining a network of locally designed watering troughs in Pafos Forest—the mouflon’s stronghold—since 1997. This study describes the mouflon’s use of the water troughs and examines whether visitation rates differed at the daily or weekly scale in response to environmental, climatic or anthropogenic parameters. Using camera traps, ten troughs were monitored from September 2017 to March 2018 (1,065 days; range 29–164 days per trough). Mouflon were detected at seven troughs (mean herd size 1.5 ± 1.2) during 373 independent detections (≥30 min interval between photographs), with visits peaking during late morning and midday hours. Generalized mixed-effect models showed mouflon visiting water troughs more frequently during hotter days, regardless of recent precipitation. Visits were also more frequent at water troughs located close to tar roads. Moreover, there was no evidence of mouflon avoiding water troughs used by predators (red foxes, feral dogs) at either daily or weekly scale, or during hunting days. The study supports the value of artificial water troughs for mediating, partially at least, the effects of climate change on mountain ungulates such as the Cyprus mouflon. Additional studies are proposed that will examine both mouflon drinking patterns across all seasons and ways of improving the effectiveness of the current water trough grid.
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Nojoumi M, Clevenger AP, Blumstein DT, Abelson ES. Vehicular traffic effects on elk and white-tailed deer behavior near wildlife underpasses. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269587. [PMID: 36342919 PMCID: PMC9639831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Roads fragment animal populations, vehicles kill and injure animals, and traffic may affect animal behavior. Mitigation efforts (e.g., wildlife underpasses) are constructed to prevent fragmentation and reduce wildlife-vehicle collisions. However, little is known about traffic's proximal effects on wildlife behavior and use of mitigation measures. We quantified the time that elk (Cervus elaphus) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) allocated to foraging, vigilance, and flight behavior before and after vehicle passage. Both species increased vigilance and flight behaviors and reduced time spent foraging in response to vehicles. Both species were more likely to move through the underpass if they exhibited foraging behavior; we also found a marginally significant trend that animals were less likely to use the underpass after vigilance behavior. Knowledge that vehicle movement influences wildlife behavior underscores the importance of consideration given to road and crossing structure design. Additionally, findings of species-specific response to vehicle passage are important in understanding potential fitness consequences of anthropogenic disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Nojoumi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Anthony P. Clevenger
- Western Transportation Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
| | - Daniel T. Blumstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Eric S. Abelson
- La Kretz Center for California Conservation Science, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ford AT, Dorsey B, Lee TS, Clevenger AP. A before-after-control-impact study of wildlife fencing along a highway in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2022.935420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife exclusion fencing has become a standard component of highway mitigation systems designed to reduce collisions with large mammals. Past work on the effectiveness of exclusion fencing has relied heavily on control–impact (i.e., space-for-time substitutions) and before–after study designs. These designs limit inference and may confound the effectiveness of mitigation with co-occurring process that also changes the rate of collisions. We used a replicated (n = 2 sites monitored for over 1000 km years combined) before-after-control-impact study design to assess fencing effectiveness along the Trans-Canada Highway in the Rocky Mountains of Canada. We found that collisions declined for common ungulates species (elk, mule deer, and white-tailed deer) by up to 96% but not for large carnivores. The weak response of carnivores is likely due to the combination of fence intrusions and low sample sizes. We calculated realized fencing effectiveness by applying the same change in collision rates observed at control (unfenced) sites as the expected change for adjacent fenced sections. Compared with the apparent fencing effectiveness (i.e., the difference in WVCs rates before and after fencing was installed), the realized estimates of fencing effectiveness declined by 6% at one site and increased by 10% at another site. When factoring in the cost of ungulate collisions to society, fencing provided a net economic gain within 1 year of construction. Over a 10-year period, fencing would provide a net economic gain of > $500,000 per km in reduced collisions. Our study highlights the benefits of long-term monitoring of road mitigation projects and provides evidence of fencing effectiveness for reducing wildlife–vehicle collisions involving large mammals.
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Blašković S, Gomerčić T, Topličanec I, Sindičić M. Temporal overlap of human and apex predator activity on wildlife trails and forest roads. JOURNAL OF VERTEBRATE BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.25225/jvb.22029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Blašković
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zagreb, Croatia; e-mail: ,, ,
| | - Tomislav Gomerčić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zagreb, Croatia; e-mail: ,, ,
| | - Ira Topličanec
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zagreb, Croatia; e-mail: ,, ,
| | - Magda Sindičić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zagreb, Croatia; e-mail: ,, ,
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Edwards HA, Lebeuf‐Taylor E, Busana M, Paczkowski J. Road mitigation structures reduce the number of reported wildlife‐vehicle collisions in the Bow Valley, Alberta, Canada. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleonore Lebeuf‐Taylor
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Biological Science University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - Michela Busana
- Birdlife International, David Attenborough Building Pembrooke Street Cambridge UK
| | - John Paczkowski
- Alberta Environment and Parks, Parks Division Canmore Alberta Canada
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Warnock-Juteau K, Bolduc V, LoScerbo D, Anderson M, Daguet C, Jaeger JAG. Co-use of existing crossing structures along roads by wildlife and humans: Wishful thinking? NATURE CONSERVATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.47.73060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study assesses existing human-purpose underpasses below an unfenced high-traffic 4-lane highway in the Appalachian region of Quebec, Canada, as potential crossing structures for native mammal species. Eight underpasses of three types (five water culverts with minimum height and width of 1.8 m, one low-use gravel road byway, and two railroad underpasses) were continuously monitored by motion-detection infrared camera traps for time periods spanning up to 778 days (September 2016 to November 2018). We asked how the ratios of successful crossings through the structures (termed full crossings) and aversions to the structures (termed aversions) differed between species and we explored the influence of human activity levels on the use of these structures by wildlife. All monitored crossing structures had low human observations (with averages of less than 35 human activities per day). Our results provide evidence that 21 species of mammals in the study area successfully crossed through at least one of the eight observed underpasses on a minimum of one occasion. Some species were observed crossing through some of the underpasses on a regular basis, namely raccoon, red fox, and white-tailed deer. We propose a classification of mammal species into five human co-use classes (no or low co-use to very high co-use) to explore the relationship between mammal use of the structures and human presence. We found that humans and mammals were observed sharing passages for the four mammal species identified as tolerant of human co-use (high and very high co-use classes), but co-use was observed to be limited or not occurring for most other species. The strengths of this study include the length of time during which monitoring took place, as well as the placement of four cameras at each structure (two facing inward and two facing outward) to determine whether individuals successfully crossed through the structures or displayed avoidance behaviour. The results suggest select species of mammals show some co-use with humans at existing underpasses. The activity patterns of mammals documented over the two-year study can assist with future estimates of highway permeability. Further, measurements of human and mammal co-use have species-specific implications for retrofitting existing structures and constructing wildlife fences and purpose-built wildlife passages.
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Bessesen B, González‐Suárez M. Safe from sunburn: The divergent diel pattern of a Hydrophis sea snake. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8436. [PMID: 35127005 PMCID: PMC8796931 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Diel activity patterns are an important aspect of wildlife ecology and evolution and provide valuable information for conservation and monitoring, yet for many species, activity patterns remain unstudied and may be presumed to mirror related taxa. Here, we describe the distinct diel patterns of an endemic population of venomous sea snakes Hydrophis platurus xanthos inhabiting a narrow range (circa 320 km2) in Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica. To investigate, we conducted a systematic visual survey over five 24-h cycles and evaluated 339 h of previously obtained sighting data from different studies spanning a decade. While sporadic diurnal surfacing does occur, mostly for respiration, our observations revealed marked crepuscular peaks with regular surfacing through the night. We also report on observed surface behaviors that were also found to vary in frequency at different phases of the photoperiodic cycle. In particular, we show feeding as more common at night. Hydrophis platurus xanthos has developed a circadian rhythm that differs noticeably from its taxonomic parent (H. p. platurus is reported as diurnal across its Indo-Pacific range), and no congeners have been categorized as crepuscular. Our work thus contributes to the ecological knowledge of this evolutionarily distinct marine elapid and offers insights into the potential role of environmental conditions in shaping animal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Bessesen
- Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
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Different patterns of human activities in nature during Covid-19 pandemic and African swine fever outbreak confirm direct impact on wildlife disruption. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20791. [PMID: 34675330 PMCID: PMC8531377 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Implementation of various restrictions to eradicate viral diseases has globally affected human activity and subsequently nature. But how can the altered routines of human activity (restrictions, lockdowns) affect wildlife behaviour? This study compared the differences between human and wildlife occurrences in the study forest area with acreage of 5430.6 ha in 2018 (African swine fever outbreak, complete entrance ban), 2019 (standard pattern) and 2020 (COVID-19 restrictions) during the breeding season. The number of visitors was lower by 64% in 2018 (non-respecting of the entry ban by forest visitors) compared to standard 2019, while in 2020, the number of visitors increased to 151%. In the COVID-19 period, distinct peaks in the number of visitors were observed between 8-11 AM and 4-7 PM. The peaks of wildlife activity were recorded between 4-7 AM and 9-12 PM. Animals avoided the localities that were visited by humans during the people-influenced time (24 h after people visit), which confirmed the direct negative impact of human activities on wildlife.
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Debata S. Life near a city: activity pattern of Golden Jackal Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758 (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae) in a habitat adjoining Bhubaneswar, India. JOURNAL OF THREATENED TAXA 2021. [DOI: 10.11609/jott.5747.13.9.19363-19366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity pattern of the Golden Jackal was studied by camera trapping survey in an urban influenced protected habitat in Odisha, eastern India from January to April 2019. A total of 552 independent photos of Golden Jackals were obtained from 771 trap nights. Although Golden Jackals were active throughout the day, they showed two major peaks in activity; the first peak during late evening after sunset, and the second peak during early morning until sunrise. The reduced activity of Golden Jackal during day time in the present study area might be due to less movement of prey species, intense heat, and heavy human traffic.
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Sumasgutner P, Buij R, McClure CJW, Shaw P, Dykstra CR, Kumar N, Rutz C. Raptor research during the COVID-19 pandemic provides invaluable opportunities for conservation biology. BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 2021; 260:109149. [PMID: 35722248 PMCID: PMC9188743 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Research is underway to examine how a wide range of animal species have responded to reduced levels of human activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this perspective article, we argue that raptors (i.e., the orders Accipitriformes, Cariamiformes, Cathartiformes, Falconiformes, and Strigiformes) are particularly well-suited for investigating potential 'anthropause' effects: they are sensitive to environmental perturbation, affected by various human activities, and include many locally and globally threatened species. Lockdowns likely alter extrinsic factors that normally limit raptor populations. These environmental changes are in turn expected to influence - mediated by behavioral and physiological responses - the intrinsic (demographic) factors that ultimately determine raptor population levels and distributions. Using this population-limitation framework, we identify a range of research opportunities and conservation challenges that have arisen during the pandemic, related to changes in human disturbance, light and noise pollution, collision risk, road-kill availability, supplementary feeding, and persecution levels. Importantly, raptors attract intense research interest, with many professional and amateur researchers running long-term monitoring programs, often incorporating community-science components, advanced tracking technology and field-methodological approaches that allow flexible timing, enabling continued data collection before, during, and after COVID-19 lockdowns. To facilitate and coordinate global collaboration, we are hereby launching the 'Global Anthropause Raptor Research Network' (GARRN). We invite the international raptor research community to join this inclusive and diverse group, to tackle ambitious analyses across geographic regions, ecosystems, species, and gradients of lockdown perturbation. Under the most tragic of circumstances, the COVID-19 anthropause has afforded an invaluable opportunity to significantly boost global raptor conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Sumasgutner
- Department of Behavioral & Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralph Buij
- The Peregrine Fund, 5668 West Flying Hawk Lane, Boise, ID 83709, USA
- Animal Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Phil Shaw
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK
| | | | - Nishant Kumar
- Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
- Mansfield College, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, UK
- Wildlife Institute of India, Uttarakhand 248001, India
| | - Christian Rutz
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK
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Gouda S, Sethy J, Chauhan NS, Bargali HS. Study on the impacts of LULC change on the wildlife habitat and the livelihood of people in and around Dampa Tiger Reserve, Mizoram, India. JOURNAL OF THREATENED TAXA 2021. [DOI: 10.11609/jott.5271.13.8.18986-18992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities are a matter of serious concern in the Indian Himalayan region due to adverse impacts on wildlife and habitats. This study examines resource use patterns by local people in relation to the habitat of Malayan Sun Bear in and around Dampa Tiger Reserve in Mizoram. Standard questionnaire surveys and vegetation sampling methods were used for data collection and analysis. It was found that 221.3 km2 (33.3%) of the forested areas have high human interference in the form of logging, indiscriminate tree falling and fuel wood collection, while 26% was moderately affected and 18% of the reserve had no impact. Among vegetation resources, fuel wood was used in the highest quantity (28%) followed by bamboo and edible plants (21%) and (11%), respectively. Ethno-zoological usage comprises of parts of animals like snake, bear, monitor lizard, and porcupine. Sun bears were considered pests that feed on maize, cucumber, sweet potato and pumpkins grown in ‘jhum’ crop fields. Anthropogenic pressures from farm-bush hunting, monoculture, and unplanned roads have contributed to severe biodiversity loss, and must be constrained for the conservation of sun bear and their habitat
in the region. The Land Use/ Land Cover on human built-up, jhum land (current and abandoned jhum/shifting cultivation), forests (dense and open), bamboo forest, plantation etc. were used to develop maps for each village. The land use pattern for the eight villages studied. Information obtained from MIRSAC and its mapping in Arcview shows that highest number of agricultural land was in villages of West Phaileng (319sq.ha) and Damparengpui (283.8sq.ha). Closed or dense forest was in highest proportion in Phuldungsei and least in Tuipuibari (120sq.ha). Grazing activities was relatively low or absent in most part of DTR. Abandoned jhum fields were in largest number in Damparengpui (939.60sq.ha) followed by Silsuri (881.17sq.ha) and Serhmun (880.99sq.ha).
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Abstract
Road development, traffic intensification, and collisions with wildlife represent a danger both for road safety and species conservation. For planners, deciding which mitigation methods to apply is often problematic. Through a kernel density estimate, we analyzed 715 crossing locations and wildlife–vehicle collisions (WVCs) involving brown bears, lynx, wolf, red deer, roe deer, and wild boar in the Southeastern Carpathian Mountains. We identified 25 WVC hotspots, of which eight require urgent mitigation of existing infrastructure. Moreover, many of these hotspots are in Natura 2000 sites, along road sections where vegetation is in close proximity, animal movement is the highest, and driver visibility is low. Our study is the first in Romania to recommend practical solutions to remediate WVC hotspots and benefit sustainable landscape management.
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Caldwell MR, Klip JMK. Mule Deer Migrations and Highway Underpass Usage in California, USA. J Wildl Manage 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.22043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Molly R. Caldwell
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife 1701 Nimbus Road Gold River CA 95670 USA
| | - J. Mario K. Klip
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife 1701 Nimbus Road Gold River CA 95670 USA
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Habrich AK, Lawrence ER, Fraser DJ. Varying genetic imprints of road networks and human density in North American mammal populations. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1659-1672. [PMID: 34178111 PMCID: PMC8210797 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Road networks and human density are major factors contributing to habitat fragmentation and loss, isolation of wildlife populations, and reduced genetic diversity. Terrestrial mammals are particularly sensitive to road networks and encroachment by human populations. However, there are limited assessments of the impacts of road networks and human density on population-specific nuclear genetic diversity, and it remains unclear how these impacts are modulated by life-history traits. Using generalized linear mixed models and microsatellite data from 1444 North American terrestrial mammal populations, we show that taxa with large home range sizes, dense populations, and large body sizes had reduced nuclear genetic diversity with increasing road impacts and human density, but the overall influence of life-history traits was generally weak. Instead, we observed a high degree of genus-specific variation in genetic responses to road impacts and human density. Human density negatively affected allelic diversity or heterozygosity more than road networks (13 vs. 5-7 of 25 assessed genera, respectively); increased road networks and human density also positively affected allelic diversity and heterozygosity in 15 and 6-9 genera, respectively. Large-bodied, human-averse species were generally more negatively impacted than small, urban-adapted species. Genus-specific responses to habitat fragmentation by ongoing road development and human encroachment likely depend on the specific capability to (i) navigate roads as either barriers or movement corridors, and (ii) exploit resource-rich urban environments. The nonuniform genetic response to roads and human density highlights the need to implement efforts to mitigate the risk of vehicular collisions, while also facilitating gene flow between populations of particularly vulnerable taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K. Habrich
- Department of BiologyConcordia UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Department of BiologyCarleton UniversityOttawaOntarioCanada
| | | | - Dylan J. Fraser
- Department of BiologyConcordia UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
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Lewis JS, Spaulding S, Swanson H, Keeley W, Gramza AR, VandeWoude S, Crooks KR. Human activity influences wildlife populations and activity patterns: implications for spatial and temporal refuges. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse S. Lewis
- College of Integrative Sciences and Arts Arizona State University Mesa Arizona85212USA
| | - Susan Spaulding
- Boulder County Parks and Open Space Longmont Colorado80503USA
| | - Heather Swanson
- City of Boulder Open Space and Mountain Parks Boulder Colorado80303USA
| | - William Keeley
- City of Boulder Open Space and Mountain Parks Boulder Colorado80303USA
| | - Ashley R. Gramza
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado80523USA
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado80523USA
| | - Kevin R. Crooks
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado80523USA
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Plaschke M, Bhardwaj M, König HJ, Wenz E, Dobiáš K, Ford AT. Green bridges in a re‐colonizing landscape: Wolves (
Canis lupus
) in Brandenburg, Germany. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mike Plaschke
- Junior Research Group Human‐Wildlife Conflict & Coexistence Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg Germany
| | - Manisha Bhardwaj
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) Riddarhyttan Sweden
| | - Hannes J. König
- Junior Research Group Human‐Wildlife Conflict & Coexistence Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg Germany
| | - Elena Wenz
- Junior Research Group Human‐Wildlife Conflict & Coexistence Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg Germany
| | - Kornelia Dobiáš
- Landeskompetenzzentrum Forst Eberswalde (LFE) Eberswalde Germany
| | - Adam T. Ford
- Department of Biology The University of British Columbia (UBC) Kelowna Canada
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Watabe R, Saito MU. Effects of vehicle-passing frequency on forest roads on the activity patterns of carnivores. LANDSCAPE AND ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11355-020-00434-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Rahman HA, McCarthy KP, McCarthy JL, Faisal MM. Application of Multi-Species Occupancy Modeling to assess mammal diversity in northeast Bangladesh. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Li H, Crihfield C, Feng Y, Gaje G, Guzman E, Heckman T, Mellis A, Moore L, Romo Bechara N, Sanchez S, Whittington S, Wolf JG, Garshong R, Morales K, Petric R, Zarecky LA, Schug MD. The Weekend Effect on Urban Bat Activity Suggests Fine Scale Human-Induced Bat Movements. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091636. [PMID: 32932924 PMCID: PMC7552248 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary On weekends, people do things differently from weekdays, such as dining at a restaurant, going to a night club, attending a concert or a sporting event, or simply staying up late. These leisure activities in the city can change the environment people live in and can hurt wildlife that also lives in the same city. We recorded bats in the city center and in the city periphery and compared how active bats were. We found that in the city center, bats were less active on weekends than weekdays. The opposite pattern was found in the city periphery. It is possible that bats moved from the city center to the city periphery on weekends. Thus, continuous greenways are important to facilitate bat movements and avoid human–wildlife conflict. City planners can add new parks and/or preserve old-growth vegetation to form the center-to-periphery greenways. Abstract In the urban environment, wildlife faces novel human disturbances in unique temporal patterns. The weekend effect describes that human activities on weekends trigger changes in the environment and impact wildlife negatively. Reduced occurrence, altered behaviors, and/or reduced fitness have been found in birds, ungulates, and meso-carnivores due to the weekend effect. We aimed to investigate if urban bat activity would differ on weekends from weekdays. We analyzed year-round bat acoustic monitoring data collected from two sites near the city center and two sites in the residential area/park complex in the city periphery. We constructed generalized linear models and found that bat activity was significantly lower on weekends as compared to weekdays during spring and summer at the site in the open space near the city center. In contrast, during the same seasons, the sites in the city periphery showed increased bat activity on weekends. Hourly bat activity overnight suggested that bats might move from the city center to the periphery on weekends. We demonstrated the behavioral adaptability in urban wildlife for co-existing with human. We recommend that urban planning should implement practices such as adding new greenspaces and/or preserving old-growth vegetation to form continuous greenways from the city center to the city periphery as corridors to facilitate bat movements and reduce possible human-wildlife conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA; (C.C.); (Y.F.); (G.G.); (E.G.); (T.H.); (A.M.); (L.M.); (N.R.B.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (J.G.W.); (R.G.); (K.M.); (R.P.); (M.D.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +01-254-733-2891
| | - Chase Crihfield
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA; (C.C.); (Y.F.); (G.G.); (E.G.); (T.H.); (A.M.); (L.M.); (N.R.B.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (J.G.W.); (R.G.); (K.M.); (R.P.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Yashi Feng
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA; (C.C.); (Y.F.); (G.G.); (E.G.); (T.H.); (A.M.); (L.M.); (N.R.B.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (J.G.W.); (R.G.); (K.M.); (R.P.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Gabriella Gaje
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA; (C.C.); (Y.F.); (G.G.); (E.G.); (T.H.); (A.M.); (L.M.); (N.R.B.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (J.G.W.); (R.G.); (K.M.); (R.P.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Elissa Guzman
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA; (C.C.); (Y.F.); (G.G.); (E.G.); (T.H.); (A.M.); (L.M.); (N.R.B.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (J.G.W.); (R.G.); (K.M.); (R.P.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Talia Heckman
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA; (C.C.); (Y.F.); (G.G.); (E.G.); (T.H.); (A.M.); (L.M.); (N.R.B.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (J.G.W.); (R.G.); (K.M.); (R.P.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Anna Mellis
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA; (C.C.); (Y.F.); (G.G.); (E.G.); (T.H.); (A.M.); (L.M.); (N.R.B.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (J.G.W.); (R.G.); (K.M.); (R.P.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Lauren Moore
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA; (C.C.); (Y.F.); (G.G.); (E.G.); (T.H.); (A.M.); (L.M.); (N.R.B.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (J.G.W.); (R.G.); (K.M.); (R.P.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Nayma Romo Bechara
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA; (C.C.); (Y.F.); (G.G.); (E.G.); (T.H.); (A.M.); (L.M.); (N.R.B.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (J.G.W.); (R.G.); (K.M.); (R.P.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Sydney Sanchez
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA; (C.C.); (Y.F.); (G.G.); (E.G.); (T.H.); (A.M.); (L.M.); (N.R.B.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (J.G.W.); (R.G.); (K.M.); (R.P.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Samantha Whittington
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA; (C.C.); (Y.F.); (G.G.); (E.G.); (T.H.); (A.M.); (L.M.); (N.R.B.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (J.G.W.); (R.G.); (K.M.); (R.P.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Joseph Gazing Wolf
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA; (C.C.); (Y.F.); (G.G.); (E.G.); (T.H.); (A.M.); (L.M.); (N.R.B.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (J.G.W.); (R.G.); (K.M.); (R.P.); (M.D.S.)
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Reuben Garshong
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA; (C.C.); (Y.F.); (G.G.); (E.G.); (T.H.); (A.M.); (L.M.); (N.R.B.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (J.G.W.); (R.G.); (K.M.); (R.P.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Kristina Morales
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA; (C.C.); (Y.F.); (G.G.); (E.G.); (T.H.); (A.M.); (L.M.); (N.R.B.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (J.G.W.); (R.G.); (K.M.); (R.P.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Radmila Petric
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA; (C.C.); (Y.F.); (G.G.); (E.G.); (T.H.); (A.M.); (L.M.); (N.R.B.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (J.G.W.); (R.G.); (K.M.); (R.P.); (M.D.S.)
| | | | - Malcolm D. Schug
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA; (C.C.); (Y.F.); (G.G.); (E.G.); (T.H.); (A.M.); (L.M.); (N.R.B.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (J.G.W.); (R.G.); (K.M.); (R.P.); (M.D.S.)
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Wildlife response to recreational trail building: An experimental method and Appalachian case study. J Nat Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2020.125815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Effective corridor width: linking the spatial ecology of wildlife with land use policy. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-020-01385-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bermúdez-Cuamatzin E, Delamore Z, Verbeek L, Kremer C, Slabbekoorn H. Variation in Diurnal Patterns of Singing Activity Between Urban and Rural Great Tits. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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31
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Zeller KA, Wattles DW, Conlee L, Destefano S. Response of female black bears to a high‐density road network and identification of long‐term road mitigation sites. Anim Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. A. Zeller
- Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit University of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA
| | - D. W. Wattles
- Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife Westborough MA USA
| | - L. Conlee
- Missouri Department of Conservation Jefferson MO USA
| | - S. Destefano
- Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit University of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA
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Hertel AG, Niemelä PT, Dingemanse NJ, Mueller T. A guide for studying among-individual behavioral variation from movement data in the wild. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2020; 8:30. [PMID: 32612837 PMCID: PMC7325061 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-020-00216-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Animal tracking and biologging devices record large amounts of data on individual movement behaviors in natural environments. In these data, movement ecologists often view unexplained variation around the mean as "noise" when studying patterns at the population level. In the field of behavioral ecology, however, focus has shifted from population means to the biological underpinnings of variation around means. Specifically, behavioral ecologists use repeated measures of individual behavior to partition behavioral variability into intrinsic among-individual variation and reversible behavioral plasticity and to quantify: a) individual variation in behavioral types (i.e. different average behavioral expression), b) individual variation in behavioral plasticity (i.e. different responsiveness of individuals to environmental gradients), c) individual variation in behavioral predictability (i.e. different residual within-individual variability of behavior around the mean), and d) correlations among these components and correlations in suites of behaviors, called 'behavioral syndromes'. We here suggest that partitioning behavioral variability in animal movements will further the integration of movement ecology with other fields of behavioral ecology. We provide a literature review illustrating that individual differences in movement behaviors are insightful for wildlife and conservation studies and give recommendations regarding the data required for addressing such questions. In the accompanying R tutorial we provide a guide to the statistical approaches quantifying the different aspects of among-individual variation. We use movement data from 35 African elephants and show that elephants differ in a) their average behavior for three common movement behaviors, b) the rate at which they adjusted movement over a temporal gradient, and c) their behavioral predictability (ranging from more to less predictable individuals). Finally, two of the three movement behaviors were correlated into a behavioral syndrome (d), with farther moving individuals having shorter mean residence times. Though not explicitly tested here, individual differences in movement and predictability can affect an individual's risk to be hunted or poached and could therefore open new avenues for conservation biologists to assess population viability. We hope that this review, tutorial, and worked example will encourage movement ecologists to examine the biology of individual variation in animal movements hidden behind the population mean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne G. Hertel
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of South-Eastern Norway, 3800 Bø i Telemark, Norway
| | - Petri T. Niemelä
- Behavioural Ecology, Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Niels J. Dingemanse
- Behavioural Ecology, Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
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Ważna A, Kaźmierczak A, Cichocki J, Bojarski J, Gabryś G. Use of underpasses by animals on a fenced expressway in a suburban area in western Poland. NATURE CONSERVATION 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.39.33967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Expressways act as barriers to animals that block free movement in their habitats, especially when the roads are continuously fenced to prevent collisions between animals and vehicles. Various types of animal passages have been repeatedly studied in terms of their utility, albeit rather less frequently in the suburban environment. We conducted our research in a section of the fenced expressway S3 connecting two closely located cities in western Poland (Lubuskie province). Over the course of one year, we monitored four underpasses intended for small- and medium-sized animals using tracks. The underpasses were inspected weekly. Animal traces most frequently found belonged to roe deer Capreolus capreolus (20.9%), red fox Vulpes vulpes (15.1%), wild boar Sus scrofa (14%), and domestic dog Canis l. familiaris (12.4%). Surprisingly, the results of our study indicate that underpasses for small and medium mammals are also used by ungulate mammals. The use of the underpasses varied seasonally, being the highest in spring (37.9%) and the lowest in winter (10.4%). Moreover, seasonal differences in the use of passages were related to particular species/groups of animal species. We found that 22% of animals that entered the passage did not completely traverse it. People accounted for 17.1% of all stated traces in the underpasses. Stagnant water in the underpasses reduced the number of predatory mammals and wild boars using the underpasses but did not affect the activity of roe deer. These studies indicate that animal underpasses located in suburban areas are used by many species of animals despite the activity of humans and domesticated mammals.
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Green SE, Rees JP, Stephens PA, Hill RA, Giordano AJ. Innovations in Camera Trapping Technology and Approaches: The Integration of Citizen Science and Artificial Intelligence. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10010132. [PMID: 31947586 PMCID: PMC7023201 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Camera traps, also known as “game cameras” or “trail cameras”, have increasingly been used in wildlife research over the last 20 years. Although early units were bulky and the set-up was complicated, modern camera traps are compact, integrated units able to collect vast digital datasets. Some of the challenges now facing researchers include the time required to view, classify, and sort all of the footage collected, as well as the logistics of establishing and maintaining camera trap sampling arrays across wide geographic areas. One solution to this problem is to enlist or recruit the public for help as ‘citizen scientists’ collecting and processing data. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is also being used to identify animals in digital photos and video; however, this process is relatively new, and machine-based classifications are not yet fully reliable. By combining citizen science with AI, it should be possible to improve efficiency and increase classification accuracy, while simultaneously maintaining and promoting the benefits associated with public engagement with, and awareness of, wildlife. Abstract Camera trapping has become an increasingly reliable and mainstream tool for surveying a diversity of wildlife species. Concurrent with this has been an increasing effort to involve the wider public in the research process, in an approach known as ‘citizen science’. To date, millions of people have contributed to research across a wide variety of disciplines as a result. Although their value for public engagement was recognised early on, camera traps were initially ill-suited for citizen science. As camera trap technology has evolved, cameras have become more user-friendly and the enormous quantities of data they now collect has led researchers to seek assistance in classifying footage. This has now made camera trap research a prime candidate for citizen science, as reflected by the large number of camera trap projects now integrating public participation. Researchers are also turning to Artificial Intelligence (AI) to assist with classification of footage. Although this rapidly-advancing field is already proving a useful tool, accuracy is variable and AI does not provide the social and engagement benefits associated with citizen science approaches. We propose, as a solution, more efforts to combine citizen science with AI to improve classification accuracy and efficiency while maintaining public involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siân E. Green
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK;
- Conservation Ecology Group, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (J.P.R.); (P.A.S.)
- The Society for Preservation of Endangered Carnivores and Their International Ecological Study (SPECIES), Ventura, CA 93006, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jonathan P. Rees
- Conservation Ecology Group, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (J.P.R.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Philip A. Stephens
- Conservation Ecology Group, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (J.P.R.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Russell A. Hill
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK;
| | - Anthony J. Giordano
- The Society for Preservation of Endangered Carnivores and Their International Ecological Study (SPECIES), Ventura, CA 93006, USA;
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly R. Caldwell
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife 1701 Nimbus Road Gold River CA 95670 USA
| | - J. Mario K. Klip
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife 1701 Nimbus Road Gold River CA 95670 USA
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Puig S, Videla F, Rosi MI, Seitz VP. Influence of environmental variables and human activities on the seasonal habitat use by guanacos in Southern Andean Precordillera (Argentina). STUDIES ON NEOTROPICAL FAUNA AND ENVIRONMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01650521.2019.1660120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Puig
- Grupo Ecología y Manejo de Vertebrados Silvestres, Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de Zonas Áridas, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Fernando Videla
- Grupo Ecología y Manejo de Vertebrados Silvestres, Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de Zonas Áridas, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Maria Irene Rosi
- Grupo Ecología y Manejo de Vertebrados Silvestres, Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de Zonas Áridas, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Viviana Paola Seitz
- Grupo Ecología y Manejo de Vertebrados Silvestres, Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de Zonas Áridas, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
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Gilhooly PS, Nielsen SE, Whittington J, St. Clair CC. Wildlife mortality on roads and railways following highway mitigation. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott E. Nielsen
- Renewable Resources; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2H1 Canada
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Craveiro J, Bernardino J, Mira A, Vaz PG. Impact of culvert flooding on carnivore crossings. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 231:878-885. [PMID: 30419443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Along many roads worldwide, drainage culverts are the only structures wildlife can safely use to cross. However, culverts inundate and can become unavailable to terrestrial fauna during rainy periods. We conducted a field study over wet and dry seasons in southern Portugal to assess the effect of culvert flooding on crossings by medium-sized carnivores. We set up track stations inside 30 culverts along intermediate-level traffic roads to evaluate complete crossings (n = 1211) and used mixed-effects models to quantify the effects. Carnivores were more likely to cross and crossed more frequently if the culvert had a natural dry pathway at the time of the crossing. Carnivores were also more likely to cross culverts with streams running through them. Moreover, culverts with flowing streams during the wet season were still more likely to be crossed during the dry season when the streams were dry. The significance of the difference in crossing rates between wet and dry seasons was species-specific. Our study reveals that flowing water and dry pathways jointly contribute to promoting crossings by this carnivore community. Culverts including streams may act as a continuation of riparian corridors, being incorporated into carnivores' movement routes. Our results lend empirical support to recommendations advising the implementation of dry pathways to provide crossing paths. Interventions to offset the transient impacts of water flooding in new or existing culverts can be a cost-effective solution promoting connectivity across roads allowing movement of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Craveiro
- Conservation Biology Unit, Department of Biology, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Pole of Évora (CIBIO-UE / InBIO), University of Évora. Mitra, Évora, Portugal
| | - Joana Bernardino
- Conservation Biology Unit, Department of Biology, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Pole of Évora (CIBIO-UE / InBIO), University of Évora. Mitra, Évora, Portugal
| | - António Mira
- Conservation Biology Unit, Department of Biology, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Pole of Évora (CIBIO-UE / InBIO), University of Évora. Mitra, Évora, Portugal
| | - Pedro G Vaz
- Centre of Applied Ecology "Prof. Baeta Neves" (CEABN-InBIO), School of Agronomy, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Gaynor KM, Hojnowski CE, Carter NH, Brashares JS. The influence of human disturbance on wildlife nocturnality. Science 2018; 360:1232-1235. [PMID: 29903973 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar7121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rapid expansion of human activity has driven well-documented shifts in the spatial distribution of wildlife, but the cumulative effect of human disturbance on the temporal dynamics of animals has not been quantified. We examined anthropogenic effects on mammal diel activity patterns, conducting a meta-analysis of 76 studies of 62 species from six continents. Our global study revealed a strong effect of humans on daily patterns of wildlife activity. Animals increased their nocturnality by an average factor of 1.36 in response to human disturbance. This finding was consistent across continents, habitats, taxa, and human activities. As the global human footprint expands, temporal avoidance of humans may facilitate human-wildlife coexistence. However, such responses can result in marked shifts away from natural patterns of activity, with consequences for fitness, population persistence, community interactions, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M Gaynor
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Cheryl E Hojnowski
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Neil H Carter
- Human-Environment Systems Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Justin S Brashares
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Seidler RG, Green DS, Beckmann JP. Highways, crossing structures and risk: Behaviors of Greater Yellowstone pronghorn elucidate efficacy of road mitigation. Glob Ecol Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Smith JA, Thomas AC, Levi T, Wang Y, Wilmers CC. Human activity reduces niche partitioning among three widespread mesocarnivores. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justine A. Smith
- Dept of Environmental Sciences, Policy and Management; Univ. of California; Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Center for Integrated Spatial Research, Environmental Studies Dept; Univ. of California; Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz CA USA
| | | | - Taal Levi
- Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife; Oregon State Univ.; Corvallis OR USA
| | - Yiwei Wang
- San Francisco Bay Bird Observatory; Milpitas CA USA
| | - Christopher C. Wilmers
- Center for Integrated Spatial Research, Environmental Studies Dept; Univ. of California; Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz CA USA
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42
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Ford AT, Barrueto M, Clevenger AP. Road mitigation is a demographic filter for grizzly bears. WILDLIFE SOC B 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam T. Ford
- Department of Biology, The Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences; University of British Columbia; Kelowna V1V 1V7 BC Canada
| | - Mirjam Barrueto
- Western Transportation Institute; Montana State University; P.O. Box 174250 Bozeman MT 59717-4250 USA
| | - Anthony P. Clevenger
- Western Transportation Institute; Montana State University; P.O. Box 174250 Bozeman MT 59717-4250 USA
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Nix JH, Howell RG, Hall LK, McMillan BR. The influence of periodic increases of human activity on crepuscular and nocturnal mammals: Testing the weekend effect. Behav Processes 2017; 146:16-21. [PMID: 29122640 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human recreation can negatively affect wildlife, particularly on weekends when human activity is highest (i.e., the weekend effect). Much of what we understand about the weekend effect is based on research conducted on diurnal species, which have greater temporal overlap with humans. Because nocturnal species generally avoid times when humans are active, they are likely less affected by anthropogenic activity on weekends. Our objective was to test the weekend effect in relation to the degree of nocturnality of mammals in a recreational area. We predicted that as nocturnality increased, the effect of human activity would decrease. To address our objective, we placed 50 remote cameras along the Diamond Fork River in Utah from January to June 2015. We found that three out of the four focal species supported our predictions. Mule deer (crepuscular) reduced activity throughout our entire study area during weekends and avoided campgrounds. Beavers and mountain lions (both nocturnal) did not negatively respond to increased human activity. Raccoons (nocturnal) reduced activity during weekends, but only within campground areas. Our findings indicate that as the temporal overlap increases between wildlife and humans, so does the influence that humans have on wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua H Nix
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States.
| | - Ryan G Howell
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Lucas K Hall
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Brock R McMillan
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
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44
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Hertel AG, Swenson JE, Bischof R. A case for considering individual variation in diel activity patterns. Behav Ecol 2017; 28:1524-1531. [PMID: 29622931 PMCID: PMC5873257 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arx122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing recognition of the role of individual variation in patterns emerging at higher levels of biological organization. Despite the importance of the temporal configuration of ecological processes and patterns, intraspecific individual variation in diel activity patterns is almost never accounted for in behavioral studies at the population level. We used individual-based monitoring data from 98 GPS-collared brown bears in Scandinavia to estimate diel activity patterns before the fall hunting season. We extracted 7 activity measures related to timing and regularity of activity from individual activity profiles. We then used multivariate analysis to test for the existence of distinct activity tactics and their environmental determinants, followed by generalized linear regression to estimate the extent of within-individual repeatability of activity tactics. We detected 4 distinct activity tactics, with a high degree of individual fidelity to a given tactic. Demographic factors, availability of key foraging habitat, and human disturbance were important determinants of activity tactics. Younger individuals and those with higher bear and road densities within their home range were more nocturnal and more likely to rest during the day. Good foraging habitat and increasing age led to more diurnal activity patterns and nocturnal resting periods. We did not find evidence of diel activity tactics influencing survival during the subsequent hunting season. We conclude that individual variation in activity deserves greater attention than it currently receives, as it may help account for individual heterogeneity in fitness and could facilitate within-population niche partitioning that can have population- or community-level consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne G Hertel
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Jon E Swenson
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1430 Ås, Norway.,Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Richard Bischof
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1430 Ås, Norway
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Alberton B, Torres RDS, Cancian LF, Borges BD, Almeida J, Mariano GC, Santos JD, Morellato LPC. Introducing digital cameras to monitor plant phenology in the tropics: applications for conservation. Perspect Ecol Conserv 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Sawyer H, Rodgers PA, Hart T. Pronghorn and mule deer use of underpasses and overpasses along U.S. Highway 191. WILDLIFE SOC B 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hall Sawyer
- Western Ecosystems Technology, Incorporated; 200 South 2nd Street Laramie WY 82070 USA
| | - Patrick A. Rodgers
- Western Ecosystems Technology, Incorporated; 200 South 2nd Street Laramie WY 82070 USA
| | - Thomas Hart
- Wyoming Department of Transportation; 5300 Bishop Boulevard Cheyenne WY 82009 USA
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Murphy-Mariscal ML, Barrows CW, Allen MF. Native Wildlife Use Of Highway Underpasses In A Desert Environment. SOUTHWEST NAT 2016. [DOI: 10.1894/0038-4909-60.4.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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48
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Ford AT. The mechanistic pathways of trophic interactions in human-occupied landscapes. Science 2015; 350:1175. [PMID: 26785465 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad7134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Ford
- Department of Integrative Biology at the University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Hermoso V, Januchowski-Hartley SR, Linke S. Systematic planning of disconnection to enhance conservation success in a modified world. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 536:1038-1044. [PMID: 26254022 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining spatial-temporal connectivity for conservation is necessary to allow the persistence of ecological processes and the biodiversity they sustain. However, conservation practice in human-modified environments can also benefit from prescribed disconnection through the implementation of barriers. Barriers, such as fences or dams, and buffer zones can be a cost-effective way of addressing threats caused by a globally connected world, such as the propagation of invasive species and diseases, creating refuge areas for native biodiversity and helping reduce economic losses caused by native wildlife or invasive species. Despite the global attention that disconnection has received, no clear framework exists to guide the allocation of barriers for conservation management. Here we propose that the implementation of barriers for conservation should be systematically planned, considering ecological trade-offs for multiple species (easing threats vs. interruption of ecosystem processes) and socio-economic cost-benefits (implementation cost vs. reduced human-wildlife conflicts), rather than using ad-hoc opportunistic criteria or accommodating conservation needs for individual species. Such a systematic approach is necessary to ensure both socially acceptable and ecologically effective use of disconnections as a conservation tool and ideally planned across different realms so co-benefits or trade-offs can be accounted for. However, any implementation of disconnection for conservation should be cautiously considered if uncertainty in effectiveness of the barrier and ecological impacts to other species are high. We also suggest the need for improved approaches to monitoring to learn from previous successes and failures. Our recommendations should guide the systematic evaluation and allocation of barriers to help enhance the value of this conservation tool in the face of increasing propagation of threats worldwide. However, new tools and collaborative frameworks across different realms are needed to help stakeholders make better informed decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgilio Hermoso
- Centre Tecnologic Forestal de Catalunya, Crta. Sant Llorenc de Monunys, Km 2, 25280 Solsona, Lleida, Spain; Australian Rivers Institute and Tropical Rivers and Coastal Knowledge, National Environmental Research Program Northern Australia Hub, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia.
| | | | - Simon Linke
- Centre Tecnologic Forestal de Catalunya, Crta. Sant Llorenc de Monunys, Km 2, 25280 Solsona, Lleida, Spain
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50
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Olson DD, Bissonette JA, Cramer PC, Bunnell KD, Coster DC, Jackson PJ. How does variation in winter weather affect deer—vehicle collision rates? WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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