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Leyhausen J, Cocchiararo B, Nowak C, Ansorge H, Bertolino S, Büchner S, Fietz J, Foppen R, Juškaitis R, La Haye M, Lang J, Michaux J, Verbeylen G, von Thaden A, Mueller SA. Genotyping-by-sequencing based SNP discovery in a non-model rodent, the endangered hazel dormouse. CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-022-01253-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe hazel dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius presents an exemplary non-model species that is both locally threatened and whose genetic status is not fully understood owing to insufficient resolution of the currently available molecular tools. We performed normalized Genotyping-by-Sequencing (nGBS) on 48 hazel dormouse samples collected across the species European distribution, aiming at discovering useful single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for the assessment of population structure and genomic diversity. The analyses of > 24,000 SNPs showed a high divergence between the Eastern and Western lineage of the species with high rates of SNP allele fixation, consistent with previous studies suggesting the divergence of lineages occurred over 2 mya. These results indicate that investigating inter-lineage as well as within-lineage genetic composition will be a conclusive approach for identifying conservation strategies in the future. Results presented here indicate the highest genetic divergence in the Italian and Lithuanian populations. We document how nGBS allows the discovery of SNPs that can characterize patterns of genetic variation at multiple spatial scales in a non-model organism. We document how nGBS allows the discovery of SNPs that can characterize patterns of genetic variation at multiple spatial scales in a non-model organism, potentially informing monitoring and conservation strategies.
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2
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Cartledge EL, Baker M, White I, Powell A, Gregory B, Varley M, Hurst JL, Stockley P. Applying remotely sensed habitat descriptors to assist reintroduction programs: A case study in the hazel dormouse. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Cartledge
- Mammalian Behaviour and Evolution Group Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus Neston UK
| | - Melanie Baker
- Mammalian Behaviour and Evolution Group Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus Neston UK
| | - Ian White
- People's Trust for Endangered Species London UK
| | | | | | | | - Jane L. Hurst
- Mammalian Behaviour and Evolution Group Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus Neston UK
| | - Paula Stockley
- Mammalian Behaviour and Evolution Group Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus Neston UK
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Krivonogov DM, Shchegol’kov AV, Dmitriev AI, Orlov VN. Fragmentation of Habitats in Two Dormouse Species (Gliridae, Rodentia) and Protection of Biodiversity of Broad-leaved Forests in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. BIOL BULL+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359020100143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Different Species Requirements within a Heterogeneous Spring Complex Affects Patch Occupancy of Threatened Snails in Australian Desert Springs. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12102942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
(1) The distribution of organisms that inhabit patchy systems is dictated by their ability to move between patches, and the suitability of environmental conditions at patches to which they disperse. Understanding whether the species involved are identical to one another in their environmental requirements and their responses to variance in their environment is essential to understanding ecological processes in these systems, and to the management of species whose patchy and limited distributions present conservation risks. (2) Artesian springs in Australia’s arid interior are “islands” of hospitable wetland in uninhabitable “oceans” of dry land and are home to diverse and threatened assemblages of endemic species with severely restricted distributions. Many have strict environmental requirements, but the role of environmental heterogeneity amongst springs has rarely been considered alongside conventional patch characteristics (isolation and patch geometry). (3) We quantified environmental heterogeneity across springs, and the relationship between spring size, isolation (distances to neighbours) and environmental quality (depth, water chemistry), and patterns of occupancy and population persistence of six endemic spring snail species, all from different families, and with all restricted to a single <8000 ha system of springs in Australia. To do so, a survey was conducted for comparison against survey results of almost a decade before, and environmental variables of the springs were measured. Many of the snail species occupied few sites, and environmental variables strongly covaried, so an ordination-based approach was adopted to assess the relationship between environmental measures and the distribution of each species, and also whether springs that held a higher diversity of snails had specific characteristics. (4) Each snail species occupied a subset of springs (between 5% and 36% of the 85 sampled) and was associated with a particular set of conditions. Of the six species considered in further detail, most were restricted to the few springs that were large and deep. Species in family Tateidae were distinct in having colonised highly isolated springs (with >300 m to nearest neighbour). Springs with highest diversity were significantly larger, deeper and had more numerous neighbours within 300 m than those devoid of endemic snails, or those with low diversity. (5) Although spring size and isolation affect patterns of occupancy, the six snail species had significantly different environmental requirements from one another and these correlated with the distribution pattern of each. Approaches that ignore the role of environmental quality—and particularly depth in springs—are overlooking important processes outside of patch geometry that influence diversity. These organisms are highly susceptible to extinction, as most occupy less than 3 ha of habitat spread across few springs, and habitat degradation continues to compromise what little wetland area is needed for their persistence.
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Hazel dormice (Muscardinus avellanarius) in a regenerating clearing: the effects of clear-felling and regrowth thinning on long-term abundance dynamics. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-020-01392-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Mori E, Sangiovanni G, Corlatti L. Gimme shelter: The effect of rocks and moonlight on occupancy and activity pattern of an endangered rodent, the garden dormouse Eliomys quercinus. Behav Processes 2019; 170:103999. [PMID: 31730883 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2019.103999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Information on spatial behaviour and temporal activity patterns is paramount for the conservation of animal species. This is particularly true for endangered taxa that are threatened by ongoing climatic and environmental changes. The garden dormouse Eliomys quercinus is a native European rodent (family Gliridae), whose populations are declining throughout the Continent. Notwithstanding this, neither International nor National laws explicitly require mandatory monitoring of populations. As a result, compelling information on the spatiotemporal behaviour of dormouse is lacking. We aimed to fill this gap by investigating occupancy patterns in relation to environmental features and activity rhythms in relation to moonlit nights in an Alpine population of dormouse within the Stelvio National Park, northern Italy. Data were collected between May and October 2015. Twenty camera-traps were deployed in a 500 ha coniferous forest, using a random tessellation approach; camera trap data were analyzed with occupancy models and kernel smoothers. Camera-traps provided a reliable assessment of the presence of the garden dormouse, with only 1 % of false absence and a high detection probability (68 %). The occurrence of the garden dormouse was positively influenced by the percentage of rock coverage on the ground. The species showed a strictly nocturnal behaviour, with an activity peak before midnight, negatively related to moonlit nights. The use of rocky areas for nesting, shelter site and thigmotactic movements and moonlight avoidance may represent adaptations of the garden dormouse to avoid predation risk. Our results shed some light on the habitat requirement of a poorly known, near-threatened species, and provide baseline information for future monitoring and conservation activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Mori
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Giada Sangiovanni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Naturali, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Morgagni, 40/44, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Luca Corlatti
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Stelvio National Park, Via De Simoni 42, 23032 Bormio, Italy
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Goodwin CED, Suggitt AJ, Bennie J, Silk MJ, Duffy JP, Al-Fulaij N, Bailey S, Hodgson DJ, McDonald RA. Climate, landscape, habitat, and woodland management associations with hazel dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius
population status. Mamm Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecily E. D. Goodwin
- Environment and Sustainability Institute; University of Exeter; Penryn Campus Penryn TR10 9FE Cornwall UK
| | - Andrew J. Suggitt
- Environment and Sustainability Institute; University of Exeter; Penryn Campus Penryn TR10 9FE Cornwall UK
- Department of Biology; University of York; York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Jonathan Bennie
- Environment and Sustainability Institute; University of Exeter; Penryn Campus Penryn TR10 9FE Cornwall UK
- Department of Geography; University of Exeter; Penryn Campus Penryn TR10 9FE Cornwall UK
| | - Matthew J. Silk
- Environment and Sustainability Institute; University of Exeter; Penryn Campus Penryn TR10 9FE Cornwall UK
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation; University of Exeter; Penryn Campus Penryn TR10 9FE Cornwall UK
| | - James P. Duffy
- Environment and Sustainability Institute; University of Exeter; Penryn Campus Penryn TR10 9FE Cornwall UK
| | - Nida Al-Fulaij
- People's Trust for Endangered Species; 3 Cloisters House, 8 Battersea Park Road, Battersea London SW8 4BG UK
| | - Sallie Bailey
- Forest Enterprise Scotland; Dumfries and Borders Forest District; Ae Village Parkgate Dumfries DG1 1QB UK
| | - David J. Hodgson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation; University of Exeter; Penryn Campus Penryn TR10 9FE Cornwall UK
| | - Robbie A. McDonald
- Environment and Sustainability Institute; University of Exeter; Penryn Campus Penryn TR10 9FE Cornwall UK
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8
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Resetarits WJ, Bohenek JR, Breech T, Pintar MR. Predation risk and patch size jointly determine perceived patch quality in ovipositing treefrogs, Hyla chrysoscelis. Ecology 2018; 99:661-669. [PMID: 29315522 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Two of the most important factors determining community structure and diversity within and among habitat patches are patch size and patch quality. Despite the importance of patch size in existing paradigms in island biogeography, metapopulation biology, landscape ecology, and metacommunity ecology, and growing conservation concerns with habitat fragmentation, there has been little investigation into how patch size interacts with patch quality. We crossed three levels of patch size (1.13 m2 , 2.54 m2 and 5.73 m2 ) with two levels of patch quality (fish presence/absence, green sunfish [Lepomis cyanellus] and golden shiners [Notemigonus crysoleucus]) in six replicate experimental landscapes (3 × 2 × 6 = 36 patches). Both fish predators have been previously shown to elicit avoidance in ovipositing treefrogs. We examined how patch size and patch quality, as well as the interaction between size and quality, affected female oviposition preference and male calling site choice in a natural population of treefrogs (Hyla chrysoscelis). Females almost exclusively oviposited in the largest fishless patches, indicating that females use both risk, in the form of fish predators, and size itself, as components of patch quality. Females routinely use much smaller natural and experimental patches, suggesting that the responses to patch size are highly context dependent. Responses to fish were unaffected by patch size. Male responses largely mimicked those of females, but did not drive female oviposition. We suggest that patch size itself functions as another aspect of patch quality for H. chrysoscelis, and serves as another niche dimension across which species may behaviorally sort in natural systems. Because of strong, shared avoidance of fish (as well as other predators), among many colonizing taxa, patch size may be a critical factor in species sorting and processes of community assembly in freshwater habitats, allowing species to behaviorally segregate along gradients of patch size in fishless ponds. Conversely, lack of variation in patch size may concentrate colonization activity, leading to intensification of species interactions and/or increased use of lesser quality patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Resetarits
- Department of Biology, Center for Water and Wetlands Resources, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Jason R Bohenek
- Department of Biology, Center for Water and Wetlands Resources, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Tyler Breech
- Department of Biology, Center for Water and Wetlands Resources, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Matthew R Pintar
- Department of Biology, Center for Water and Wetlands Resources, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA
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9
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Lammers PL, Richter T, Lux M, Ratsimbazafy J, Mantilla-Contreras J. The challenges of community-based conservation in developing countries—A case study from Lake Alaotra, Madagascar. J Nat Conserv 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Landscape determinants of genetic differentiation, inbreeding and genetic drift in the hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius). CONSERV GENET 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-017-0999-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Goodwin CED, Hodgson DJ, Al-Fulaij N, Bailey S, Langton S, Mcdonald RA. Voluntary recording scheme reveals ongoing decline in the United Kingdom hazel dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius
population. Mamm Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecily E. D. Goodwin
- Environment and Sustainability Institute; University of Exeter; Penryn Campus; Penryn TR10 9FE Cornwall UK
| | - David J. Hodgson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation; University of Exeter; Penryn Campus; Penryn TR10 9FE Cornwall UK
| | - Nida Al-Fulaij
- People's Trust for Endangered Species; 3 Cloisters House 8 Battersea Park Road London SW8 4BG UK
| | - Sallie Bailey
- Forest Enterprise Scotland; Dumfries & Borders Forest District; Ae Village, Parkgate Dumfries DG1 1QB UK
| | - Steve Langton
- Hallgarth; Leavening Malton YO17 9SA North Yorkshire UK
| | - Robbie A. Mcdonald
- Environment and Sustainability Institute; University of Exeter; Penryn Campus; Penryn TR10 9FE Cornwall UK
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12
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Čas M, Kobler A, de Groot M. Evaluating the spatiotemporal indicators of the population decline of a threatened large forest grouse. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-017-1099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Hiebeler DE, Houle J, Drummond F, Bilodeau P, Merckens J. Locally dispersing populations in heterogeneous dynamic landscapes with spatiotemporal correlations. I. Block disturbance. J Theor Biol 2016; 407:212-224. [PMID: 27460587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Locally dispersing populations are generally favorably affected by increasing the scale of habitat heterogeneity because they can exploit contiguous patches of suitable habitat. Increasing the spatial scale of landscape disturbances (such as by applying a pesticide to control an unwanted species) drives down population density because of reasons including dispersal-limited recolonization and the resulting increase in temporal variability. Here, we examine how population density changes as the spatial scale of landscape disturbance increases: does it increase due to increases in spatial correlations in landscape habitat type, or does it decrease due to the various spatial and temporal effects of larger-scale disturbances? We use simulations, mean field approximations, pair approximations, landscape-improved pair approximations (LIPA), and block probabilities to investigate a model of a locally dispersing species on a dynamic landscape with spatiotemporally structured heterogeneous habitat. Pesticide is applied at a given spatial scale, leaving habitat unsuitable for some time before dissipating and allowing the habitat to revert to a suitable state. We found that increasing the spatial scale of disturbances (while keeping the overall disturbance rate fixed) can increase population density, but generally only when landscape turnover is slow relative to population dynamics and when the population is somewhat close to its extinction threshold. Applying control measures at larger spatial scales may allow them to be more effective with the same overall treatment rate. The optimal spatial strategy for applying disturbances depends on both habitat availability as well as the turnover rate of the control measure being used. For the large-scale habitat dynamics in our model, it is possible to analytically calculate spatial correlations in habitat types over arbitrary scales. However, including exact habitat correlations at the triplet scale but approximating population correlations at that scale still neglects information needed to accurately predict simulation results, showing that larger-scale correlations in the population distribution have an important effect on dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Hiebeler
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States.
| | - Jennifer Houle
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States
| | - Frank Drummond
- School of Biology and Ecology, 305 Deering Hall, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States
| | - Peter Bilodeau
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States
| | - Jeffery Merckens
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States
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14
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Bani L, Orioli V, Pisa G, Fagiani S, Dondina O, Fabbri E, Randi E, Sozio G, Mortelliti A. Population genetic structure and sex-biased dispersal of the hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius) in a continuous and in a fragmented landscape in central Italy. CONSERV GENET 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-016-0898-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Heinrichs JA, Bender DJ, Schumaker NH. Habitat degradation and loss as key drivers of regional population extinction. Ecol Modell 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Mortelliti A, Ikin K, Tulloch AI, Cunningham R, Stein J, Michael D, Lindenmayer DB. Surviving with a resident despot: do revegetated patches act as refuges from the effects of the noisy miner (Manorina melanocephala) in a highly fragmented landscape? DIVERS DISTRIB 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Mortelliti
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; Australian Research Council Centre for Environmental Decisions; National Environmental Research Program; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Conservation Biology; University of Maine; 5755 Nutting Hall Orono ME USA
| | - Karen Ikin
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; Australian Research Council Centre for Environmental Decisions; National Environmental Research Program; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Ayesha I.T. Tulloch
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; Australian Research Council Centre for Environmental Decisions; National Environmental Research Program; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Ross Cunningham
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; Australian Research Council Centre for Environmental Decisions; National Environmental Research Program; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
| | - John Stein
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; Australian Research Council Centre for Environmental Decisions; National Environmental Research Program; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Damian Michael
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; Australian Research Council Centre for Environmental Decisions; National Environmental Research Program; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
| | - David B. Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; Australian Research Council Centre for Environmental Decisions; National Environmental Research Program; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
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Sozio G, Iannarilli F, Melcore I, Boschetti M, Fipaldini D, Luciani M, Roviani D, Schiavano A, Mortelliti A. Forest management affects individual and population parameters of the hazel dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius. Mamm Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Tulloch AIT, Barnes MD, Ringma J, Fuller RA, Watson JEM. Understanding the importance of small patches of habitat for conservation. J Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha I. T. Tulloch
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 2602 Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions; University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld 4102 Australia
| | - Megan D. Barnes
- Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions; University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld 4102 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld 4072 Australia
| | - Jeremy Ringma
- Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions; University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld 4102 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld 4072 Australia
| | - Richard A. Fuller
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld 4072 Australia
| | - James E. M. Watson
- School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management; University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld 4102 Australia
- Global Conservation Program; Wildlife Conservation Society; Bronx NY 10460 USA
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