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Buenafe KCV, Dunn DC, Everett JD, Brito-Morales I, Schoeman DS, Hanson JO, Dabalà A, Neubert S, Cannicci S, Kaschner K, Richardson AJ. A metric-based framework for climate-smart conservation planning. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 33:e2852. [PMID: 36946332 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is already having profound effects on biodiversity, but climate change adaptation has yet to be fully incorporated into area-based management tools used to conserve biodiversity, such as protected areas. One main obstacle is the lack of consensus regarding how impacts of climate change can be included in spatial conservation plans. We propose a climate-smart framework that prioritizes the protection of climate refugia-areas of low climate exposure and high biodiversity retention-using climate metrics. We explore four aspects of climate-smart conservation planning: (1) climate model ensembles; (2) multiple emission scenarios; (3) climate metrics; and (4) approaches to identifying climate refugia. We illustrate this framework in the Western Pacific Ocean, but it is equally applicable to terrestrial systems. We found that all aspects of climate-smart conservation planning considered affected the configuration of spatial plans. The choice of climate metrics and approaches to identifying refugia have large effects in the resulting climate-smart spatial plans, whereas the choice of climate models and emission scenarios have smaller effects. As the configuration of spatial plans depended on climate metrics used, a spatial plan based on a single measure of climate change (e.g., warming) will not necessarily be robust against other measures of climate change (e.g., ocean acidification). We therefore recommend using climate metrics most relevant for the biodiversity and region considered based on a single or multiple climate drivers. To include the uncertainty associated with different climate futures, we recommend using multiple climate models (i.e., an ensemble) and emission scenarios. Finally, we show that the approaches we used to identify climate refugia feature trade-offs between: (1) the degree to which they are climate-smart, and (2) their efficiency in meeting conservation targets. Hence, the choice of approach will depend on the relative value that stakeholders place on climate adaptation. By using this framework, protected areas can be designed with improved longevity and thus safeguard biodiversity against current and future climate change. We hope that the proposed climate-smart framework helps transition conservation planning toward climate-smart approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Camille V Buenafe
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and Area of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel C Dunn
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science (CBCS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason D Everett
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Environment, Queensland Biosciences Precinct (QBP), St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation (CMSI), The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Isaac Brito-Morales
- Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, USA
- Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - David S Schoeman
- Ocean Futures Research Cluster, School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | - Jeffrey O Hanson
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alvise Dabalà
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Systems Ecology and Resource Management, Department of Organism Biology, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles - ULB, Brussels, Belgium
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management, Biology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel - VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandra Neubert
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Computer Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefano Cannicci
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and Area of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kristin Kaschner
- Department of Biometry and Environmental Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Anthony J Richardson
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Environment, Queensland Biosciences Precinct (QBP), St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Using a Trait-Based Approach to Compare Tree Species Sensitivity to Climate Change Stressors in Eastern Canada and Inform Adaptation Practices. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11090989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in understanding tree species sensitivities to climate change, ecological knowledge on different species remains scattered across disparate sources, precluding their inclusion in vulnerability assessments. Information on potential sensitivities is needed to identify tree species that require consideration, inform changes to current silvicultural practices and prioritize management actions. A trait-based approach was used to overcome some of the challenges involved in assessing sensitivity, providing a common framework to facilitate data integration and species comparisons. Focusing on 26 abundant tree species from eastern Canada, we developed a series of trait-based indices that capture a species’ ability to cope with three key climate change stressors—increased drought events, shifts in climatically suitable habitat, increased fire intensity and frequency. Ten indices were developed by breaking down species’ response to a stressor into its strategies, mechanisms and traits. Species-specific sensitivities varied across climate stressors but also among the various ways a species can cope with a given stressor. Of the 26 species assessed, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière and Abies balsamea (L.) Mill are classified as the most sensitive species across all indices while Acer rubrum L. and Populus spp. are the least sensitive. Information was found for 95% of the trait-species combinations but the quality of available data varies between indices and species. Notably, some traits related to individual-level sensitivity to drought were poorly documented as well as deciduous species found within the temperate biome. We also discuss how our indices compare with other published indices, using drought sensitivity as an example. Finally, we discuss how the information captured by these indices can be used to inform vulnerability assessments and the development of adaptation measures for species with different management requirements under climate change.
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Can Topographic Variation in Climate Buffer against Climate Change-Induced Population Declines in Northern Forest Birds? DIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/d12020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased attention is being paid to the ecological drivers and conservation measures which could mitigate climate change-induced pressures for species survival, potentially helping populations to remain in their present-day locations longer. One important buffering mechanism against climate change may be provided by the heterogeneity in topography and consequent local climate conditions. However, the buffering capacity of this topoclimate has so far been insufficiently studied based on empirical survey data across multiple sites and species. Here, we studied whether the fine-grained air temperature variation of protected areas (PAs) affects the population changes of declining northern forest bird species. Importantly to our study, in PAs harmful land use, such as logging, is not allowed, enabling the detection of the effects of temperature buffering, even at relatively moderate levels of topographic variation. Our survey data from 129 PAs located in the boreal zone in Finland show that the density of northern forest species was higher in topographically heterogeneous PAs than in topographically more homogeneous PAs. Moreover, local temperature variation had a significant effect on the density change of northern forest birds from 1981–1999 to 2000–2017, indicating that change in bird density was generally smaller in PAs with higher topographic variation. Thus, we found a clear buffering effect stemming from the local temperature variation of PAs in the population trends of northern forest birds.
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Steinacker C, Beierkuhnlein C, Jaeschke A. Assessing the exposure of forest habitat types to projected climate change-Implications for Bavarian protected areas. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:14417-14429. [PMID: 31938529 PMCID: PMC6953681 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Due to their longevity and structure, forest ecosystems are particularly affected by climate change with consequences for their biodiversity, functioning, and services to mankind. In the European Union (EU), natural and seminatural forests are protected by the Habitats Directive and the Natura 2000 network. This study aimed to assess the exposure of three legally defined forest habitat types to climate change, namely (a) Tilio-Acerion forests of slopes, screes, and ravines (9180*), (b) bog woodlands (91D0*), and (c) alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (91E0*). We analyzed possible changes in their Bavarian distribution, including their potential future coverage by Natura 2000 sites. We hypothesized that protected areas (PAs) with larger elevational ranges will remain suitable for the forests as they allow for altitudinal distribution shifts. METHODS To estimate changes in range size and coverage by PAs, we combined correlative species distribution models (SDMs) with spatial analyses. Ensembles of SDM-algorithms were applied to two climate change scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) of the HadGEM2-ES model for the period 2061-2080. RESULTS Our results revealed that bog woodlands experience the highest range losses (>2/3) and lowest PA coverage (max. 15% of sites with suitable conditions). Tilio-Acerion forests exhibit opposing trends depending on the scenario, while alluvial forests are less exposed to climatic changes. As expected, the impacts of climate change are more pronounced under the "business as usual" scenario (RCP8.5). Additionally, PAs in flat landscapes are more likely to lose environmental suitability for currently established forest habitat types. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Based on these findings, we advocate the expansion of the Natura 2000 network particularly in consideration of elevational gradients, connectivity, and projected climatic suitability. Nonclimatic stressors on forest ecosystems, especially bog woodlands, should be decreased and climate change mitigation efforts enhanced. We recommend transferring the approach to other habitat types and regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carl Beierkuhnlein
- Department of BiogeographyUniversity of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
- Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research BayCEERBayreuthGermany
- Geographical Institute Bayreuth GIBBayreuthGermany
| | - Anja Jaeschke
- Department of BiogeographyUniversity of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
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Hoffmann S, Irl SDH, Beierkuhnlein C. Predicted climate shifts within terrestrial protected areas worldwide. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4787. [PMID: 31636257 PMCID: PMC6803628 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12603-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Protected areas (PA) are refugia of biodiversity. However, anthropogenic climate change induces a redistribution of life on Earth that affects the effectiveness of PAs. When species are forced to migrate from protected to unprotected areas to track suitable climate, they often face degraded habitats in human-dominated landscapes and a higher extinction threat. Here, we assess how climate conditions are expected to shift within the world's terrestrial PAs (n = 137,432). PAs in the temperate and northern high-latitude biomes are predicted to obtain especially high area proportions of climate conditions that are novel within the PA network at the local, regional and global scale by the end of this century. These PAs are predominantly small, at low elevation, with low environmental heterogeneity, high human pressure, and low biotic uniqueness. Our results guide adaptation measures towards PAs that are strongly affected by climate change, and of low adaption capacity and high conservation value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Hoffmann
- Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Severin D H Irl
- Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
- Institute of Physical Geography, Goethe-University, Altenhoeferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Carl Beierkuhnlein
- Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
- Geographical Institute of the University of Bayreuth, GIB, Universitaetsstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
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Aubin I, Boisvert-Marsh L, Kebli H, McKenney D, Pedlar J, Lawrence K, Hogg EH, Boulanger Y, Gauthier S, Ste-Marie C. Tree vulnerability to climate change: improving exposure-based assessments using traits as indicators of sensitivity. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I. Aubin
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service; Natural Resources Canada; Sault Ste Marie Ontario P6A 2E5 Canada
| | - L. Boisvert-Marsh
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service; Natural Resources Canada; Sault Ste Marie Ontario P6A 2E5 Canada
| | - H. Kebli
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service; Natural Resources Canada; Sault Ste Marie Ontario P6A 2E5 Canada
| | - D. McKenney
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service; Natural Resources Canada; Sault Ste Marie Ontario P6A 2E5 Canada
| | - J. Pedlar
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service; Natural Resources Canada; Sault Ste Marie Ontario P6A 2E5 Canada
| | - K. Lawrence
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service; Natural Resources Canada; Sault Ste Marie Ontario P6A 2E5 Canada
| | - E. H. Hogg
- Northern Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service; Natural Resources Canada; Edmonton Alberta T6H 3S5 Canada
| | - Y. Boulanger
- Laurentian Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service; Natural Resources Canada; Quebec City Quebec G1V 4C7 Canada
| | - S. Gauthier
- Laurentian Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service; Natural Resources Canada; Quebec City Quebec G1V 4C7 Canada
| | - C. Ste-Marie
- Geological Survey of Canada; Natural Resources Canada; Ottawa Ontario K1A 0E8 Canada
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Robinson JL, Fordyce JA. Species-free species distribution models describe macroecological properties of protected area networks. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173443. [PMID: 28301488 PMCID: PMC5354291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the greatest challenges facing the conservation of plants and animal species in protected areas are threats from a rapidly changing climate. An altered climate creates both challenges and opportunities for improving the management of protected areas in networks. Increasingly, quantitative tools like species distribution modeling are used to assess the performance of protected areas and predict potential responses to changing climates for groups of species, within a predictive framework. At larger geographic domains and scales, protected area network units have spatial geoclimatic properties that can be described in the gap analysis typically used to measure or aggregate the geographic distributions of species (stacked species distribution models, or S-SDM). We extend the use of species distribution modeling techniques in order to model the climate envelope (or “footprint”) of individual protected areas within a network of protected areas distributed across the 48 conterminous United States and managed by the US National Park System. In our approach we treat each protected area as the geographic range of a hypothetical endemic species, then use MaxEnt and 5 uncorrelated BioClim variables to model the geographic distribution of the climatic envelope associated with each protected area unit (modeling the geographic area of park units as the range of a species). We describe the individual and aggregated climate envelopes predicted by a large network of 163 protected areas and briefly illustrate how macroecological measures of geodiversity can be derived from our analysis of the landscape ecological context of protected areas. To estimate trajectories of change in the temporal distribution of climatic features within a protected area network, we projected the climate envelopes of protected areas in current conditions onto a dataset of predicted future climatic conditions. Our results suggest that the climate envelopes of some parks may be locally unique or have narrow geographic distributions, and are thus prone to future shifts away from the climatic conditions in these parks in current climates. In other cases, some parks are broadly similar to large geographic regions surrounding the park or have climatic envelopes that may persist into near-term climate change. Larger parks predict larger climatic envelopes, in current conditions, but on average the predicted area of climate envelopes are smaller in our single future conditions scenario. Individual units in a protected area network may vary in the potential for climate adaptation, and adaptive management strategies for the network should account for the landscape contexts of the geodiversity or climate diversity within individual units. Conservation strategies, including maintaining connectivity, assessing the feasibility of assisted migration and other landscape restoration or enhancements can be optimized using analysis methods to assess the spatial properties of protected area networks in biogeographic and macroecological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L. Robinson
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana- Champaign. Champaign IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - James A. Fordyce
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
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