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Vignaud P, Chauliac N, Contamin E, Richer S, Vuillermoz C, Brunelin J, Prieto N. Relevance and Feasibility of Group Traumatic Episode Protocol Delivered to Migrants: A Pilot Field Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5419. [PMID: 37048033 PMCID: PMC10093804 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20075419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) are commonly observed in migrants. Although Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) can be helpful to treat these diseases, it remains difficult to propose EMDR as an individual intervention in help-seeking migrants. Group EMDR, like Group Traumatic Episode Protocol (G-TEP), which was built around the 8 phases of the original EMDR protocol, could offer an effective treatment to a large number of people. It may also be more resource-efficient to provide psychiatric care to migrants. METHODS In this open-label trial, the feasibility and the effectiveness of a 6-session G-TEP intervention was investigated in a group of 10 migrants. RESULTS The intervention was well tolerated by participants. The final attrition rate was 10%. After the intervention, there was a 28.2% significant decrease in PTSD and complex PTSD symptoms, as measured by the International Trauma Questionnaires (total_ITQ) scores (p = 0.013) and a trend towards a significant decrease in MDD symptoms, as measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) (p = 0.057). CONCLUSIONS G-TEP may be effective in decreasing PTSD symptoms in migrants. The accessibility, low-cost, and very structured features of G-TEP may make its implementation sustainable in the field of psychiatric care for migrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Vignaud
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Centre Régional du Psychotraumatisme Auvergne Rhône Alpes, F-69437 Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Cellule D’urgences Medico-Psychologiques, F-69437 Lyon, France
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69500 Bron, France
| | - Nicolas Chauliac
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Centre Régional du Psychotraumatisme Auvergne Rhône Alpes, F-69437 Lyon, France
- Research on Healthcare Performance (RESHAPE), INSERM U1290, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69008 Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuel Contamin
- Independent Researcher, 4 Rue du Viel Renversé, F-69005 Lyon, France
| | - Sébastien Richer
- Independent Researcher, 19 Rue de la République, F-69600 Oullins, France
| | - Cécile Vuillermoz
- Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), INSERM, Department of Social Epidemiology, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Brunelin
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69500 Bron, France
- Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, 95 Boulevard Pinel, F-69500 Bron, France
| | - Nathalie Prieto
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Centre Régional du Psychotraumatisme Auvergne Rhône Alpes, F-69437 Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Cellule D’urgences Medico-Psychologiques, F-69437 Lyon, France
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Paauw CC, de Roos C, Koornneef MGT, Elzinga BM, Boorsma TM, Verheij MA, Dingemans AE. Eye movement desensitization and processing for adolescents with major depressive disorder: study protocol for a multi-site randomized controlled trial. Trials 2023; 24:206. [PMID: 36941688 PMCID: PMC10029217 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07226-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most common mental disorders in adolescence carrying a serious risk of adverse development later in life. Extant treatments are limited in effectiveness and have high drop-out and relapse rates. A body of literature has been published on the association between distressing/ traumatic experiences and development and maintenance of MDD, but the effectiveness of a trauma-focused treatment approach for MDD has hardly been studied. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy as stand-alone intervention in adolescents diagnosed with MDD. METHODS This study will be a randomized controlled trial with two conditions: (1) EMDR treatment (6 sessions) and (2) waiting list condition (WL: 6 weeks, followed by EMDR treatment). First, participants receive a baseline measure after which they will be randomized. Participants will be assessed post-intervention after which the WL participants will also receive six EMDR sessions. Follow-up assessments will be conducted at 3 and 6 months follow-up. STUDY POPULATION In total, 64 adolescents (aged 12-18) diagnosed with a major depressive disorder (DSM-5) and identified memories of at least one distressing or traumatic event related to the depressive symptomatology will be included. Main study parameters/endpoints: Primary outcome variables will be the percentage of patients meeting criteria for MDD classification, and level of depressive symptoms. Secondary outcome measures include symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, and general social-emotional problems. At baseline, family functioning and having experienced emotional abuse or neglect will be assessed to explore whether these factors predict post-treatment outcome. DISCUSSION With the present study, we aim to investigate whether EMDR as a trauma-focussed brief intervention may be effective for adolescents with a primary diagnosis of MDD. EMDR has been proven an effective treatment for traumatic memories in other disorders. It is hypothesized that traumatic memories play a role in the onset and maintenance of depressive disorders. Particularly in adolescence, early treatment of these traumatic memories is warranted to prevent a more chronic or recurrent course of the disorder. TRIAL REGISTRATION International Clinical Trial Registry Platform (ICTRP): NL9008 (30-10-2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Paauw
- Department Youth, GGZ Rivierduinen, Sandifortdreef 19, 2333 ZZ, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - C de Roos
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M G T Koornneef
- Department Youth, GGZ Rivierduinen, Sandifortdreef 19, 2333 ZZ, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - B M Elzinga
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - M A Verheij
- Department Youth, GGZ Rivierduinen, Sandifortdreef 19, 2333 ZZ, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - A E Dingemans
- GGZ Rivierduinen Eating Disorders Ursula, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Liou H, Lane C, Huang C, Mookadam M, Joseph M, Hecker DuVal J. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in a Primary Care Setting: Assessing Utility and Comparing Efficacy of Virtual Versus In-Person Methods. Telemed J E Health 2022; 28:1359-1366. [PMID: 35133887 DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2021.0454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an evidence-based psychotherapy method designed to treat distress associated with traumatic memories. The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged providers to shift EMDR to telehealth platforms. Objectives: This research had to aims. (1) To compare EMDR in conjunction with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with CBT alone for treatment of a patient population with prevalent anxiety and (2) to compare the efficacy of virtual EMDR with that of in-person EMDR in the primary care setting. Methods: Retrospective chart review of all adult patients seen by a single therapist at a primary care center was conducted from January 2018 to December 2020. Charts were reviewed for demographics, psychiatric diagnoses, number of visits, number and type of EMDR treatments, and patient health questionnaire (PHQ)-9 and general anxiety disorder (GAD-7) scores pre- and post-treatment. Results: Patients who underwent EMDR with CBT demonstrated greater decreases in PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores than patients who had only CBT (2.4, 2.5 vs. 0.9, 1.1). However, after adjusting for total number of sessions, post-traumatic stress disorder, grief, and pain, the adjusted mean differences of change in PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores between those who underwent EMDR with CBT and CBT-exclusive patients were not statistically significant. Similarly, the adjusted mean differences of change in PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores between those who underwent virtual EMDR and those who had in-person EMDR were not statistically significant. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first study describing the use of virtual EMDR in a primary care setting. Although our data did not provide evidence for the superiority of EMDR with CBT over CBT alone, we demonstrate that both in-person and virtual EMDR led to significantly improved GAD-7 scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harris Liou
- Alix School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Colton Lane
- Research Services, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Crystal Huang
- Alix School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Martina Mookadam
- Department of Family Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Malin Joseph
- Research Services, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
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Kemal Kaptan S, Brayne M. A qualitative study on clinicians’ perceptions of Attachment‐Focused eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing therapy. COUNSELLING & PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/capr.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Safa Kemal Kaptan
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health School of Health Sciences Manchester Academic Health Science Centre The University of Manchester Manchester UK
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Varese F, Sellwood W, Aseem S, Awenat Y, Bird L, Bhutani G, Carter L, Davies L, Davis C, Horne G, Keane D, Logie R, Malkin D, Potter F, van den Berg D, Zia S, Bentall R. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy for psychosis (EMDRp): Protocol of a feasibility randomized controlled trial with early intervention service users. Early Interv Psychiatry 2021; 15:1224-1233. [PMID: 33225584 PMCID: PMC8451747 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM Traumatic events are involved in the development and maintenance of psychotic symptoms. There are few trials exploring trauma-focused treatments as interventions for psychotic symptoms, especially in individuals with early psychosis. This trial will evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of conducting a definitive trial of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing for psychosis (EMDRp) in people with early psychosis. METHODS Sixty participants with first episode psychosis and a history of a traumatic/adverse life event(s)will be recruited from early intervention services in the North West of England and randomized to receive16 sessions of EMDRp + Treatment as Usual (TAU) or TAU alone. Participants will be assessed at baseline, 6 and 12 months post-randomization using several measures of psychotic symptoms, trauma symptoms, anxiety, depression, functioning, service-user defined recovery, health economics indicators and quality of life. Two nested qualitative studies to assess participant feedback of therapy and views of professional stakeholders on the implementation of EMDRp into services will also be conducted. The feasibility of a future definitive efficacy and cost-effectiveness evaluation of EMDRp will be tested against several outcomes, including ability to recruit and randomize participants, trial retention at 6- and 12-month follow-up assessments, treatment engagement and treatment fidelity. CONCLUSIONS If it is feasible to deliver a multi-site trial of this intervention, it will be possible to evaluate whether EMDRp represents a beneficial treatment to augment existing evidence-based care of individuals with early psychosis supported by early intervention services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Varese
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of ManchesterAcademic Health Science CentreManchesterUK
- Complex Trauma and Resilience Research UnitGreater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation TrustManchesterUK
| | | | - Saadia Aseem
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of ManchesterAcademic Health Science CentreManchesterUK
- Lancashire and South Cumbria NHS Foundation TrustPrestonUK
| | - Yvonne Awenat
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of ManchesterAcademic Health Science CentreManchesterUK
| | - Leanne Bird
- Lancashire and South Cumbria NHS Foundation TrustPrestonUK
| | - Gita Bhutani
- Lancashire and South Cumbria NHS Foundation TrustPrestonUK
| | - Lesley‐Anne Carter
- Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, University of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterUK
| | - Linda Davies
- Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, University of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterUK
| | - Claire Davis
- Lancashire and South Cumbria NHS Foundation TrustPrestonUK
| | - Georgia Horne
- Lancashire and South Cumbria NHS Foundation TrustPrestonUK
| | - David Keane
- Lancashire and South Cumbria NHS Foundation TrustPrestonUK
| | - Robin Logie
- Lancashire and South Cumbria NHS Foundation TrustPrestonUK
| | - Debra Malkin
- Lancashire and South Cumbria NHS Foundation TrustPrestonUK
| | - Fiona Potter
- Lancashire and South Cumbria NHS Foundation TrustPrestonUK
| | | | - Shameem Zia
- Lancashire and South Cumbria NHS Foundation TrustPrestonUK
| | - Richard Bentall
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Department of PsychologyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
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Carletto S, Malandrone F, Berchialla P, Oliva F, Colombi N, Hase M, Hofmann A, Ostacoli L. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2021; 12:1894736. [PMID: 33889310 PMCID: PMC8043524 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2021.1894736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In recent years, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has been applied to different psychiatric conditions beyond post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and an increasing number of studies have evaluated its effect on depression. To date, no quantitative synthesis of the efficacy of EMDR on depression has been conducted. Objective: To meta-analytically review the studies on EMDR for depression as the primary target for treatment. Method: Studies with a controlled design evaluating the effect of EMDR on depression were searched on six electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Cochrane database, and Francine Shapiro Library) and then selected by two independent reviewers. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. Results: Eleven studies were included for qualitative synthesis. Nine studies were included in the meta-analysis, involving 373 participants. The overall effect size of EMDR for depressive symptoms is large (n = 9, Hedges' g = - 1.07; 95%CI [-1.66; - 0.48]), with high heterogeneity (I 2 = 84%), and corresponds to a 'number needed to treat' of 1.8. At follow-up (range 3-6 months), the effect remains significant but moderate (n = 3, Hedges' g = - 0.62; 95%CI [-0.97; - 0.28]; I 2 = 0%). The effect of EMDR compared with active controls is also moderate (n = 7, g = - 0.68; 95%CI [-0.92; - 0.43]; I 2 = 0%). No publication bias was found, although the results are limited by the small number and poor methodological quality of the included studies. Conclusions: Review findings suggest that EMDR may be considered an effective treatment for improving symptoms of depression, with effects comparable to other active treatments. However, findings need to be interpreted in light of the limited number of the studies and their quality. Further research is required to understand the longer-term of effects EMDR in treating depression and preventing depression relapse. Protocol registration: PROSPERO (CRD42018090086).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Carletto
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Malandrone
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Berchialla
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Oliva
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Colombi
- Biblioteca Federata di Medicina "Ferdinando Rossi", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Michael Hase
- Lüneburg Centre for Stress Medicine, Lüneburg, Germany
| | | | - Luca Ostacoli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Sepehry AA, Lam K, Sheppard M, Guirguis-Younger M, Maglio AS. EMDR for Depression: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF EMDR PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1891/emdr-d-20-00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The literature on the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for treating depression is heterogeneous due to research design, quality issues, and trials methodology. The current meta-analysis seeks to examine EMDR for depression with the aim of answering the aforementioned limitations. Thirty-nine studies were included for analysis after a review of the relevant literature. Univariate meta-regressions were run to examine dose-response and the effect of moderating variables. Subanalysis for primary and secondary depression showed a large, significant, and heterogeneous effect-size estimates, where EMDR significantly improved symptoms of depression in contrast to all control types. At post hoc, data were reexamined and a significant and large, yet heterogeneous, effect-size estimate emerged between the EMDR and control arm after the removal of two outliers [Hedges' g = 0.70, 95% CI =0.50–0.89, p-value < .01, I2 = 70%, K = 37]. This is the first meta-analysis examining for the effect of EMDR comparing to various control modalities on depression with dose-response. We found (a) that studies were balanced at onset in terms of depression severity, and (b) a large and significant effect of EMDR on depression at the end of trials. Additionally, the significance of the aggregate effect-size estimate at the end of trials was unchanged by the intake of psychotropic medications, reported demographic variables, or EMDR methodology.
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Kaptan SK, Dursun BO, Knowles M, Husain N, Varese F. Group eye movement desensitization and reprocessing interventions in adults and children: A systematic review of randomized and nonrandomized trials. Clin Psychol Psychother 2021; 28:784-806. [PMID: 33415797 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This review systematically synthesized existing literature on group protocols of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy for treating a range of mental health difficulties in adults and children. We conducted database searches on PsychINFO, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library and Francine Shapiro Library up to May 2020, using PRISMA guidelines. Studies were included if they used at least one standardized outcome measure, if they present a quantitative data on the effect of group EMDR protocols on mental health difficulties and if they were published in English. Twenty-two studies with 1739 participants were included. Thirteen studies examined EMDR Integrative Group Treatment Protocol (IGTP), four studies examined EMDR Group Traumatic Episode Protocol (G-TEP), four studies EMDR Integrative Group Treatment Protocol for Ongoing Traumatic Stress and one study considered EMDR Group Protocol with Children. Of the 22 studies included, 12 were one-arm trials and 10 were two-arm trials. We assessed risk of bias using a revised Tool to Assess Risk of Bias in Randomized Trials (ROB 2) and Risk of Bias in Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I). Overall, the results suggested that Group EMDR protocols might be an effective tool in improving a wide range of mental health-related outcomes including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and anxiety. However, the included studies are limited to methodological challenges. The limitations and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Kemal Kaptan
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Busra Ozen Dursun
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mark Knowles
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Nusrat Husain
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Lancashire Care NHS Foundation Trust, Culture & International Mental Health Research Group, Preston, UK
| | - Filippo Varese
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Lancashire Care NHS Foundation Trust, Culture & International Mental Health Research Group, Preston, UK.,Complex Trauma and Resilience Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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Taylor A, McLachlan NH. Treating a 16 Year Old with a History of Severe Bullying: Supplementing Cognitive Behavioural Therapy with EMDR within the Context of a Case Formulation Approach. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2019; 12:561-570. [PMID: 32318222 PMCID: PMC7163813 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-019-00258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the use of a case formulation approach, integrating evidence-based treatment in the context of individual clinical traits. It focuses on the supplementation of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of a young person, presenting with an initial diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). A case formulation suggested the possibility of a differential diagnosis of Adjustment Disorder, indicating the usefulness of the addition of EMDR sessions to process memories of severe bullying. Previous studies promote the idea of using EMDR in cases that do not meet the threshold for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), in order to reduce the presentation of anxiety. Earlier research suggests that each of these models has specific strengths and attributes in the treatment of mental health difficulties and, whilst based within the context of a well-established case conceptualisation, can be effectively integrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Taylor
- Child & Adolescent Mental Health Services, Cambridgeshire & Peterborough Foundation Trust, Peterborough, UK
- Present Address: School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Niel H. McLachlan
- Child & Adolescent Mental Health Services, Cambridgeshire & Peterborough Foundation Trust, Peterborough, UK
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A Brief Narrative Summary of Randomized Controlled Trials Investigating EMDR Treatment of Patients With Depression. JOURNAL OF EMDR PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1891/1933-3196.13.4.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Depression, one of the most common mental disorders, is characterized by enormous social costs and limited rates of treatment success, even though psychotherapeutic and pharmacological treatments currently contribute to an increase in the remission rate. In light of recent studies that have shown that traumas and adverse life experiences may represent risk factors for the onset of depression, the therapeutic approach of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy has been seen as potentially effective in the treatment of depression. The purpose of the present brief narrative review is to summarize the current literature on the efficacy of EMDR in patients with depression, in particular by referring to randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) that examined depression as a primary outcome. The data examined are updated to March 2019 and count seven RCT studies covering the years from 2001 to 2019. They are heterogeneous by type of intervention and demographic characteristics of the sample. Although the selected studies are few and with different methodological critical issues, the findings reported by the different authors suggest in a preliminary way that EMDR can be a useful treatment for depression.
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11
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The prevalence of intrusive memories in adult depression: A meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2019; 253:193-202. [PMID: 31054444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrusive memories have typically been associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) but some studies have suggested they can also occur in depression-alone. OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis aimed to estimate the prevalence of intrusive memories in adult depression and to explore methodological and other factors that may moderate this prevalence. METHOD The databases PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, MedLine, PubMed, CINAHL and Embase were searched for relevant articles, published up to and including July 2016. Studies measuring point prevalence of intrusive memories in adults aged 18 years or above with depression were included and assessed for quality. Meta-analysis was completed under a random effects model. RESULTS Seven studies measuring point prevalence of intrusive memories in adult depression were included. The overall pooled prevalence estimate calculated was 76.0% (95% CI 59.4-89.4%), reducing to 66.0% (95% CI 51.0-79.5%) when restricted to intrusive memories experienced within the week prior to assessment. Heterogeneity was high. Between-groups analyses indicated that adults with depression are as likely to experience intrusive memories as adults with PTSD, and more likely to experience intrusive memories than healthy controls (risk ratio of 2.94, 95% CI 1.53-5.67). LIMITATIONS The strength of conclusions is limited by the small number of studies included. Consideration of the relationship between depression, intrusive memories and trauma exposure is required. CONCLUSIONS Intrusive memories are experienced by a large majority of adults with depression and may therefore be an important target for cognitive intervention. Larger scale measurement of clinical outcome is needed with identification of individual factors predicting treatment response.
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Differential Effects of an Evolutionary-Based EMDR Therapy on Depression and Anxiety Symptoms: A Case Series Study. JOURNAL OF EMDR PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1891/1933-3196.12.2.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel evolutionary-based therapy, treating depression downhill (TDD), was designed as a specific therapy for depression as a syndrome (Krupnik, 2014) and later integrated with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy into a combined TDD-EMDR treatment. The combined therapy integrates modified EMDR procedures into the theoretical context of TDD. These procedures are applied during the second (acceptance) stage of TDD-EMDR’s three-stage proltocol with the focus on acceptance of defeat/failure/loss rather than on distressing memories. Here, we report a case series of 21 military personnel diagnosed with depressive disorders, who received a course of TDD-EMDR. Eighty percent of completers (n= 15) did not meet the criteria of depressive disorder by the treatment’s end. After 12 sessions, they showed a significant reduction on the Beck’s Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) with a large effect size (d= 2.8) and an increase in accepting disposition (d= 1.8) on the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire. Noncompleters showed similar to completers decrease of BDI-II scores at mid-treatment. We observed no statistically significant decrease of the anxiety symptoms on the Beck’s Anxiety Inventory. These results suggest that TDD-EMDR may be an effective treatment for depressive disorders. They also indicate that it may preferentially target depressive over anxiety symptoms, as was previously observed for TDD. Suggestions are made for future research.
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Wood E, Ricketts T, Parry G. EMDR as a treatment for long-term depression: A feasibility study. Psychol Psychother 2018; 91:63-78. [PMID: 28834138 PMCID: PMC5836996 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Current treatments for long-term depression - medication and psychotherapy - are effective for some but not all clients. New approaches need to be developed to complement the ones already available. This study was designed to test the feasibility of using an effective post-traumatic stress disorder treatment for people with long-term depression. DESIGN A single-case experimental design with replications was undertaken as a feasibility study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in treating long-term depression. METHODS Thirteen people with recurrent and/or long-term depression were recruited from primary care mental health services and given standard protocol EMDR for a maximum of 20 sessions. Levels of depression were measured before and after treatment and at follow-up, clients also rated their mood each day. RESULTS Eight people engaged with the treatment; seven of these had clinically significant and statistically reliable improvement on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Daily mood ratings were highly variable both during baseline and intervention. CONCLUSIONS EMDR is a feasible treatment for recurrent and/or long-term depression. Research on treatment efficacy and effectiveness is now required. PRACTITIONER POINTS EMDR may be an effective treatment for depression. EMDR could be considered if first-line approaches (CBT and counselling) have been tried and failed. EMDR may be particularly helpful for service users with a history of trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Wood
- School of Health and Related ResearchThe University of SheffieldUK
| | - Thomas Ricketts
- School of Health and Related ResearchThe University of SheffieldUK,Sheffield Health and Social Care NHS FTUK
| | - Glenys Parry
- School of Health and Related ResearchThe University of SheffieldUK
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14
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Ostacoli L, Carletto S, Cavallo M, Baldomir-Gago P, Di Lorenzo G, Fernandez I, Hase M, Justo-Alonso A, Lehnung M, Migliaretti G, Oliva F, Pagani M, Recarey-Eiris S, Torta R, Tumani V, Gonzalez-Vazquez AI, Hofmann A. Comparison of Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as Adjunctive Treatments for Recurrent Depression: The European Depression EMDR Network (EDEN) Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Psychol 2018; 9:74. [PMID: 29487548 PMCID: PMC5816922 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Treatment of recurrent depressive disorders is currently only moderately successful. Increasing evidence suggests a significant relationship between adverse childhood experiences and recurrent depressive disorders, suggesting that trauma-based interventions could be useful for these patients. Objectives: To investigate the efficacy of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy (EMDR) in addition to antidepressant medication (ADM) in treating recurrent depression. Design: A non-inferiority, single-blind, randomized clinical controlled trial comparing EMDR or CBT as adjunctive treatments to ADM. Randomization was carried out by a central computer system. Allocation was carried out by a study coordinator in each center. Setting: Two psychiatric services, one in Italy and one in Spain. Participants: Eighty-two patients were randomized with a 1:1 ratio to the EMDR group (n = 40) or CBT group (n = 42). Sixty-six patients, 31 in the EMDR group and 35 in the CBT group, were included in the completers analysis. Intervention: 15 ± 3 individual sessions of EMDR or CBT, both in addition to ADM. Participants were followed up at 6-months. Main outcome measure: Rate of depressive symptoms remission in both groups, as measured by a BDI-II score <13. Results: Sixty-six patients were analyzed as completers (31 EMDR vs. 35 CBT). No significant difference between the two groups was found either at the end of the interventions (71% EMDR vs. 48.7% CBT) or at the 6-month follow-up (54.8% EMDR vs. 42.9% CBT). A RM-ANOVA on BDI-II scores showed similar reductions over time in both groups [F(6,59) = 22.501, p < 0.001] and a significant interaction effect between time and group [F(6,59) = 3.357, p = 0.006], with lower BDI-II scores in the EMDR group at T1 [mean difference = –7.309 (95% CI [–12.811, –1.806]), p = 0.010]. The RM-ANOVA on secondary outcome measures showed similar improvement over time in both groups [F(14,51) = 8.202, p < 0.001], with no significant differences between groups [F(614,51) = 0.642, p = 0.817]. Conclusion: Although these results can be considered preliminary only, this study suggests that EMDR could be a viable and effective treatment for reducing depressive symptoms and improving the quality of life of patients with recurrent depression. Trial registration: ISRCTN09958202.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ostacoli
- Clinical and Biological Sciences Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Clinical and Oncological Psychology, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Carletto
- Clinical and Biological Sciences Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Giorgio Di Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Fondazione Policlinico "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Francesco Oliva
- Clinical and Biological Sciences Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Pagani
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Riccardo Torta
- Clinical and Oncological Psychology, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Neuroscience Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Visal Tumani
- Department of Psychiatry, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Arne Hofmann
- EMDR Institut Deutschland, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
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Abstract
This study investigated the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) psychotherapy in treating the primary diagnosis of major depressive disorder by processing past or present trauma that was affecting the quality of life. The 26 diagnosed participants were randomly assigned to 6–8 sessions of EMDR treatment or the waiting list control. Beck Depression Inventory-II, Trauma Symptom Checklist-40, and Quality of Life Index Inventory were used at pre- and postassessment to measure depressive and trauma symptoms and quality of life of the participants for both groups. The targets for EMDR therapy were selected by the participants determining the negative cognitions most strongly associated with reduced functioning and then identifying a related disturbing event. Paired and independent sample t tests were applied for data analysis. Results showed significant improvements on all measures with large effect sizes. At 95% confidence interval, the results found EMDR as an effective treatment for depressive and trauma symptoms and for improving the quality of life of the participants. A generalization effect was found for the depressogenic cognitions, with the number and strength of negative beliefs markedly decreased at posttreatment, even for beliefs not targeted in the therapy. Three-month follow-up interview with the EMDR participants confirmed that the results had been maintained.
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16
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EMDR With Choking Phobia: Reflections on the 2008 Study by de Roos and de Jongh. JOURNAL OF EMDR PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1891/1933-3196.9.1.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
“Translating Research Into Practice” is a regular journal feature in which clinicians share clinical case examples that support, elaborate, or illustrate the results of a specific research study. Each column begins with the abstract of that study, followed by the clinician’s description of their own application of standard eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) procedures with the population or problem treated in the study. The column is edited by the EMDR Research Foundation with the goal of providing a link between research and practice and making research findings relevant in therapists’ day-to-day practices. In this issue’s column, Keith J. Myers references de Roos and de Jongh’s study, which investigated EMDR treatment of choking phobias. Illustrating the treatment considerations and treatment results reported by de Roos and de Jongh, Myers describes the successful treatment of an adult client who presents with choking phobia and secondary depression using the EMDR protocol for phobias. The case example is followed with a discussion of specific treatment considerations in the addressing phobias within the eight phases of EMDR therapy.
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