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Alamzeb M, Setzer WN, Ali S, Khan B, Rashid MU, Ihsanullah, Salman SM, Adnan, Omer M, Ali J, Ullah A. Spectral, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Pyretic, Leishmanicidal, and Molecular Docking Studies, Against Selected Protein Targets, of a New Bisbenzylisoquinoline Alkaloid. Front Chem 2022; 9:711190. [PMID: 34976944 PMCID: PMC8719521 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.711190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A new bisbenzylisoquinoline named as chondrofolinol (1) and four reported compounds (2–5) were isolated and characterized from the roots of Berberis glaucocarpa Stapf. Anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, and leishmanicidal studies were performed against carrageenan-induced paw edema, yeast-induced pyrexia, and the promastigotes of Leishmania tropica, respectively. The new compound significantly reduced the paw volume in carrageenan-induced paw edema and rectal temperature in yeast-induced pyrexia at 10 and 20 mg/ kg of body weight. Chondrofolinol caused almost 100% inhibition of the promastigotes of Leishmania tropica. All the compounds displayed minimal cytotoxicity against THP-1 monocytic cells. In order to ascertain the potential macromolecular targets of chondrofolinol responsible for the observed anti-inflammatory and anti-leishmanial activities, a molecular docking study was carried out on relevant protein targets of inflammation and Leishmania. Protein targets of human endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 2 (ERAP2) and human matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) for inflammation and protein targets of N-myristoyltransferase (NMT), tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS), and uridine diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase) for Leishmania major were selected after thorough literature search about protein targets responsible for inflammation and Leishmania major. Chondrofolinol showed excellent docking to ERAP2 and to MMP-1. The Leishmania major protein targets with the most favorable docking scores to chondrofolinol were NMT, TyrRS, and UGPase. The study indicated that bisbenzylisoquinoline and isoquinoline alkaloids possess anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-leishmanial properties with minimal cytotoxicity and therefore, need to be further explored for their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL , United States
| | - Saqib Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kotli, Kotli, Pakistan
| | - Behramand Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Mamoon-Ur- Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, Baluchistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Takatu Campus, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Ihsanullah
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | | | - Adnan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Omer
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Asad Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Pakistan
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