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Lai PK, Teng CL, Mustapha FI. Diabetes knowledge among Malaysian adults: A scoping review and meta-analysis. MALAYSIAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE ACADEMY OF FAMILY PHYSICIANS OF MALAYSIA 2024; 19:26. [PMID: 38725609 PMCID: PMC11081772 DOI: 10.51866/rv.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Optimal self-care promotes glycaemic control and prevents diabetes complications. Its performance is facilitated by an adequate level of diabetes knowledge. This review aimed to evaluate diabetes knowledge among Malaysians by assessing diabetes knowledge scores and their associated factors. Methods A comprehensive bibliographic search for Malaysian studies on diabetes knowledge was conducted in PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar. Relevant literature was systematically selected and described; pertinent data were extracted; and data on diabetes knowledge levels and their associated factors were synthesised. The quality of the identified studies was assessed using a Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool. Results Thirty Malaysian cross-sectional studies that measured diabetes knowledge levels were retrieved. Nineteen of them used a named diabetes knowledge measurement tool, with 14 using the 14-item Michigan Diabetes Knowledge Test. A low knowledge level was prevalent among patients with diabetes mellitus (pooled mean knowledge score=6.92, proportion of patients with a low knowledge level=47.97%). The knowledge score was associated with some sociodemographic variables, health literacy, self-care and glycaemic control. Conclusion The association of diabetes knowledge with diabetes outcomes (e.g. self-care and glycaemic control) reflects the potential of the former as a target of intervention. Periodic measurement of diabetes knowledge in healthcare settings and among populations can help in assessing the effectiveness of diabetes educational interventions. Concerted efforts to improve diabetes knowledge among Malaysians have the potential to fill knowledge-practice gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Kuan Lai
- Nursing (Hons), MSc in Medical and Health Sciences, PhD in Medical and Health Sciences, Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University (IMU), No.126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Cheong Lieng Teng
- School of Medicine, International Medical University (IMU), Clinical Campus Seremban, Jalan Rasah, Bukit Rasah, Negeri Sembilan, Seremban, Malaysia
| | - Feisul Idzwan Mustapha
- Deputy Director (Non-Communicable Diseases), Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
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Lim PC, Rajah R, Lim YL, Kam JLH, Wong TY, Krishnanmurthi V, Chang CT, Cheah MT, Kamaruzzaman ND, Tan WT, Lee ES, Zainal H. Development and validation of patient diabetes knowledge questionnaire (PDKQ). J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 16:121. [PMID: 37858279 PMCID: PMC10588117 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-023-00631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluation of diabetes knowledge plays a pivotal role in identifying and addressing patients' knowledge gaps. The implementation of a standardized diabetes knowledge assessment tool is important to ensure consistent scoring and facilitating the development of effective and standardized education programs. AIM To develop and validate a patient diabetes knowledge questionnaire (PDKQ) to assess knowledge of diabetes mellitus patients. METHODS The development of the PDKQ questionnaire involved three phases: item development, content validation, and reliability testing. In the item development phase, the initial draft of the PDKQ, comprising a multiple-choice answer questionnaire was developed. The content validation phase comprised two stages. Firstly, ten experts participated in the expert validation process, followed by face validation involving six patients. In the final phase, test-retest analysis was performed among diabetes mellitus patients to assess reliability. RESULTS The first draft of PDKQ consisted of 11 patient characteristics items and 37 items of multiple choices questions. During the expert validation, three items were eliminated due to low clarity, and an additional six items were removed as they were deemed irrelevant or unimportant. During the face validation, three patients' characteristic items and eight multiple-choice questions were excluded due to a content validity index of less than 0.83. In the test-retest phase, 36 subjects responded to 8 items pertaining to patients' characteristics and 20 multiple-choice questions. The test-retest analysis yielded an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.88, indicating good reliability. CONCLUSION The 20-item PDKQ is a reliable and robust tool in assessing the knowledge of diabetes mellitus patients in Malaysia. Its implementation allows standardized assessment of diabetic patients' knowledge levels, enabling targeted interventions to empower patients and optimize diabetes care practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phei Ching Lim
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Pulau Pinang, George Town, Penang, Malaysia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Retha Rajah
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Seberang Jaya, Perai, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Yen Li Lim
- Clinical Research Centre, Hospital Pulau Pinang, George Town, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Jason Lye Hin Kam
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Pulau Pinang, George Town, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Te Ying Wong
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Pulau Pinang, George Town, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Chee Tao Chang
- Clinical Research Centre, Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia.
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mun Teng Cheah
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Pulau Pinang, George Town, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Wee Toong Tan
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Pulau Pinang, George Town, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Eng Seng Lee
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Pulau Pinang, George Town, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Hadzliana Zainal
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia.
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Japar S, Ong SL, Muhamed Z, Fukunaga K, Kobayashi T, Imachi H, Sato S, Saheki T, Ibata T, Yoshimura T, Soh KL, Murao K. Knowledge of diabetes and the practice of diabetes self-management during Ramadan fasting among patients with type 2 diabetes in Malaysia. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2022; 16:102655. [PMID: 36323181 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To assess the level of diabetes knowledge and its association with diabetes self-management practices during Ramadan fasting among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted involving a sample of Malaysian patients with T2D. Patients aged 18 years and above, and attending an outpatient diabetic unit of a government hospital were recruited between February and April 2021. A self-administered questionnaire was utilized to assess diabetes knowledge and diabetes self-management practices. RESULTS A total of 306 participants completed the questionnaire. Most of them were females (54.2%) and above 55 years old (75.1%). Resultantly, knowledge of diabetes was considered average among 52% of the participants. Only 9.5% of them avoided the consumption of sweet foods during iftar. Practicing late suhoor (p = 0.012) and self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) (p = 0.026) during Ramadan were significantly associated with a better diabetes knowledge score. Education level (p = 0.000), working status (p = 0.030), and monthly income (p = 0.000) were significantly associated with participants' knowledge level of diabetes. A higher proportion (72.2%) of the participants completed fasting for a month during Ramadan 2020. Meanwhile, hypoglycemia was the main reason (38.8%) for incomplete fasting. CONCLUSIONS These findings reflect the need to improve patients' knowledge of diabetes and diabetes self-management practices, especially during Ramadan. Such objectives could be achieved by considering the associated factors identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salimah Japar
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Swee Leong Ong
- School of Nursing Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kampung Gong Badak, 21300, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Zamri Muhamed
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Ministry of Health Malaysia, 20400, Kuala, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Kensaku Fukunaga
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kobayashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hitomi Imachi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Seisuke Sato
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Takanobu Saheki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ibata
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Takafumi Yoshimura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Kim Lam Soh
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Koji Murao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
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Muhammad Haskani NH, Goh HP, Wee DVT, Hermansyah A, Goh KW, Ming LC. Medication Knowledge and Adherence in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Brunei Darussalam: A Pioneer Study in Brunei Darussalam. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127470. [PMID: 35742719 PMCID: PMC9224316 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aim: The present study measured the medication knowledge and medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes in Brunei Darussalam. Demographic details and diabetes knowledge were also evaluated. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted via the administration of a structured questionnaire consisting of 4 sections via a face-to-face interview. Results: A total of 118 participants were interviewed. A majority of the participants were aged 40 years or above (106, 89.8%). The mean number of total medications that the participants were taking was 7.36 ± 2.87 and the mean number of antidiabetic medications was 2.39 ± 1.06. As for the antidiabetic therapy, the largest proportion of the participants were taking oral antidiabetic medications only (87, 73.73%). In the diabetes knowledge section of the questionnaire, more than half of the participants (63, 53.34%) scored higher than the acquired mean score. Family history, education level, and total medications taken were significantly correlated with diabetes knowledge. However, in the medication knowledge section of the questionnaire, the mean score (3.37 ± 1.38) was below the intended score for good knowledge. Medication knowledge has been significantly associated with gender, family history and total medications taken. A majority of the participants reported non-adherence (74, 62.71%) due to various reasons. In this study, those of the Malay race were significantly correlated with adherence to their medication regimen. This study also revealed that there is no significant relationship between diabetes knowledge, medication knowledge and medication adherence. Conclusions: The present study provides insights in regard to patients with type 2 diabetes in Brunei Darussalam and their knowledge towards the disease as well as their medications. Despite the lack of significance between the variables, the rate of non-adherence is still alarming. Further studies are required to better understand the barriers to non-adherence in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Poh Goh
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong BE1410, Brunei; (N.H.M.H.); (L.C.M.)
- Correspondence: (H.P.G.); (A.H.)
| | - Daniel Vui Teck Wee
- Pharmacy Department, Suri Seri Begawan Hospital, Kuala Belait KA1131, Brunei;
| | - Andi Hermansyah
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Correspondence: (H.P.G.); (A.H.)
| | - Khang Wen Goh
- Faculty of Data Sciences and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Malaysia;
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong BE1410, Brunei; (N.H.M.H.); (L.C.M.)
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
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