On the origin and preservation of cumulative record in its struggle for life as a favored term

A missing link in the evolution of the cumulative recorder

A recently recovered cumulative recorder provides a missing link in the evolution of the cumulative recorder from a modified kymograph to a reliably operating, scientifically and commercially successful instrument. The recorder, the only physical evidence of such an early precommercial cumulative recorder yet found, was sent to Keio University in Tokyo, Japan, in 1952 at the behest of B. F. Skinner at Harvard University. Last used in research in the late 1960s, the cumulative recorder remained locked in a storage room until 2007, when it was found again. A historical context for the recorder is followed by a description of the recorder and a comparison between it and the commercially successful Gerbrands Model C-1 recorder. Labeled the Keio recorder, it is a testament to Skinner's persistence in developing a reliable means of quantifying the behavior of living organisms in real time.

B. F. Skinner and T. N. Whitehead: a brief encounter, research similarities, hawthorne revisited, what next?

B. F. Skinner and T. N. Whitehead recalled a personal interaction in 1934, with differing memories of the event. No evidence of other subsequent interactions or mutual citations has been found. Although they went their separate ways, three similarities in their research strategies have been found and are discussed. Elements of Whitehead's Hawthorne study and Skinner's concurrent, parallel work reveal that they both (a) introduced the cumulative curve to report data, (b) used a small number of subjects studied over time, and (c) used highly accurate recording devices. A few "afterwords" are offered on their lives and writings, and again, on the Hawthorne effect. A suggestion is made that a Skinner-Whitehead research approach might be useful in studying gambling behavior.

Métodos de pesquisa em análise do comportamento

Apresenta-se neste artigo a discussão sobre o status da análise do comportamento como disciplina científica, bem como sua relação com outras ciências e as implicações desta discussão para a caracterização dos métodos de pesquisa em análise do comportamento. Várias classificações dos métodos de pesquisa são apresentadas, com destaque para o método experimental, tendo em vista seu papel na construção da disciplina. Os supostos e as principais características dos delineamentos de sujeito único são apresentados. E, por fim, são brevemente discutidas algumas questões que se originam da interação e aparente confronto entre conceituação e prática de pesquisa em análise do comportamento, tais como: reversibilidade comportamental, variabilidade comportamental, procedimentos de tentativa e procedimentos de operante livre, análise molecular e análise molar, tratamento estatístico e quantificação, pesquisa experimental com humanos.

Steps and pips in the history of the cumulative recorder

From its inception in the 1930s until very recent times, the cumulative recorder was the most widely used measurement instrument in the experimental analysis of behavior. It was an essential instrument in the discovery and analysis of schedules of reinforcement, providing the first real-time analysis of operant response rates and patterns. This review traces the evolution of the cumulative recorder from Skinner's early modified kymographs through various models developed by Skinner and his colleagues to its perfection in the 1950s, and then into the 1960s when it proliferated as different scientific instrument companies began marketing their own models of the cumulative recorder. With the rise of digital computers, the demise of the cumulative recorder as a scientific instrument was inevitable; however, the value of the cumulative record as a monitoring device to assess schedule control of behavior continues. The cumulative recorder remains, along with the operant conditioning chamber, an icon of Skinner's approach to psychology.