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Testing and Training Analogical Relational Responding in Children With and Without Autism. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-021-00493-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kirsten EB, Stewart I, McElwee J. Testing and Training Analogical Responding in Young Children Using A Relational Evaluation Procedure. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-021-00468-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cordeiro MC, Zhirnova T, Miguel CF. Establishing equivalence-equivalence analogical relations via tact and listener training. J Exp Anal Behav 2020; 115:340-360. [PMID: 33319373 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of verbal behavior on the emergence of analogy-type responding as measured via equivalence-equivalence relations. In Experiment 1, 8 college students learned to label arbitrary stimuli as, "vek," "zog," and "paf", and in Experiment 2, 8 additional participants learned to select these stimuli when hearing their names in an auditory-visual matching-to-sample (MTS) task. Experimenters tested for the emergence of relational tacts (i.e., "same" and "different") and equivalence-equivalence relations (analogy tests) via visual-visual MTS. Half of the participants were exposed to a think-aloud procedure. Even though they all passed analogy tests while tacting stimuli relationally, only participants exposed to tact training (Experiment 1) did so without the need for remediation. The results of these experiments confirm that individual discriminative and relational control of stimuli established through verbal behavior training is sufficient to produce equivalence-equivalence analogical responding, advancing the analysis of complex cognitive (problem-solving) phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatiana Zhirnova
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Sacramento
| | - Caio F Miguel
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Sacramento
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McLoughlin S, Tyndall I, Pereira A. Convergence of multiple fields on a relational reasoning approach to cognition. INTELLIGENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2020.101491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Brassil N, Hyland J, O’Hora D, Stewart I. Reversing Time and Size: Mutual Entailment of Nonarbitrary Temporal and Magnitude Relational Responding. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-018-0323-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Barnes-Holmes D, Barnes-Holmes Y, Luciano C, McEnteggart C. From the IRAP and REC model to a multi-dimensional multi-level framework for analyzing the dynamics of arbitrarily applicable relational responding. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Power PM, Harte C, Barnes-Holmes D, Barnes-Holmes Y. Combining the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure and the Recording of Event Related Potentials in the Analysis of Racial Bias: a Preliminary Study. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-017-0252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Carrying the baton: Evolution science and a contextual behavioral analysis of language and cognition. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Barnes-Holmes D, Hayden E, Barnes-Holmes Y, Stewart I. The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (Irap) As a Response-Time and Event-Related-Potentials Methodology for Testing Natural Verbal Relations: A Preliminary Study. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03395634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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May RJ, Stewart I, Baez L, Freegard G, Dymond S. Arbitrarily applicable spatial relational responding. J Exp Anal Behav 2017; 107:234-257. [DOI: 10.1002/jeab.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. May
- School of Psychology; University of South Wales; Pontypridd United Kingdom
| | - Ian Stewart
- School of Psychology; National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
| | - Luisa Baez
- School of Psychology; University of South Wales; Pontypridd United Kingdom
| | - Gary Freegard
- Department of Psychology; Swansea University; Swansea United Kingdom
| | - Simon Dymond
- Department of Psychology; Swansea University; Swansea United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology; Reykjavík University; Reykjavík Iceland
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Miguel CF, Frampton SE, Lantaya CA, LaFrance DL, Quah K, Meyer CS, Elias NC, Fernand JK. The effects of tact training on the development of analogical reasoning. J Exp Anal Behav 2015; 104:96-118. [DOI: 10.1002/jeab.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Dickins D. Vocalizing phonologically correct non-word stimuli during equivalence class formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/15021149.2015.1083284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hussey I, Barnes-Holmes D, Barnes-Holmes Y. From Relational Frame Theory to implicit attitudes and back again: clarifying the link between RFT and IRAP research. Curr Opin Psychol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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O׳Regan L, Farina F, Hussey I, Roche R. Event-related brain potentials reveal correlates of the transformation of stimulus functions through derived relations in healthy humans. Brain Res 2015; 1599:168-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Holding on to our functional roots when exploring new intellectual islands: A voyage through implicit cognition research. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Hayes SC, Barnes-Holmes D, Wilson KG. Contextual Behavioral Science: Creating a science more adequate to the challenge of the human condition. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Dymond S, May RJ, Munnelly A, Hoon AE. Evaluating the evidence base for relational frame theory: a citation analysis. THE BEHAVIOR ANALYST 2012; 33:97-117. [PMID: 22479129 DOI: 10.1007/bf03392206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Relational frame theory (RFT) is a contemporary behavior-analytic account of language and cognition. Since it was first outlined in 1985, RFT has generated considerable controversy and debate, and several claims have been made concerning its evidence base. The present study sought to evaluate the evidence base for RFT by undertaking a citation analysis and by categorizing all articles that cited RFT-related search terms. A total of 174 articles were identified between 1991 and 2008, 62 (36%) of which were empirical and 112 (64%) were nonempirical articles. Further analyses revealed that 42 (68%) of the empirical articles were classified as empirical RFT and 20 (32%) as empirical other, whereas 27 (24%) of the nonempirical articles were assigned to the nonempirical reviews category and 85 (76%) to the nonempirical conceptual category. In addition, the present findings show that the majority of empirical research on RFT has been conducted with typically developing adult populations, on the relational frame of sameness, and has tended to be published in either The Psychological Record or the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. Overall, RFT has made a substantial contribution to the literature in a relatively short period of time.
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Ruiz FJ, Luciano C. Cross-domain analogies as relating derived relations among two separate relational networks. J Exp Anal Behav 2011; 95:369-85. [PMID: 21547072 PMCID: PMC3088077 DOI: 10.1901/jeab.2011.95-369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary behavior analytic research is making headway in analyzing analogy as the establishment of a relation of coordination among common types of trained or derived relations. Previous studies have been focused on within-domain analogy. The current study expands previous research by analyzing cross-domain analogy as relating relations among separate relational networks and by correlating participants' performance with a standard measure of analogical reasoning. In two experiments, adult participants first completed general intelligence and analogical reasoning tests. Subsequently, they were exposed to a computerized conditional discrimination training procedure designed to create two relational networks, each consisting of two 3-member equivalence classes. The critical test was a two-part analogical test in which participants had to relate combinatorial relations of coordination and distinction between the two relational networks. In Experiment 1, combinatorial relations for each network were individually tested prior to analogical testing, but in Experiment 2 they were not. Across both experiments, 65% of participants passed the analogical test on the first attempt. Moreover, results from the training procedure were strongly correlated with the standard measure of analogical reasoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Ruiz
- Facultad de Psicología, Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológico, Universidad de Almería, Spain.
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Abstract
Naming appears to be the source of the explosion in language development and involves the integration of the initially separate listener and speaker responses. This integration has a role in the development of reading, writing, and the following and construction of verbal algorithms that make types of complex human behavior possible. Considerable research has investigated the role of Naming in the emergence of derived relations. Recent research has also investigated the emergence of Naming itself. We describe these experiments and the experiences that function to induce Naming. We also describe evidence about preverbal developmental cusps that are foundational to the emergence of Naming and the evidence on its reinforcement sources. The isolation of the role of the environment in the emergence of Naming identifies stimuli that were said to be missing in accounts that were critical of Skinner's (1957) account of verbal behavior. These arguments purported that the phenomenon was not attributable to learning because of the "poverty of the stimulus." Some of the relevant stimuli now appear to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Longano
- Correspondence should be addressed to R. Douglas Greer, Box 76, Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027 (e-mail: )
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Lipkens R, Hayes SC. Producing and recognizing analogical relations. J Exp Anal Behav 2009; 91:105-26. [PMID: 19230515 PMCID: PMC2614813 DOI: 10.1901/jeab.2009.91-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Analogical reasoning is an important component of intelligent behavior, and a key test of any approach to human language and cognition. Only a limited amount of empirical work has been conducted from a behavior analytic point of view, most of that within Relational Frame Theory (RFT), which views analogy as a matter of deriving relations among relations. The present series of four studies expands previous work by exploring the applicability of this model of analogy to topography-based rather than merely selection-based responses and by extending the work into additional relations, including nonsymmetrical ones. In each of the four studies participants pretrained in contextual control over nonarbitrary stimulus relations of sameness and opposition, or of sameness, smaller than, and larger than, learned arbitrary stimulus relations in the presence of these relational cues and derived analogies involving directly trained relations and derived relations of mutual and combinatorial entailment, measured using a variety of productive and selection-based measures. In Experiment 1 participants successfully recognized analogies among stimulus networks containing same and opposite relations; in Experiment 2 analogy was successfully used to extend derived relations to pairs of novel stimuli; in Experiment 3 the procedure used in Experiment 1 was extended to nonsymmetrical comparative relations; in Experiment 4 the procedure used in Experiment 2 was extended to nonsymmetrical comparative relations. Although not every participant showed the effects predicted, overall the procedures occasioned relational responses consistent with an RFT account that have not yet been demonstrated in a behavior-analytic laboratory setting, including productive responding on the basis of analogies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Lipkens
- Psychiatric Hospital Sancta Maria, Sint-Truiden, Belgium
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Yorio A, Tabullo Á, Wainselboim A, Barttfeld P, Segura E. Event-related potential correlates of perceptual and functional categories: Comparison between stimuli matching by identity and equivalence. Neurosci Lett 2008; 443:113-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Schlund MW, Cataldo MF, Hoehn-Saric R. Neural correlates of derived relational responding on tests of stimulus equivalence. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2008; 4:6. [PMID: 18241338 PMCID: PMC2276226 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-4-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An essential component of cognition and language involves the formation of new conditional relations between stimuli based upon prior experiences. Results of investigations on transitive inference (TI) highlight a prominent role for the medial temporal lobe in maintaining associative relations among sequentially arranged stimuli (A > B > C > D > E). In this investigation, medial temporal lobe activity was assessed while subjects completed "Stimulus Equivalence" (SE) tests that required deriving conditional relations among stimuli within a class (A identical with B identical with C). METHODS Stimuli consisted of six consonant-vowel-consonant triads divided into two classes (A1, B1, C1; A2, B2, C2). A simultaneous matching-to-sample task and differential reinforcement were employed during pretraining to establish the conditional relations A1:B1 and B1:C1 in class 1 and A2:B2 and B2:C2 in class 2. During functional neuroimaging, recombined stimulus pairs were presented and subjects judged (yes/no) whether stimuli were related. SE tests involved presenting three different types of within-class pairs: Symmetrical (B1 A1; C1 B1; B2 A2; C2 B2), and Transitive (A1 C1; A2 C2) and Equivalence (C1 A1; C2 A2) relations separated by a nodal stimulus. Cross-class 'Foils' consisting of unrelated stimuli (e.g., A1 C2) were also presented. RESULTS Relative to cross-class Foils, Transitive and Equivalence relations requiring inferential judgments elicited bilateral activation in the anterior hippocampus while Symmetrical relations elicited activation in the parahippocampus. Relative to each derived relation, Foils generally elicited bilateral activation in the parahippocampus, as well as in frontal and parietal lobe regions. CONCLUSION Activation observed in the hippocampus to nodal-dependent derived conditional relations (Transitive and Equivalence relations) highlights its involvement in maintaining relational structure and flexible memory expression among stimuli within a class (A identical with B identical with C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Schlund
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Michael F Cataldo
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Rudolf Hoehn-Saric
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA
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Hayes SC, Plumb JC. Mindfulness from the Bottom Up: Providing an Inductive Framework for Understanding Mindfulness Processes and their Application to Human Suffering. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10478400701598314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Schlund MW, Hoehn-Saric R, Cataldo MF. New knowledge derived from learned knowledge: functional-anatomic correlates of stimulus equivalence. J Exp Anal Behav 2007; 87:287-307. [PMID: 17465317 PMCID: PMC1832172 DOI: 10.1901/jeab.2007.93-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Forming new knowledge based on knowledge established through prior learning is a central feature of higher cognition that is captured in research on stimulus equivalence (SE). Numerous SE investigations show that reinforcing behavior under control of distinct sets of arbitrary conditional relations gives rise to stimulus control by new, derived relations. This investigation examined whether frontal-subcortical and frontal-parietal networks known to support reinforced conditional relations also support derived conditional relations. Twelve adult subjects completed matching-to-sample (MTS) training with correct/wrong feedback to establish four trained conditional relations within two distinct, three-member stimulus classes: (1) A1-->B1, B1-->C1 and (2) A2-->B2, B2-->C2. Afterwards, functional neuroimaging was performed when MTS trials were presented involving matching two identical circles (a sensorimotor control condition), trained relations (A-->B, B-->C), and derived relations: symmetry (B-->A, C-->B), transitivity (A-->C), and equivalence (C-->A). Conditional responding to trained and derived relations was similarly correlated with bilateral activation in the targeted networks. Comparing trained to derived relations, however, highlighted greater activation in several prefrontal regions, the caudate, thalamus, and putamen, which may represent the effects of extended training or feedback present during imaging. Each derived relation also evidenced a unique activation pattern. Collectively, the findings extend the role of frontal-subcortical and frontal-parietal networks to derived conditional relations and suggest that regional involvement varies with the type of derived conditional relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Schlund
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Hayes SC, Luoma JB, Bond FW, Masuda A, Lillis J. Acceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes and outcomes. Behav Res Ther 2006; 44:1-25. [PMID: 16300724 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2814] [Impact Index Per Article: 156.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present article presents and reviews the model of psychopathology and treatment underlying Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). ACT is unusual in that it is linked to a comprehensive active basic research program on the nature of human language and cognition (Relational Frame Theory), echoing back to an earlier era of behavior therapy in which clinical treatments were consciously based on basic behavioral principles. The evidence from correlational, component, process of change, and outcome comparisons relevant to the model are broadly supportive, but the literature is not mature and many questions have not yet been examined. What evidence is available suggests that ACT works through different processes than active treatment comparisons, including traditional Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT). There are not enough well-controlled studies to conclude that ACT is generally more effective than other active treatments across the range of problems examined, but so far the data are promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Hayes
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0062, USA.
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