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He T, Grender J, Farrell S, Biesbrock AR. Relationship between 1-, 3-, and 6-Month Gingival Bleeding Outcomes. JDR Clin Trans Res 2024; 9:286-293. [PMID: 37919970 DOI: 10.1177/23800844231206387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Results from systematic reviews and meta-analyses show generally consistent antigingivitis effects between 3- and 6-mo observation time points with twice-daily use of stannous fluoride (SnF2) dentifrice. However, the relationship between 1-, 3-, and 6-mo gingivitis responses has not been investigated. METHODS This pooled analysis was conducted to understand the relationship of 1-, 3-, and 6-mo gingival bleeding outcomes. Number of bleeding sites, derived from Löe-Silness Gingival Index (LSGI) or Gingival Bleeding Index, was identified as the primary end point of the analysis for the biological and clinical relevance. Randomized, double-blinded, controlled clinical studies meeting the following predefined selection criteria were identified: 1) published and unpublished gingivitis clinical trials conducted from 1995 to 2022 comparing efficacy of 0.454% SnF2 dentifrices to negative controls (sodium fluoride or sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice) and 2) studies with a 3-mo assessment and at least a 1- or 6-mo assessment. RESULTS The search resulted in ten 6-mo and fourteen 3-mo studies meeting selection criteria. A mixed-effects model was performed on the pooled data to assess gingival bleeding outcomes across time. The bleeding efficacy significantly increased between months 1 and 3 (P < 0.0001) and plateaued between months 3 and 6 (P = 0.007), supporting the fact that bleeding reduction relative to control established by 1 mo will increase and be maintained through 3 and 6 mo (R2 = 0.857). In addition, gingival bleeding and gingivitis efficacy, as measured by LSGI, were found to be highly correlated (R2 = 0.874). CONCLUSION A clear relationship has been demonstrated between 1-, 3-, and 6-mo gingival bleeding outcomes in gingivitis clinical studies comparing SnF2 dentifrice to negative control dentifrice. These findings have important implications to the dental practice and scientific research as antigingivitis efficacy evaluations can be observed as early as 1 mo and are consistent with those seen at 3 or 6 mo. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT Outcomes from this investigation indicate that the clinical evaluation of antigingivitis efficacy at 1 mo is predictive of that at 3 and 6 mo, supporting studies of 1-mo duration as a viable method of knowledge acquisition. This more efficient, expedited research design has positive implications for patient care, clinical practice guidelines, protocols, and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T He
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH, USA
| | - J Grender
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH, USA
| | - S Farrell
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH, USA
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Karlinsey RL, Karlinsey TR. Glycolysis and Automated Plaque Regrowth Method for Evaluation of Antimicrobial Performance. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:146. [PMID: 38786544 PMCID: PMC11119774 DOI: 10.3390/dj12050146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study explored the potential of a new in vitro method in evaluating antiplaque benefits from five sets of antimicrobial systems including cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), stannous fluoride (SnF2), Listerine essential oil mouthwashes (+/- alcohol), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), and sodium fluoride. (NaF). METHODS Gingival dental plaque was collected and propagated using sterilized tryptic soy broth and sucrose, and then allocated into separate glycolysis and regrowth recipes for antiplaque evaluations. Glycolysis measurements (in duplicate) were recorded via pH microelectrode on plaque-treatment samples thermomixed (1200 rpm, 37 °C) for 4 h. For plaque regrowth, optical densities (in duplicate) were automatically collected on plaque-treatment samples using a microplate reader (linear shaking, 37 °C) from baseline to 4 h. RESULTS Calculations of percent change in pH and optical density were performed and analyzed for each set of antimicrobial treatment groups. Statistical analysis (one-way ANOVA, Student-Newman-Keuls stepwise comparison tests) revealed dose responses and significant differences (p < 0.05) among treatment groups, including between negative and clinically relevant positive controls. CONCLUSIONS This lab method produces results consistent with published clinical observations. This glycolysis and plaque growth method is sensitive to antimicrobial mechanisms of action, and may offer a convenient and clinically relevant screening tool in the evaluation of putative antimicrobial agents and formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Karlinsey
- Custom Dental Formulations, LLC, 1291 Airport Parkway, Suite 400, Greenwood, IN 46143, USA;
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Fine N, Barbour A, Kaura K, Kerns KA, Chen D, Trivedi HM, Gomez J, Sabharwal A, McLean JS, Darveau RP, Glogauer M. Effects of a stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on clinical, immunomodulatory, and microbial outcomes in a human experimental gingivitis model. J Periodontol 2024; 95:421-431. [PMID: 37885337 DOI: 10.1002/jper.22-0710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stannous fluoride dentifrice is well established for its beneficial clinical effects. In this study, we evaluated the effects of stannous fluoride on inflammation and oral microbiome. METHODS In this randomized, parallel-arm, double-blind, controlled clinical trial, we compared clinical resolution of experimental gingivitis by evaluating bleeding on probing, gingival index, and plaque index between stannous fluoride stabilized with zinc phosphate (test) and sodium fluoride (control) dentifrices. Further, these groups were compared for oral neutrophil counts, systemic priming of neutrophils, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) expression of inflammatory markers, and the oral microbiome. RESULTS We found significant reduction in bleeding on probing in the test group compared to the control group in experimental gingivitis when participants used the test dentifrice prior to induction of experimental gingivitis. The test group also showed significant reductions in GCF levels of inflammatory markers (matrix metalloproteinase 8 [MMP8], receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand [RANKL]), oral polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) counts, and systemic neutrophil priming (CD11b expression) during experimental gingivitis. Further, significant reductions in the gram-negative genera Porphyromonas, Tannerella, and Treponema were noted in the test group. CONCLUSION The stannous fluoride stabilized with zinc phosphate dentifrice formulation demonstrated clinical reduction in gingival inflammation and a beneficial effect on microbiome and immune markers. This intervention should be explored as a preventive aid in the progression of plaque-induced gingivitis to periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Fine
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Kamini Kaura
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristopher A Kerns
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dandan Chen
- Department of Oral Health Research, Colgate Palmolive Company, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Harsh M Trivedi
- Department of Oral Health Research, Colgate Palmolive Company, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Juliana Gomez
- Department of Oral Health Research, Colgate Palmolive Company, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Amarpreet Sabharwal
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey S McLean
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Richard P Darveau
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Fernando JR, Shen P, Yuan Y, Adams GG, Reynolds C, Reynolds EC. Remineralisation of enamel and dentine with stabilised stannous fluoride dentifrices in a randomised cross-over in situ trial. J Dent 2024; 143:104895. [PMID: 38387598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.104895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the remineralisation efficacy and ion bioavailability of two novel SnF2-containing dentifrices in a blinded, cross-over, randomised in situ clinical study. METHODS Six participants wore removal palatal appliances holding human enamel and dentine blocks with subsurface lesions. Appliances were worn for two treatment periods of 14 consecutive days each, with a one-week washout period in-between. Participants were randomly allocated to rinse with a 1:5 diluted coded slurry of one of two dentifrices containing either 5 % casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) +1100 ppm F as SnF2 [MIPOP], or 1100 ppm F as SnF2 [CT], for 1 min, four times a day. Saliva was collected post-treatment and analysed for tin, calcium, inorganic phosphate and fluoride ions using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and ion chromatography. Enamel and dentine lesions were analysed for percent remineralisation (%R) using transverse microradiography and percent surface microhardness recovery (%SMHR). RESULTS MIPOP released significantly higher F (3.00 ± 0.27 mM), Ca (15.23 ± 3.23 mM) and Sn (1.18 ± 0.13 mM) into saliva whereas CT released 2.89 ± 0.32 mM F and only 0.84 ± 0.11 mM Ca and 0.28 ± 0.10 mM Sn. MIPOP produced significantly higher %R than CT: 25.6 ± 1.5 % compared to 15.2 ± 0.7 % in enamel, and 33.6 ± 3.1 % compared to 20.6 ± 1.1 % in dentine. Additionally, MIPOP produced significantly higher %SMHR (18.2 ± 7.9 %) compared to CT (4.1 ± 0.6 %). CONCLUSIONS Both dentifrices promoted remineralisation, but the MIPOP dentifrice with added CPP-ACP and the ion-stabilising effects of CPP released higher amounts of bioavailable tin and produced significantly higher remineralisation and surface microhardness recovery. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Modern dentifrices contain SnF2 for a range of oral health benefits. Challenges associated with stability of these formulations can affect ion bioavailability, reducing efficacy. Two dentifrices with SnF2 promoted remineralisation in situ, however the dentifrice with the added saliva biomimetic CPP-ACP was superior and therefore may produce greater health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Fernando
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Peiyan Shen
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yi Yuan
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Geoffrey G Adams
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Coralie Reynolds
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Acherkouk A, Patel N, Butler A, Amini P. A randomised clinical study investigating efficacy of a stannous fluoride toothpaste in improving gingival health after 3 weeks' use. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:441. [PMID: 34511098 PMCID: PMC8436562 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This examiner-blind, stratified, parallel study aimed to evaluate the anti-gingivitis efficacy of a non-aqueous (anhydrous) 0.454% w/w stannous fluoride toothpaste ('Test') versus a sodium monofluorophosphate toothpaste ('Control') in people with clinically-confirmed mild-moderate gingivitis. Plaque-induced gingivitis can progress to irreversible periodontitis if left untreated. This can be controlled by an effective oral hygiene regimen such as one including toothbrushing with a toothpaste containing the chemotherapeutic agent stannous fluoride. Long-term studies over 4-12 weeks have shown the efficacy of stannous fluoride; however, shorter term studies are needed to examine if the effects on measures of gingivitis and plaque control occur sooner. METHODS Eligible participants were randomised to 3 weeks' twice-daily brushing (for 1 min) with Test or Control toothpastes. The primary efficacy variable was between-treatment difference in Bleeding Index (BI) at 3 weeks; secondary variables were between-treatment differences in number of bleeding sites, modified Gingival Index (MGI), and Turesky modification of the Quigley-Hein Plaque Index (TPI) at Weeks 2 and 3. RESULTS A statistically significant (p < 0.0001) lower BI score was reported for Test (n = 65) versus Control (n = 65) groups at Week 2 (mean difference: - 0.07 [95% CI - 0.9, - 0.05]; 32.7% difference) and Week 3 (mean difference: - 0.06 [95% CI - 0.8, - 0.04]; 29.2% difference). The Test group also demonstrated statistically significant lower (all p < 0.0001 versus Control) number of bleeding sites (Weeks 2/3 mean difference [95% CI]: - 10.04 [- 12.3, - 7.5]/ - 8.2 [- 11.1, - 5.3] sites; 33.0%/29.3% difference); MGI score (Weeks 2/3 mean difference [95% CI]: - 0.09 [- 0.13, - 0.06]/ - 0.10 [- 0.14, - 0.06]; 4.3%/4.7% difference); overall TPI score (Weeks 2/3 mean difference [95% CI]: - 0.45 [- 0.55, - 0.35/ - 0.42 [- 0.53, - 0.30] difference; 16.0%/15.1% difference) and interproximal TPI score (Weeks 2/3 mean difference [95% CI]: - 0.42 [- 0.52, - 0.30]/ - 0.41 [- 0.52, - 0.29]; 14.6%/14.1% difference). Both toothpastes were generally well tolerated. CONCLUSION Three weeks' twice-daily brushing with the 0.454% w/w stannous fluoride Test toothpaste compared to the Control toothpaste led to statistically significant lower gingival bleeding, gingival inflammation and plaque levels in adults with mild-moderate gingivitis. These results indicate that plaque and gingivitis-reducing benefits of 0.454% w/w stannous fluoride may be seen from 2 weeks' use. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04050722; 08/08/2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Acherkouk
- GSK Consumer Healthcare, St George's Avenue, Weybridge, Surrey, KT13 ODE, UK.
| | - Nisha Patel
- GSK Consumer Healthcare, St George's Avenue, Weybridge, Surrey, KT13 ODE, UK
| | - Andrew Butler
- GSK Consumer Healthcare, St George's Avenue, Weybridge, Surrey, KT13 ODE, UK
| | - Pejmon Amini
- Silverstone Research Group, 6707 West Charleston Blvd, Las Vegas, NV, 89146, USA
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Kaur M, Geurs NC, Cobb CM, Otomo-Corgel J, Takesh T, Lee JH, Lam TM, Lin K, Nguyen A, Nguyen BL, Wilder-Smith P. Evaluating efficacy of a novel dentifrice in reducing probing depths in Stage I and II periodontitis maintenance patients: A randomized, double-blind, positive controlled clinical trial. J Periodontol 2021; 92:1286-1294. [PMID: 33331040 PMCID: PMC9984250 DOI: 10.1002/jper.20-0721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compliance to periodontal maintenance therapy (PMT) is essential for long-term periodontal health. Between PMT visits, patients must maintain good oral hygiene. A dentifrice with demonstrable clinical benefits for use between PMT visits would be highly desirable. The aim of this clinical study was to investigate the effect of a novel dental gel on probing depths (PD) and inflammation when used as a home care dentifrice in Stage I and II periodontitis patients. METHODS This double-blind clinical study randomized 65 subjects with Stage I and II periodontitis to the novel dental gel containing 2.6% EDTA, and a commercially available anti-gingivitis dentifrice with 0.454% stannous fluoride. Primary endpoint was PD at 6 months for those sites with baseline PD ≥ 4 mm and secondary endpoints included whole mouth mean scores of modified gingival index (MGI), modified sulcus bleeding index (mSBI) and plaque index (PI). No SRP was performed at baseline. RESULTS Subjects using the novel dentifrice showed significant PD reductions of 1.18 mm (from 4.27 mm at baseline to 3.09 mm at 6 months) compared to 0.93 mm (from 4.23 mm at baseline to 3.30 mm at 6 months) shown for those using the positive control dentifrice. Difference between treatments at 6 months was 0.21 mm with P-value = 0.0126. Significant improvements in MGI (P = 0.0000), mSBI (P = 0.0000), and PI (P = 0.0102) were also observed in 6 months. CONCLUSION The novel dentifrice showed significant reductions in PD and gingival inflammation over 6 months solely as a home care dentifrice without baseline SRP in Stage I and II periodontitis maintenance patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maninder Kaur
- School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Nicolaas C. Geurs
- School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Charles M. Cobb
- School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas, Missouri, USA
| | - Joan Otomo-Corgel
- School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, University of California at Los Angles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Thair Takesh
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Dentistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - June H. Lee
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Dentistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Tracie M. Lam
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Dentistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Kairong Lin
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Dentistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Audrey Nguyen
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Dentistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Brian L. Nguyen
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Dentistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Petra Wilder-Smith
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Dentistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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Walsh LJ, Healey DL. Prevention and caries risk management in teenage and orthodontic patients. Aust Dent J 2020; 64 Suppl 1:S37-S45. [PMID: 31144319 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
As patients progress from childhood through to teenage years, they progress through periods of high caries risk as they undergo changes in lifestyle and oral microflora. Removable or fixed orthodontic treatment also alters the oral microflora and can dramatically increase caries risk. This paper outlines ways to identify the transition to higher caries risk, and practical ways to lower the risk of hard tissue loss from dental caries during orthodontic treatment across the teenage years, including tooth surface protection, optimised use of mechanical and chemical plaque control, and appropriate delivery of remineralising agents over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Walsh
- The University of Queensland School of Dentistry, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - D L Healey
- The University of Queensland School of Dentistry, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
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Seriwatanachai D, Triratana T, Kraivaphan P, Amaornchat C, Mateo LR, Sabharwal A, Delgado E, Szewczyk G, Ryan M, Zhang YP. Effect of stannous fluoride and zinc phosphate dentifrice on dental plaque and gingivitis: A randomized clinical trial with 6-month follow-up. J Am Dent Assoc 2019; 150:S25-S31. [PMID: 30797256 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare a stabilized stannous fluoride (SnF2) dentifrice with zinc phosphate (Colgate TotalSF) with SnF2 with zinc lactate and control fluoride dentifrices for gingivitis and plaque control over a 6-month period. METHODS A total of 135 adult participants were enrolled in this study. After randomization and blinding of examiners and patients, enrolled participants were provided instructions for use of assigned dentifrice. At 3 visits (0, 3, and 6 months), various gingival and plaque indexes were collected to determine the clinical efficacy of a stabilized SnF2 dentifrice. These results were compared with a SnF2 with zinc lactate dentifrice and with a control fluoride dentifrice. RESULTS A total of 135 participants completed the study. All groups reported statistically significant reductions in gingival inflammation and improvement in plaque control at 3- and 6-month follow-up. Both SnF2 dentifrices showed statistically significant reductions in all indexes compared with the control dentifrice (P < .001). However, the test dentifrice showed higher but nonsignificant improvements in plaque and gingival indexes compared with the other SnF2 dentifrice. CONCLUSIONS This study reports similar efficacy of a test dentifrice to a commercial SnF2-containing dentifrice for plaque control and reduction in gingival inflammation and provides supporting evidence that the test dentifrice maintains its clinical efficacy with change of formulation. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS This newly formulated SnF2 stabilized with zinc phosphate dentifrice may be of benefit to patients in controlling plaque biofilm and gingivitis.
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Hu D, Li X, Liu H, Mateo LR, Sabharwal A, Xu G, Szewczyk G, Ryan M, Zhang YP. Evaluation of a stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on dental plaque and gingivitis in a randomized controlled trial with 6-month follow-up. J Am Dent Assoc 2019; 150:S32-S37. [PMID: 30797257 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to compare a stannous fluoride (SnF2) dentifrice (Colgate TotalSF) stabilized with zinc phosphate with a sodium fluoride control dentifrice for gingivitis and plaque control over a 6-month period. METHODS One hundred adult participants were enrolled in this study conducted in Chengdu, China. After random assignment and blinding of examiners and patients, enrolled participants received instructions for use of the assigned dentifrice. At 3 visits (baseline and 3 and 6 months), the authors measured various gingival and plaque indexes to determine the clinical efficacy of the stabilized SnF2 dentifrice compared with those of the control fluoride dentifrice (2 groups). RESULTS Ninety-eight participants completed the study. Both groups (test and control) had statistically significant reductions in gingival inflammation and improvement in plaque control at the 3- and 6-month follow-ups. In addition, the test dentifrice showed statistically significant reductions in all indexes compared with the control dentifrice (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS This study's results show statistically significantly improved clinical outcomes for reduction of gingival inflammation and improvement in biofilm control over a 6-month period through the use of a SnF2 dentifrice stabilized with zinc phosphate when compared with results with a fluoride control dentifrice. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS This newly formulated dentifrice improves gingival health and plaque control and thereby may aid patients in attaining improved oral health.
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Johannsen A, Emilson CG, Johannsen G, Konradsson K, Lingström P, Ramberg P. Effects of stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on dental calculus, dental plaque, gingivitis, halitosis and stain: A systematic review. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02850. [PMID: 31872105 PMCID: PMC6909063 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of the present systematic review was to examine the scientific evidence for the efficacy of stabilized stannous fluoride (SnF2) dentifrice in relation to dental calculus, dental plaque, gingivitis, halitosis and staining. Data and sources Medline OVID, Embase.com, and the Cochrane Library were searched from database inception until June 2017. Six researchers independently selected studies, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality. A meta-analysis of the 6-month gingivitis studies was done. Risk of bias was estimated using a checklist from the Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment (SBU, 2018). Study selection Two studies on dental calculus, 21 on dental plaque and gingivitis, 4 on halitosis, and 5 on stain met the inclusion criteria. Risk of bias was high for the studies on dental calculus, halitosis, and stain, and varied for the dental plaque and gingivitis studies. Significant reductions in dental calculus and in halitosis were reported for the SnF2 dentifrice; no differences in stain reduction were noted. A meta-analysis on gingivitis found better results for the SnF2 dentifrice compared to other dentifrices, though the results of the individual trials in the meta-analyses showed a substantial heterogeneity. Conclusions The present review found that stabilized SnF2 toothpaste had a positive effect on the reduction of dental calculus build-up, dental plaque, gingivitis, stain and halitosis. A tendency towards a more pronounced effect than using toothpastes not containing SnF2 was found. However, a new generation of well conducted randomized trials are needed to further support these findings. Clinical relevance Adding a SnF2 toothpaste to the daily oral care routine is an easy strategy that may have multiple oral health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Johannsen
- Department of Dental Medicine, Division Oral Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - C-G Emilson
- Department of Cariology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - G Johannsen
- Department of Dental Medicine, Division Oral Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - K Konradsson
- Department of Odontology, Dental School, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - P Lingström
- Department of Cariology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - P Ramberg
- Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Figuero E, Herrera D, Tobías A, Serrano J, Roldán S, Escribano M, Martín C. Efficacy of adjunctive anti-plaque chemical agents in managing gingivitis: A systematic review and network meta-analyses. J Clin Periodontol 2019; 46:723-739. [PMID: 31058336 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this network meta-analysis (NMA) was to compare the efficacy of different oral hygiene products for chemical biofilm control, in 6-month home-use, randomized clinical trials (RCTs), in terms of changes in gingival index (GI). MATERIAL AND METHODS Six-month RCTs assessing GI were identified and screened for inclusion. Relevant information was extracted, and quality and potential risk of bias were estimated. Mean differences between baseline and end were calculated to obtain standardized mean differences (SMDs). NMA protocols were applied to assess direct and indirect comparisons among products using Löe & Silness GI, modified GI and gingival severity index. RESULTS Fifty-three papers were included, 19 studies for mouth rinses, 32 for dentifrices, comprising data from 5,775 and 2,682 subjects, respectively. When ranking treatments, similar results were observed for all tested dentifrices, with the lowest effect observed for sanguinarine and baking soda. For mouth rinses, essential oils, triclosan-copolymer, chlorhexidine (at concentrations ≥ 0.10%) and cetylpyridinium chloride (>0.05%) demonstrated the greatest effect. CONCLUSION Although NMA revealed significant differences when comparing placebo versus some active agents, when comparing among active agents, no differences were found for dentifrices, while mouth rinses containing essential oils showed the greatest effect on GI scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Figuero
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Herrera
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurelio Tobías
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Serrano
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Roldán
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Escribano
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Conchita Martín
- BIOCRAN (Craniofacial Biology) Research Group, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Cheng X, Liu J, Li J, Zhou X, Wang L, Liu J, Xu X. Comparative effect of a stannous fluoride toothpaste and a sodium fluoride toothpaste on a multispecies biofilm. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 74:5-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Escribano M, Figuero E, Martín C, Tobías A, Serrano J, Roldán S, Herrera D. Efficacy of adjunctive anti-plaque chemical agents: a systematic review and network meta-analyses of the Turesky modification of the Quigley and Hein plaque index. J Clin Periodontol 2016; 43:1059-1073. [PMID: 27531174 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) was to compare the efficacy of different anti-plaque chemical agents, in 6-month, home-use, randomized clinical trials (RCTs), in terms of plaque index (PlI) changes. MATERIAL AND METHODS RCTs assessing PlI were identified, screened, and evaluated for inclusion. Relevant information was extracted, and quality and risk of bias were assessed. Mean differences between baseline-end were calculated to obtain weighted mean differences and 95% confidence intervals. NMA protocols were applied to assess direct and indirect comparisons among products using Turesky PlI. RESULTS Eighty-three papers were included: 49 examined dentifrices, 32 mouthrinses and 2 both. The NMA analysed 51 studies including data from 4242 and 4180 subjects for dentifrices and mouthrinses respectively. For dentifrices, triclosan-copolymer and chlorhexidine showed the greatest effect, with significant differences when compared with stannous fluoride. For mouthrinses, essential oils and chlorhexidine showed the greatest effect, with significant differences when compared with delmopinol, alexidine and cetylpyridinium chloride. CONCLUSION Within the limitations of this study (including the severe imbalance in the amount of evidence), dentifrices containing triclosan-copolymer or chlorhexidine and mouthrinses containing essential oils or chlorhexidine showed the greatest effect on PlI scores as assessed with NMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Escribano
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Figuero
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Conchita Martín
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurelio Tobías
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Serrano
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Roldán
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Herrera
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Liu H, Yin W. Reducing Dental Plaque and Gingivitis With 0.6% Cortex Ilicis Rotundae Toothpaste: A Randomized, Double-Masked Clinical Trial. J Periodontol 2015; 87:327-33. [PMID: 26469809 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2015.150414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortex Ilicis Rotundae has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Few studies have evaluated the effects of toothpastes containing Cortex Ilicis Rotundae. This study evaluates the antiplaque and antigingivitis effects of a test toothpaste containing 0.6% Cortex Ilicis Rotundae extract in a calcium carbonate base compared with a control toothpaste without any active ingredient. METHODS One hundred adults with a mean plaque index (PI) ≥ 1.5 and a mean gingival index (GI) ≥ 1.0 were enrolled in this randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial. They were assigned randomly to use a test toothpaste or a control toothpaste. At baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks, they received examinations of oral hard and soft tissues, using Löe-Silness GI for gingivitis and the Turesky modification of the Quigley-Hein PI for PI. Adverse events were monitored. RESULTS When the study was completed, the test group reported lower mean GI than the control group (1.13 ± 0.22 versus 1.30 ± 0.23; P = 0.001) and lower mean PI than the control group (2.53 ± 0.5 versus 2.93 ± 0.44; P < 0.001). Compared to the baseline, the test group had reductions in GI and PI of 14.39% and 17.86%, respectively (both P < 0.001); the control group had reductions in GI and PI of 3.7% and 3.93%, respectively (both P < 0.001). No adverse events were reported during the course of the study. CONCLUSION The toothpaste containing 0.6% Cortex Ilicis Rotundae was effective in reducing dental plaque and gingivitis after 12 weeks of use compared with a negative control toothpaste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchun Liu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Wei Yin
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Sälzer S, Slot DE, Dörfer CE, Van der Weijden GA. Comparison of triclosan and stannous fluoride dentifrices on parameters of gingival inflammation and plaque scores:a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Dent Hyg 2014; 13:1-17. [DOI: 10.1111/idh.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Sälzer
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology; School for Dental Medicine; Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel; Kiel Germany
| | - DE Slot
- Department of Periodontology; Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - CE Dörfer
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology; School for Dental Medicine; Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel; Kiel Germany
| | - GA Van der Weijden
- Department of Periodontology; Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Baig AA, Faller RV, Yan J, Ji N, Lawless M, Eversole SL. Protective effects of SnF2 - Part I. Mineral solubilisation studies on powdered apatite. Int Dent J 2014; 64 Suppl 1:4-10. [PMID: 24571698 DOI: 10.1111/idj.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the ability of two active ingredients - sodium fluoride (NaF) and stannous fluoride (SnF2 ) - to inhibit hydroxyapatite (HAP) dissolution in buffered acidic media. METHODS Two in vitro studies were conducted. HAP powder, which is representative of tooth mineral, was pretreated with: test solutions of NaF or SnF2 , 10 g solution per 300 mg HAP powder (Study 1); or NaF or SnF2 dentifrice slurry supernatants, 20 g supernate per 200 mg HAP powder for 1 minute followed by three washes with water, then dried (Study 2). About 50 mg of pretreated HAP was exposed to 25 ml of acid dissolution media adjusted to and maintained at pH 4.5 in a Metrohn Titrino reaction cell. Exposure of HAP to the media results in dissolution and release of hydroxide ion, increasing the pH of the solution. The increase in pH is compensated for by automatic additions of acid to maintain the original pH (4.5) of the reaction cell. Total volume of titrant added after 30 minutes was used to calculate the percentage reduction in dissolution versus non-treated HAP control. RESULTS Both F sources provided protection against acid dissolution; however, in each study, SnF2 -treated HAP was significantly more acid-resistant than the NaF treated mineral. In study 1, at 280 ppm F, representing concentrations of F found in the mouth after in vivo dentifrice use, the reduction in HAP dissolution was 47.7% for NaF and 75.7% for the SnF2 -treated apatite (extrapolated). In study 2, the reduction in HAP dissolution was 61.3% for NaF and 92.8% for SnF2 -treated samples. Differences in percentage reduction were statistically significant (Paired-t test). CONCLUSIONS Results of these studies demonstrate that both of the fluoride sources tested enhance the acid resistance of tooth mineral and that resistance is significantly greater after treatment with SnF2 compared with treatment of tooth mineral with NaF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif A Baig
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal disease and dental caries are highly prevalent oral diseases that can lead to pain and discomfort, oral hygiene and aesthetic problems, and eventually tooth loss, all of which can be costly to treat and are a burden to healthcare systems. Triclosan is an antibacterial agent with low toxicity, which, along with a copolymer for aiding retention, can be added to toothpastes to reduce plaque and gingivitis (inflammation of the gums). It is important that these additional ingredients do not interfere with the anticaries effect of the fluoride present in toothpastes, and that they are safe. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of triclosan/copolymer containing fluoride toothpastes, compared with fluoride toothpastes, for the long-term control of caries, plaque and gingivitis in children and adults. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register (to 19 August 2013), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2013, Issue 7), MEDLINE via OVID (1946 to 19 August 2013), EMBASE via OVID (1980 to 19 August 2013), and the US National Institutes of Health Trials Register (clinicaltrials.gov) (to 19 August 2013). We applied no restrictions regarding language or date of publication in the searches of the electronic databases. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effects triclosan/copolymer containing toothpastes on oral health. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed the search results against the inclusion criteria for this review, extracted data and carried out risk of bias assessments. We attempted to contact study authors for missing information or clarification when feasible. We combined sufficiently similar studies in meta-analyses using random-effects models when there were at least four studies (fixed-effect models when fewer than four studies), reporting mean differences (MD) for continuous data and risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous data. MAIN RESULTS We included 30 studies, analysing 14,835 participants, in this review. We assessed 10 studies (33%) as at low risk of bias, nine (30%) as at high risk of bias and 11 (37%) as unclear. Plaque Compared with control, after six to seven months of use, triclosan/copolymer toothpaste reduced plaque by 0.47 on a 0 to 5 scale (MD -0.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.60 to -0.34, 20 studies, 2675 participants, moderate-quality evidence). The control group mean was 2.17, representing a 22% reduction in plaque. After six to seven months of use, it also reduced the proportion of sites scoring 3 to 5 on a 0 to 5 scale by 0.15 (MD -0.15, 95% CI -0.20 to -0.10, 13 studies, 1850 participants, moderate-quality evidence). The control group mean was 0.37, representing a 41% reduction in plaque severity. Gingivitis After six to nine months of use, triclosan/copolymer toothpaste reduced inflammation by 0.27 on a 0 to 3 scale (MD -0.27, 95% CI -0.33 to -0.21, 20 studies, 2743 participants, moderate-quality evidence). The control group mean was 1.22, representing a 22% reduction in inflammation. After six to seven months of use, it reduced the proportion of bleeding sites (i.e. scoring 2 or 3 on the 0 to 3 scale) by 0.13 (MD -0.13, 95% CI -0.17 to -0.08, 15 studies, 1998 participants, moderate-quality evidence). The control group mean was 0.27, representing a 48% reduction in bleeding. Periodontitis After 36 months of use, there was no evidence of a difference between triclosan/copolymer toothpaste and control in the development of periodontitis (attachment loss) (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.27, one study, 480 participants, low-quality evidence). Caries After 24 to 36 months of use, triclosan/copolymer toothpaste slightly reduced coronal caries when using the decayed and filled surfaces (DFS) index (MD -0.16, 95% CI -0.31 to -0.02, four studies, 9692 participants, high-quality evidence). The control group mean was 3.44, representing a 5% reduction in coronal caries. After 36 months of use, triclosan/copolymer toothpaste probably reduced root caries (MD -0.31, 95% CI -0.39 to -0.23, one study, 1357 participants, moderate-quality evidence). Calculus After six months of use, triclosan/copolymer toothpaste may have reduced the mean total calculus per participant by 2.12 mm (MD -2.12 mm, 95% CI -3.39 to -0.84, two studies, 415 participants, low-quality evidence). The control group mean was 14.61 mm, representing a 15% reduction in calculus. Adverse effects There were no data available for meta-analysis regarding adverse effects, but 22 studies (73%) reported that there were no adverse effects caused by either the experimental or control toothpaste.There was considerable heterogeneity present in the meta-analyses for plaque, gingivitis and calculus. Plaque and gingivitis showed such consistent results that it did not affect our conclusions, but the reader may wish to interpret the results with more caution. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There was moderate-quality evidence showing that toothpastes containing triclosan/copolymer, in addition to fluoride, reduced plaque, gingival inflammation and gingival bleeding when compared with fluoride toothpastes without triclosan/copolymer. These reductions may or may not be clinically important, and are evident regardless of initial plaque and gingivitis levels, or whether a baseline oral prophylaxis had taken place or not. High-quality evidence showed that triclosan/copolymer toothpastes lead to a small reduction in coronal caries. There was weaker evidence to show that triclosan/copolymer toothpastes may have reduced root caries and calculus, but insufficient evidence to show whether or not they prevented periodontitis. There do not appear to be any serious safety concerns regarding the use of triclosan/copolymer toothpastes in studies up to three years in duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Riley
- Cochrane Oral Health Group, School of Dentistry, The University of Manchester, Coupland III Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK, M13 9PL
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Scott DC, Coggan JW, Cruze CA, He T, Johnson RD. Topical Oral Cavity Pharmacokinetic Modeling of a Stannous Fluoride Dentifrice: An Unusual Two Compartment Model. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:3862-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Is there a role for triclosan/copolymer toothpaste in the management of periodontal disease? Br Dent J 2009; 207:117-25. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2009.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
The most important preventive and therapeutic effort to reduce inflammation is to remove the dental plaque thoroughly. Oral self-care is thus of crucial importance to achieve and maintain oral health. There is a scarcity of scientific evidence on the most effective models for behavioural change aimed to improve oral hygiene. There is a need for randomized-controlled trials, based on behavioural sciences and performed with great methodological rigour, to investigate the usefulness of these proposed behavioural changes. Oral hygiene regimens for patients with natural teeth as well as dental implants should include brushing twice daily, inter-dental cleaning once daily and rinsing with efficient rinses as an adjunct to mechanical infection control. Power toothbrushes are preferable as they are more effective than manual toothbrushes. Inter-dental brushes seem to be most effective and useful for inter-dental cleaning. Scaling and root planing is effective in reducing inflammation and probing depths in patients with periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Ohrn
- School of Health and Caring Sciences, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden.
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21
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Selwitz RH. Twice Daily Toothbrushing With a Stabilized Stannous Fluoride/Sodium HexametaPhosphate Dentifrice May Reduce Gingivitis, Gingival Bleeding, and Dental Plaque. J Evid Based Dent Pract 2009; 9:28-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Terézhalmy GT, Bartizek RD, Biesbrock AR. Plaque-Removal Efficacy of Four Types of Dental Floss. J Periodontol 2008; 79:245-51. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2008.070345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Papas A, He T, Martuscelli G, Singh M, Bartizek RD, Biesbrock AR. Comparative Efficacy of Stabilized Stannous Fluoride/Sodium Hexametaphosphate Dentifrice and Sodium Fluoride/Triclosan/Copolymer Dentifrice for the Prevention of Periodontitis in Xerostomic Patients: A 2-Year Randomized Clinical Trial. J Periodontol 2007; 78:1505-14. [PMID: 17668969 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2007.060479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of a stannous fluoride (SnF2) dentifrice relative to a positive control triclosan dentifrice for prevention of clinical attachment loss (CAL) in xerostomic patients. A secondary objective was to compare the dentifrices for root caries remineralization. METHODS This was a 2-year, randomized, double-masked, parallel-group study. A 0.454% SnF2/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice was tested versus a positive control dentifrice (sodium fluoride/0.30% triclosan/copolymer) in 440 medication-induced xerostomic adults identified in a 1-year, run-in phase (no treatment) as high risk for periodontitis and root caries. During the study phase, subjects were stratified based on gender and attachment level into two groups. Subjects brushed twice a day for 60 seconds using their assigned product. Clinical examinations including probing depth, attachment level, bleeding on probing, and root caries remineralization were performed at baseline and 1 and 2 years. RESULTS A total of 334 subjects were evaluable. During run-in, average CAL relative to initial examination was 1.33 mm. Probing depth increased 0.95 mm. At year 2 in the treatment phase, attachment gain was 0.77 mm for the test group and 0.79 mm for the control group versus baseline. Probing depth decreased 0.57 mm for the test group, similar to the control group (0.53 mm). These changes versus baseline were statistically significant (P <0.01) for each group. Products were not statistically significantly different from each other. Both treatments resulted in similar remineralization for root caries lesions at study completion (P = 0.40). CONCLUSION The results establish comparable benefits for the SnF2 dentifrice in preventing CAL and root caries versus the sodium fluoride/triclosan/copolymer control in xerostomic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Papas
- School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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Mallatt M, Mankodi S, Bauroth K, Bsoul SA, Bartizek RD, He T. A controlled 6-month clinical trial to study the effects of a stannous fluoride dentifrice on gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol 2007; 34:762-7. [PMID: 17645550 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2007.01109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to assess anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis benefits of a stabilized stannous fluoride (SnF(2))/sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) dentifrice versus a negative control. MATERIAL AND METHODS This was a randomized, 6-month, stratified, single-centre, double-blind, parallel group, clinical study conducted in harmony with the guidelines for evaluating chemotherapeutic products for the control of gingivitis outlined by the American Dental Association. A stabilized 0.454% SnF(2)/SHMP dentifrice was tested against a commercially available negative control dentifrice. Following baseline measurements, subjects received a dental prophylaxis. Subjects were instructed to brush twice daily for 60 s using their assigned product. Efficacy measurements were obtained at baseline, 3 and 6 months post treatment using the Modified Gingival Index, Gingival Bleeding Index and the Turesky Modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index. Oral tissue examinations were performed at all visits. RESULTS A total of 140 subjects were enroled and 128 completed the study. RESULTS after 6 months showed the SnF(2) dentifrice delivered a 16.9% reduction in gingivitis (p<0.001), a 40.8% reduction (p<0.001) in gingival bleeding, and an 8.5% reduction in plaque (p=0.001) versus the negative control. Both treatments were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS Twice daily use of the SnF(2)/SHMP dentifrice over 6 months provided statistically significant anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis benefits relative to a negative control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Mallatt
- Indiana State Department of Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Li Y, Saxena D, Barnes VM, Trivedi HM, Ge Y, Xu T. Polymerase chain reaction-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis in the evaluation of oral microbiota. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 21:333-9. [PMID: 16922934 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2006.00301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Clinical evaluation of oral microbial reduction after a standard prophylactic treatment has traditionally been based on bacterial cultivation methods. However, not all microbes in saliva or dental plaque can be cultivated. Polymerase chain reaction-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) is a cultivation-independent molecular fingerprinting technique that allows the assessment of the predominant bacterial species present in the oral cavity. This study sought to evaluate the oral microbial changes that occurred after a standard prophylactic treatment with a conventional oral care product using PCR-DGGE. METHODS Twelve healthy adults participated in the study. Pooled plaque samples were collected at baseline, 24 h after prophylaxis (T1), and 4 days after toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste (T4). The total microbial genomic DNA of the plaque was isolated. PCR was performed with a set of universal bacterial 16S rDNA primers. The PCR-amplified 16S rDNA fragments were separated by DGGE. The effects of the treatment and of dental brushing were assessed by comparing the PCR-DGGE fingerprinting profiles. RESULTS The mean numbers of detected PCR amplicons were 22.3 +/- 6.1 for the baseline group, 13.0 +/- 3.1 for the T1 group, and 13.5 +/- 4.3 for the T4 group; the differences among the three groups were statistically significant (P < 0.01). The study also found a significant difference in the mean similarities of microbial profiles between the baseline and the treatment groups (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION PCR-based DGGE has been shown to be an excellent means of rapidly and accurately assessing oral microbial changes in this clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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Tai BJ, Bian Z, Jiang H, Greenspan DC, Zhong J, Clark AE, Du MQ. Anti-gingivitis effect of a dentifrice containing bioactive glass (NovaMin) particulate. J Clin Periodontol 2006; 33:86-91. [PMID: 16441730 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2005.00876.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this pilot clinical trial was to evaluate the anti-gingivitis and anti-plaque effects of a dentifrice containing bioactive glass (NovaMin) compared with a placebo control dentifrice in a 6 weeks clinical study. METHODS The study design was a randomized, double-blinded, controlled clinical trial. One hundred volunteers took part in the study and were matched for plaque index (PLI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), age and gender. The protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethical Committee of the University. The subjects received a supragingival prophylaxis to remove all plaque, calculus and extrinsic stain. Following the baseline examination, subjects were instructed to brush with their assigned dentifrice and toothbrush. The PLI and GBI were determined for the baseline and 6 weeks. The data were analysed using a repeated-measures anova conducted on the two dependent measures to compare the effect between the test and control group. RESULTS Ninety-five subjects finished the study. The results showed that the PLI (baseline=1.54, 6 weeks=1.29) and GBI (baseline=1.14, 6 weeks=0.47) were significantly reduced, respectively, over the 6 weeks period in the test group (p<0.001 for each measure). There was a 58.8% reduction in gingival bleeding and a 16.4% reduction in plaque growth. There was no difference of the PLI (baseline=1.60, 6 weeks=1.57) and GBI (baseline=1.18, 6-week=1.02) over the 6 week period in the control group. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that a dentifrice containing NovaMin significantly improves oral health as measured by a reduction in gingival bleeding and reduction in supragingival plaque compared with a negative dentifrice over the 6 weeks study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Jun Tai
- School of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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