The Effects of an Amine Fluoride/Stannous Fluoride and an Antimicrobial Host Protein Mouthrinse on Supragingival Plaque Regrowth

Overview on Adjunct Ingredients Used in Hydroxyapatite-Based Oral Care Products

Hydroxyapatite, Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH), is a biomimetic active ingredient, which is used in commercial oral care products such as toothpastes and mouthwashes worldwide. Clinical studies (in vivo) as well as in situ and in vitro studies have shown the preventive effects of hydroxyapatite in various field of oral care. In some products, hydroxyapatite is combined with other active ingredients, to achieve an additional antibacterial effect or to promote gum health. This review analyzes the efficacy of six selected natural and nature-inspired ingredients that are commonly used together with hydroxyapatite. These additional actives are either antibacterial (lactoferrin, xylitol, and zinc) or promote gum health (allantoin, bisabolol, and hyaluronic acid). A systematic literature search was performed, and all studies found on each ingredient were analyzed. In summary, all analyzed ingredients mentioned in this review are well described in scientific studies on their beneficial effect for oral health and can be used to expand the preventive effect of hydroxyapatite in oral care products.

Effect of a mouthrinse containing rice peptide CL(14-25) on early dental plaque regrowth: a randomized crossover pilot study

Background

We aimed to evaluate clinically the effect of mouthrinse containing a rice peptide on early dental plaque regrowth.

Methods

The study was designed as a double-masked, two-group crossover randomized pilot trial, involving 10 periodontally healthy volunteers. After receiving a professional tooth cleaning at baseline, over the next 3 days each participant refrained from all oral hygiene measures and had two daily rinses with 20 ml of the test mouthrinse containing 0.4 % rice peptide CL(14-25) or placebo rinse. At the end of each experimental period, plaque score was assessed using the modified Volpe’s method, and the participants filled out a questionnaire. Each participant underwent a 7-day washout period followed by a second allocation. The plaque score was the primary outcome of the study and participant perception was the secondary outcome.

Results

No adverse effects were observed in the participants during the study. Clinically, the mean plaque score of the examined teeth was significantly lower in the test group (2.44 ± 0.74, CI: 1.91–2.96) than the placebo group (2.65 ± 0.63, CI: 2.20–3.10) (P < 0.05). When analyzed according to the type of teeth, a significantly lower score of the premolars/molars was observed in the test group (2.39 ± 0.68, CI: 2.08–2.71) than that in the placebo group (2.66 ± 0.58, CI: 2.39–2.93) (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The mouthrinse containing 0.4 % rice peptide CL(14-25) was effective in reducing the early regrowth of dental plaque. However, clinical relevance of this efficacy needs to be validated in a future large-scale study.

Trial registration: UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR) R000014000. Date of formal registration: November 1, 2013.

The effects of an essential oil and an amine fluoride/stannous fluoride mouthrinse on supragingival plaque regrowth

BACKGROUND

The side effects of chlorhexidine (CHX) have stimulated the search for alternative antiplaque agents such as amine fluoride/stannous fluoride (ASF) and essential oils (EO). The aim of the study was to investigate the plaque-inhibiting effects of two commercially available mouthrinses containing ASF and EO, respectively.

METHODS

The study was an observer-masked, randomized, 5 x 5 Latin square cross-over design, balanced for carryover effects, involving 15 volunteers in a 4-day plaque regrowth model. A 0.12% CHX rinse and a saline solution served as positive and negative controls, respectively. On day 1, subjects received professional prophylaxis, suspended oral hygiene measures, and commenced rinsing with their allocated rinses. On day 5, subjects were scored for disclosed plaque. The ASF rinse was tested at two dosages: 10 and 20 ml (ASF-10 and ASF-20, respectively).

RESULTS

The ASF and EO rinses showed a significant inhibition of plaque regrowth compared to saline (P <0.0001), but the lowest plaque indices were obtained with the CHX product (P <0.01). There were no significant differences among products containing ASF-10, ASF-20, and EO (P >0.05). There was no correlation between the occurrence of side effects and the use of a particular rinse product (P >0.2).

CONCLUSIONS

ASF and EO mouthrinses exerted effective and similar plaque inhibition. The two dosages tested for ASF did not differ in plaque reduction. These findings, together with those from long-term trials, suggest that ASF and EO rinses may represent effective alternatives to CHX rinse as adjuncts to oral hygiene.

The effects of sugar-free chewing gums on dental plaque regrowth: A comparative study

Sugar-free chewing gum has been claimed to be a useful means of reducing dental plaque accumulation. The incorporation of additives, such as enzymes, abrasives and divalent metal ions, into gum formulations might improve their antiplaque activity, particularly at the buccal and lingual surfaces of the teeth.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to investigate the plaque inhibitory effects of three sugar-free chewing gums each containing lactoperoxidase (LP), micro granules of silicon dioxide (SD), and zinc gluconate (ZG).

METHODS

The study was an observer-masked, randomized cross-over design balanced for carryover effects, involving 12 healthy volunteers in a 4-day plaque regrowth model. An additive-free (AF) gum served as positive/negative control for occlusal and smooth surfaces, respectively. On day 1, subjects received professional prophylaxis, suspended oral hygiene measures, and commenced chewing their allocated product. Gum chewing was one piece chewed for 30min 4 times a day. On day 5, subjects were scored for disclosed plaque.

RESULTS

There were no significant differences in antiplaque activity of the gums tested, neither for the smooth nor for the occlusal surfaces (P=0.447 and P=0.418, respectively). Similar results were obtained for the anterior and posterior sites of smooth surfaces (P>0.05), and for the lower and upper sites of occlusal surfaces (P=0.451 and P=0.53, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that the chewing gums containing LP, SD and ZG would provide no plaque inhibitory effects on smooth surfaces. The gums containing these additives, therefore, should not be recommended as adjuncts to mechanical oral hygiene.