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Alghamdi AG, Alshareef AM, Alzahrani AT, Alharthi ZS, Alghamdi SS, Alghamdi AM, Alzahrani FA, Alzahrani RA. Knowledge and Awareness About Gastric Cancer Among the General Population in Al-Baha City, Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2023; 15:e39589. [PMID: 37384092 PMCID: PMC10294119 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.39589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer is a significant health concern worldwide, and its incidence varies across different populations. This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge and awareness of gastric cancer among the general population in Al-Baha City, Saudi Arabia. Methodology This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted among the residents of Al-Baha city older than 18 years. The study was conducted based on a questionnaire that has been developed by a previous study. Data were initially recorded in an Excel sheet before being exported to the SPSS program, version 25 for data analysis. Results The survey included 426 respondents from Al-Baha city, Saudi Arabia, with 56.8% being females and the majority being in the age groups (21-30 years). Alcohol consumption (mean=4.5, SD= 0.77), smoking cigarettes or Shisha (mean= 4.38, SD=0.852), family history of gastric cancer (mean= 4, SD=1.008), a past medical history of gastric cancer (mean= 3.99, SD=0.911), stomach ulcer (mean=3.76, SD=0.898), and consumption of smoked food (mean= 3.69, SD=0.956) are the most widely recognized risk factors. The most highly recognized symptoms are gastrointestinal bleeding (mean= 4.03, SD=0.875), abdominal lump (mean= 3.94, SD=0.926), weight loss (mean= 3.93, SD=0.963), recurrent nausea and vomiting (mean=3.76, SD=0.956), and abdominal pain (mean= 3.57, SD=0.995). The study also identified several subgroups of the population that may benefit from targeted educational programs, including individuals in the age group of 41-50 years and those in non-medical occupations. Conclusion The study found that participants had a moderate level of knowledge about the risk factors and symptoms of gastric cancer, with significant variability among different subgroups of the population. Further research is needed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of gastric cancer in Saudi Arabia and other similar populations, to develop effective prevention and management strategies for this disease.
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Feasibility and Safety of Mesocolon Excision with Medical Imaging: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 2023:6198625. [PMID: 36851940 PMCID: PMC9966824 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6198625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
The development of new technologies based on electronic intelligent images is a very active research and promotion of new technologies in recent years. This article mainly summarizes the basic concept, development, and technology of electronic intelligent imaging technology, as well as the research, promotion, and application of electronic intelligent imaging technology in clinical treatment. It especially emphasizes the practicality and application of electronic intelligent imaging technology in the current clinical operation process and conducts a meta-analysis of the current mesorectal excision, so as to provide more scientific and professional guidance for clinical surgery. The results of the meta-analysis showed that 3291 documents were initially obtained and duplicate documents were deleted by searching for keywords in mesocolon excision. We excluded 2399 subjects and articles whose interventions did not meet the inclusion criteria of this study after reading the title and abstract. Then, we obtained 892 papers that may meet the inclusion criteria through preliminary screening. We further optimized the search strategy based on selection criteria and data integrity filtering principles and finally determined 111 references. 100 articles that did not meet the requirements were excluded, and 11 articles were finally included for meta-analysis. Medical imaging can effectively improve the therapeutic effect of mesocolon excision and reduce the occurrence of complications. Therefore, it is very important to combine medical intelligent images for preoperative evaluation, and the development of the combination of surgical treatment and medical images should not be underestimated in the future.
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Alenzi EO, Fatima W, Amara A, Imran M, Shah SSH, Elbilgahy AA, Fawzy MS, Abu-Negm LM, Mujtaba MA, Jacinto-Caspillo I, Al-Hazimi AM. A Systematic Review of Chronic Diseases and Their Prevalence Among the Population of Northern Borders Province (NBP) in Saudi Arabia. J Multidiscip Healthc 2023; 16:1047-1056. [PMID: 37089278 PMCID: PMC10120835 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s401001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Estimation of the prevalence of chronic conditions is pivotal to effective healthcare planning and management. Therefore, our objective was to systemically review previous literature about the prevalence of chronic diseases among residents of Northern Borders Province (NBP) in Saudi Arabia. The electronic search has been done using scientific databases (PubMed, Ebsco, SciFinder, and Web of Science) and search engines up to September 2021. The following main key terms: chronic disease OR chronic conditions AND prevalence AND Northern Borders Province OR Northern Borders AND Saudi Arabia were applied. Other related terms with a more specific search were done with names of the main cities in the province and the most common diseases in Saudi Arabia. Duplicates were removed electronically by Endnote and manually. Extracted data were tabulated in the literature matrix. The risk of bias and quality of included studies were assessed using the "Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology" (STROBE) checklist. Out of 63 observational studies that were assessed for eligibility, 21 observational studies were included to synthesize the evidence. These studies were conducted on Arar (n=16), Turaif (n=2), and Rafha (n=1), while the remaining were national studies in which NBP was one of the included regions (n=2). The most frequently studied diseases were diabetes (4 records), psychological diseases (4 records), and obesity (3 records). The most prevalent disease was gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), with an estimated prevalence of 61% among adults in Arar city. In conclusion, although some research is conducted about chronic diseases somewhere in NBP, further studies are needed to study chronic diseases using a representative sample of the whole NBP population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtihag O Alenzi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdul Rahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Health & Medical Research Unit, Deanship of Scientific Research, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waseem Fatima
- Health & Medical Research Unit, Deanship of Scientific Research, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelbasset Amara
- Health & Medical Research Unit, Deanship of Scientific Research, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Imran
- Health & Medical Research Unit, Deanship of Scientific Research, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Sajid Hussain Shah
- Health & Medical Research Unit, Deanship of Scientific Research, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Ahmed Elbilgahy
- Health & Medical Research Unit, Deanship of Scientific Research, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
- Maternal and Child Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
- Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Manal S Fawzy
- Health & Medical Research Unit, Deanship of Scientific Research, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
- Correspondence: Manal S Fawzy; Awdah M Al-Hazimi, Tel +966 583241944; +966 505375690, Fax +966 146640705, Email ;
| | - Lobna M Abu-Negm
- Health & Medical Research Unit, Deanship of Scientific Research, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
- Emergency Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Md Ali Mujtaba
- Health & Medical Research Unit, Deanship of Scientific Research, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ingrid Jacinto-Caspillo
- Health & Medical Research Unit, Deanship of Scientific Research, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awdah M Al-Hazimi
- Health & Medical Research Unit, Deanship of Scientific Research, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
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Potential Active Constituents from Opophytum forsskalii (Hochst. ex Boiss.) N.E.Br against Experimental Gastric Lesions in Rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091089. [PMID: 36145310 PMCID: PMC9502456 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Opophytum forsskalii (O. forsskalii) is a desert plant that belongs to the Aizoaceae family. Although it is a natural food source for Bedouin tribes in northern Saudi Arabia, there is little information on its active metabolites. Therefore, the secondary metabolites of the hydroalcoholic extract from the leaves of this species were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass chromatography (LC-MS). LC-MS identified a total of 30 secondary metabolites. These compounds represented two main categories among sixteen classes. Among them, flavonoids represented the largest proportion with eleven metabolites while fatty acids provided seven compounds. In addition, the extract was evaluated for its gastroprotective effect against gastric lesions induced by different models, such as indomethacin, stress, and necrotizing agents (80% ethanol, 0.2 mol/L NaOH, and 25% NaCl), in rats. For each method, group 1 was used as the control group while groups 2 and 3 received the leaf extract at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. The ulcer index (UI) and intraluminal bleeding score (IBS) were measured for each method. In addition, gastric tissue from the ethanol method was used for the analysis of nonprotein sulfhydrates (NP-SH), malondialdehyde (MDA), total protein (TP), and histopathologic evaluation. Pretreatment with O. forsskalii significantly decreased UI (p < 0.01) and IBS (p < 0.01) at 400 mg/kg. Pretreatment with O. forsskalii significantly improved total protein levels (p < 0.01) and NP-SH (p < 0.001) compared to the ethanol ulcer groups. MDA levels increased from 0.5 to 5.8 nmol/g in the normal groups compared to the ethanol groups and decreased to 2.34 nmol/g in the O. forsskalii pretreatment. In addition to the gastroprotective markers, histopathological examination of gastric tissue confirmed the gastroprotective potential of O. forsskalii extract against ethanol.
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Al-Zahrani MS, Alhassani AA, Zawawi KH. Clinical manifestations of gastrointestinal diseases in the oral cavity. Saudi Dent J 2021; 33:835-841. [PMID: 34938023 PMCID: PMC8665164 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2021.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim In this review, several gastrointestinal diseases that dentists may encounter in practice are highlighted and discussed. Materials and methods Using MEDLINE (PubMed), a comprehensive review of gastrointestinal diseases and their oral cavity manifestations was performed. Results Many gastrointestinal diseases present with oral symptoms that are detectable by dentists and dental hygienists. Often, oral manifestations of the disease may appear before systemic signs and symptoms. Managing patients with these conditions requires dentists to adjust their treatment and/or involve other health professionals. Conclusion Care must be taken when providing periodontal therapy or dental implants to patients suffering gastrointestinal diseases who are at high risk of bleeding, infection, or malnutrition, for example. Also, pharmacological therapy for these patients may need to be customized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S Al-Zahrani
- Professor, Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Alhassani
- Assistant Professor, Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid H Zawawi
- Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabi
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Salari N, Darvishi N, Shohaimi S, Bartina Y, Ahmadipanah M, Salari HR, Mohammadi M. The Global Prevalence of Peptic Ulcer in the World: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Indian J Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12262-021-03189-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Badi A, Naushad VA, Purayil NK, Chandra P, Abuzaid HO, Paramba F, Lutf A, Abuhmaira MM, Elzouki ANY. Endoscopic Findings in Patients With Uninvestigated Dyspepsia: A Retrospective Study From Qatar. Cureus 2020; 12:e11166. [PMID: 33251073 PMCID: PMC7688183 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Dyspepsia is a common complaint encountered in general clinical practice. The prevalence of clinically significant endoscopy findings in dyspeptic subjects of various age groups and ethnicities in Qatar is not well studied. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of endoscopic findings in previously uninvestigated patients with dyspepsia. Patients and methods We retrospectively studied subjects older than 18 years of age who underwent endoscopy for dyspeptic complaints from January 2011 to December 2017. Subjects who already had peptic ulcer disease (PUD), those who underwent endoscopy for reasons other than dyspepsia, and those with incomplete data were excluded. Results A total of 824 subjects were reviewed for eligibility and 733 were included for analysis. The mean ±SD age of the study subjects was 42.7 ±13.5 years, and 59.5% of the subjects were male. Epigastric pain was the predominant symptom (79.2%) followed by heartburn (26.1%). Abnormal endoscopic findings were noted in 91.8% of subjects. Gastritis (65.5%) and oesophagitis (33.1%) were the most common findings observed. The overall prevalence of gastric ulcers was 4.6%, and it was higher in subjects who were more than 60 years of age (14.1%, p=0.001). Gastric carcinoma was seen in only four (0.54%) subjects. Conclusion Gastritis was the most common endoscopic finding observed followed by oesophagitis. The most common presenting symptoms were epigastric pain and heartburn. The prevalence of gastric ulcers was significantly high in patients above 60 years of age, and the incidence of gastric carcinoma was low in the study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Badi
- Internal Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, QAT
| | | | | | - Prem Chandra
- Medical Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, QAT
| | | | | | - Abdo Lutf
- Rheumatology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, QAT
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Wang C, Guo X, An Y, Xu S, Zhang D, Qin Y, Qi X. Risk Factors of Peptic Ulcer in Military Personnel: A Systematic Review of the Literature. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH AND HYPOTHESIS IN MEDICINE 2020; 000:1-7. [DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2020.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zhang J, Ge L, Hill M, Liang Y, Xie J, Cui D, Li X, Zheng W, He R. Standard-Dose Proton Pump Inhibitors in the Initial Non-eradication Treatment of Duodenal Ulcer: Systematic Review, Network Meta-Analysis, and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1512. [PMID: 30666204 PMCID: PMC6330312 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Short-term use of standard-dose proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) is the first-line initial non-eradication treatment for duodenal ulcer (DU), but the choice on individual PPI drug is still controversial. The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of standard-dose PPI medications in the initial non-eradication treatment of DU. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Clinicaltrials.gov, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP database, and the Wanfang database from their earliest records to September 2017. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating omeprazole (20 mg/day), pantoprazole (40 mg/day), lansoprazole (30 mg/day), rabeprazole (20 mg/day), ilaprazole (10 mg/day), ranitidine (300 mg/day), famotidine (40 mg/day), or placebo for DU were included. The outcomes were 4-week ulcer healing rate (4-UHR) and the incidence of adverse events (AEs). A network meta-analysis (NMA) using a Bayesian random effects model was conducted, and a cost-effectiveness analysis using a decision tree was performed from the payer's perspective over 1 year. Results: A total of 62 RCTs involving 10,339 participants (eight interventions) were included. The NMA showed that all the PPIs significantly increased the 4-UHR compared to H2 receptor antagonists (H2RA) and placebo, while there was no significant difference for 4-UHR among PPIs. As to the incidence of AEs, no significant difference was observed among PPIs, H2RA, and placebo during 4-week follow-up. Based on the costs of both PPIs and management of AEs in China, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio per quality-adjusted life year (in US dollars) for pantoprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole, and ilaprazole compared to omeprazole corresponded to $5134.67, $17801.67, $25488.31, and $44572.22, respectively. Conclusion: Although the efficacy and tolerance of different PPIs are similar in the initial non-eradication treatment of DU, pantoprazole (40 mg/day) seems to be the most cost-effective option in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Long Ge
- First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Matt Hill
- Health Outcomes and Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Yi Liang
- Health Outcomes and Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Juan Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Dejun Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaosi Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital of Chengdu Office of People’s Government of Tibetan Autonomous Region, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyi Zheng
- Experimental Cancer Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rui He
- Experimental Cancer Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Alagl AS, Abdelsalam M, El Tantawi M, Madi M, Aljindan R, Alsayyah A, AlHumaid J, Hussameddin AM, Alsulaiman RM, AlQurain A. Association between Helicobacter pylori gastritis and dental diseases: A cross-sectional, hospital-based study in Eastern Saudi Arabia. J Periodontol 2018; 90:375-380. [PMID: 30411353 DOI: 10.1002/jper.18-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is inconsistent evidence about the association between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and dental diseases with possible effect of environmental factors. The aims of the study were to assess (1) the association between gastric and oral H. pylori colonization and (2) the association between oral colonization of H. pylori and dental diseases. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in King Fahad University hospital in Khobar, Eastern Saudi Arabia in 2017. Patients admitted to the Endoscopy Unit were recruited and clinically examined for plaque, decayed teeth (D), filled teeth (F), missing teeth (M), periodontal pocket depth (PPD), attachment loss (AL), and gingival bleeding in addition to assessing their age, gender, education, tooth brushing, flossing, and tobacco use with a questionnaire. Pooled dental plaque samples were collected and analyzed using nested polymerase chain reaction PCR to detect oral H. pylori. Gastroscopy was used to extract biopsies to assess gastritis and the presence of gastric H. pylori using Giemsa stain. Regression analysis was used to assess differences between patients with and without gastritis, oral H. pylori and gastric H. pylori in the percentage of sites with gingival bleeding, PPD, CAL, D, M, and F with adjustment for confounders. RESULTS One hundred twenty patients were included. Most of them brushed daily (82.6%) and had university education (45.7%). Of these, 34.2% had gastric H. pylori and 5% had oral H. pylori. No significant association was observed between the percentage of sites with gingival bleeding, mean PPD, AL, F, and either gastritis, the presence of oral or gastric H. pylori. Patients with gastritis had significantly higher number of D and M than patients without gastritis (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS In this study, the presence of gastric and oral H. pylori in patients with good oral hygiene and moderate socioeconomic status is not significantly associated with periodontal diseases. Patients with gastritis tend to have a higher number of decayed and missing teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Alagl
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Abdelsalam
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - M El Tantawi
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Madi
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - R Aljindan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Alsayyah
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - J AlHumaid
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - A M Hussameddin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, King Fahd Hospital, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - R M Alsulaiman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, King Fahd Hospital, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - A AlQurain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, King Fahd Hospital, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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