Synthesis, Characterization and Molecular Docking of Chloro-substituted Hydroxyxanthone Derivatives

Potential of C-Phenylcalix[4]Resorcinarene Epoxide Compound as Drug Delivery Agent in Breast Cancer Cells MCF-7

Cancer therapy through conventional chemotherapy has been widely applied; however, one of the main disadvantages of chemotherapy is the non-selective targeting of cancer cells which causes various adverse side effects. The development of drug delivery agents that are more selective and effective in cancer therapy needs to be performed so that the drugs have a therapeutic effect and minimize side effects. In this study, the compound C-phenylcalyx[4]resorcinarene epoxide (CFKRE) has acted as a drug delivery agent because it can form host complex interactions with ligands. The CFKRE compound was synthesized through two reaction steps: the condensation and alkylation reactions of the epoxide. The structure was analyzed using FTIR, 1H-, and 13C-NMR spectrophotometers and then tested for in vitro cytotoxicity using the MTT assay. The results showed that 70% yield of CFKRE was obtained. Molecular docking analysis of CFKRE compounds against PDGFR and EGFR proteins showed high binding energy compared to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Molecular dynamic studies showed that CFKRE compounds could form a host-ligand complex with a −350.4 kcal/mol binding energy. Cytotoxic assay of CFKRE compound against MCF-7 breast cancer cells and Vero cells gave IC50 values of 4.04 and 29.59 μg/mL, respectively. These results indicated that CFKRE compounds are not toxic and have the potential to be utilized as new candidates for drug delivery agents.

An Update on the Anticancer Activity of Xanthone Derivatives: A Review

The annual number of cancer deaths continues increasing every day; thus, it is urgent to search for and find active, selective, and efficient anticancer drugs as soon as possible. Among the available anticancer drugs, almost all of them contain heterocyclic moiety in their chemical structure. Xanthone is a heterocyclic compound with a dibenzo-γ-pyrone framework and well-known to have "privileged structures" for anticancer activities against several cancer cell lines. The wide anticancer activity of xanthones is produced by caspase activation, RNA binding, DNA cross-linking, as well as P-gp, kinase, aromatase, and topoisomerase inhibition. This anticancer activity depends on the type, number, and position of the attached functional groups in the xanthone skeleton. This review discusses the recent advances in the anticancer activity of xanthone derivatives, both from natural products isolation and synthesis methods, as the anticancer agent through in vitro, in vivo, and clinical assays.

Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) and molecular docking of xanthone derivatives as anti-tuberculosis agents

Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) and molecular docking approach were carried out to design novel anti-tuberculosis agents based on xanthone derivatives. QSAR designed new compounds were calculated by Austin Model 1 (AM1) methods and analysis of multi-linear regression (MLR). The result showed that the best model as follows: Log IC50 = 3.113 + 11.627 qC1 + 15.955 qC4 + 11.702 qC9, this result has appropriate some statistical parameters (PRESS = 2.11, r2 = 0.730, SEE = 0. 3545, R = 0.6827, FCal/FTab = 4.68), and being used to design a potential anti-tuberculosis drugs with substituted amide, sulfoxide, and carboxylate group xanthone scaffold by a number of their inhibitory concentration (IC50). The mechanism action of sulfonamide substituted on the xanthone scaffold as anti-tuberculosis was carried out using molecular docking. Docking inhibition studies were carried out on MTB C171Q receptor (4C6X.pdb) as KasA inhibitors using by the discovery studio. Based on the binding interaction showed, the sulfonamide substituted xanthone has potential being the anti-tuberculosis drugs by KasA inhibitor for target drug activity.

Synergistic Effect of 1,3,6-Trihydroxy-4,5,7-Trichloroxanthone in Combination with Doxorubicin on B-Cell Lymphoma Cells and Its Mechanism of Action Through Molecular Docking

Background

The increasing rate of cancer chemoresistance and adverse side effects of therapy have led to the wide use of various chemotherapeutic combinations in cancer management, including lymphoid malignancy.

Objective

We investigated the effects of a combination of 1,3,6-trihydroxy-4,5,7-trichloroxanthone (TTX) and doxorubicin on the Raji lymphoma cell line.

Methods

Raji cells were treated with different concentrations of TTX, doxorubicin, or combinations thereof. Cancer cell growth inhibition was evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethyltiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide/MTT assay to determine the half-maximal inhibitory concentration. Combination index values were calculated using CompuSyn (ComboSyn, Inc, Paramus, NJ). Molecular docking was conducted using a Protein-Ligand ANT System.

Results

The mean (SD) half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of TTX and doxorubicin were 15.948 (3.101) µM and 25.432 (1.417) µM, respectively. The combination index values of the different combinations ranged from 0.057 to 0.285, indicating strong to very strong synergistic effects. The docking study results reveal that TTX docks at the active site of Raf-1 and c-Jun N-kinase receptors with predicted free energies of binding of -79.37 and -75.42 kcal/mol, respectively.

Conclusions

The xanthone-doxorubicin combination showed promising in vitro activity against lymphoma cells. The results also indicate that the TTX and doxorubicin combination's effect was due to the interaction between TTX with Raf-1 and c-Jun N-kinase receptors, 2 determinants of doxorubicin resistance progression.

Recent advances in the synthesis of xanthones and azaxanthones

A useful chemical toolbox for (aza)xanthones from 2012 to 2020 that covers the optimization of known procedures and novel methodologies.