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Jang I, Kyun S, Hwang D, Kim T, Lim K, Park HY, Kim SW, Kim J. Chronic Administration of Exogenous Lactate Increases Energy Expenditure during Exercise through Activation of Skeletal Muscle Energy Utilization Capacity in Mice. Metabolites 2024; 14:220. [PMID: 38668348 PMCID: PMC11052295 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14040220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We compared the effects of chronic exogenous lactate and exercise training, which influence energy substrate utilization and body composition improvements at rest and during exercise, and investigated the availability of lactate as a metabolic regulator. The mice were divided into four groups: CON (sedentary + saline), LAC (sedentary + lactate), EXE (exercise + saline), and EXLA (exercise + lactate). The total experimental period was set at 4 weeks, the training intensity was set at 60-70% VO2max, and each exercise group was administered a solution immediately after exercise. Changes in the energy substrate utilization at rest and during exercise, the protein levels related to energy substrate utilization in skeletal muscles, and the body composition were measured. Lactate intake and exercise increased carbohydrate oxidation as a substrate during exercise, leading to an increased energy expenditure and increased protein levels of citrate synthase and malate dehydrogenase 2, key factors in the TCA(tricarboxylic acid) cycle of skeletal muscle. Exercise, but not lactate intake, induced the upregulation of the skeletal muscle glucose transport factor 4 and a reduction in body fat. Hence, chronic lactate administration, as a metabolic regulator, influenced energy substrate utilization by the skeletal muscle and increased energy expenditure during exercise through the activation of carbohydrate metabolism-related factors. Therefore, exogenous lactate holds potential as a metabolic regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inkwon Jang
- Laboratory of Exercise and Nutrition, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (I.J.); (S.K.); (D.H.); (T.K.); (K.L.); (H.-Y.P.); (S.-W.K.)
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kyun
- Laboratory of Exercise and Nutrition, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (I.J.); (S.K.); (D.H.); (T.K.); (K.L.); (H.-Y.P.); (S.-W.K.)
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deunsol Hwang
- Laboratory of Exercise and Nutrition, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (I.J.); (S.K.); (D.H.); (T.K.); (K.L.); (H.-Y.P.); (S.-W.K.)
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeho Kim
- Laboratory of Exercise and Nutrition, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (I.J.); (S.K.); (D.H.); (T.K.); (K.L.); (H.-Y.P.); (S.-W.K.)
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Laboratory of Exercise and Nutrition, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (I.J.); (S.K.); (D.H.); (T.K.); (K.L.); (H.-Y.P.); (S.-W.K.)
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun-Young Park
- Laboratory of Exercise and Nutrition, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (I.J.); (S.K.); (D.H.); (T.K.); (K.L.); (H.-Y.P.); (S.-W.K.)
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Kim
- Laboratory of Exercise and Nutrition, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (I.J.); (S.K.); (D.H.); (T.K.); (K.L.); (H.-Y.P.); (S.-W.K.)
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- Laboratory of Exercise and Nutrition, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (I.J.); (S.K.); (D.H.); (T.K.); (K.L.); (H.-Y.P.); (S.-W.K.)
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Emhoff CAW, Messonnier LA. Concepts of Lactate Metabolic Clearance Rate and Lactate Clamp for Metabolic Inquiry: A Mini-Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:3213. [PMID: 37513631 PMCID: PMC10385598 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactate is known to play a central role in the link between glycolytic and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, as well as to serve as a primary gluconeogenic precursor. Blood lactate concentration is sensitive to the metabolic state of tissues and organs as lactate rates of appearance and disposal/disappearance in the circulation rise and fall in response to physical exercise and other metabolic disturbances. The highest lactate flux rates have been measured during moderate intensity exercise in endurance-trained individuals who exhibit muscular and metabolic adaptations lending to superior oxidative capacity. In contrast, a diminished ability to utilize lactate is associated with poor metabolic fitness. Given these widespread implications in exercise performance and health, we discuss the concept of lactate metabolic clearance rate, which increases at the onset of exercise and, unlike flux rates, reaches a peak just below the power output associated with the maximal lactate steady state. The metabolic clearance rate is determined by both disposal rate and blood concentration, two parameters that are mutually interdependent and thus difficult to parse during steady state exercise studies. We review the evolution of the in vivo lactate clamp methodology to control blood lactate concentration and discuss its application in the investigation of whole-body lactate disposal capacities. In conclusion, we assert that the lactate clamp is a useful research methodology for examining lactate flux, in particular the factors that drive metabolic clearance rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-An W Emhoff
- Department of Kinesiology, Saint Mary's College of California, Moraga, CA 94575, USA
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, F-73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Laurent A Messonnier
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, F-73000 Chambéry, France
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Kyun S, Kim J, Hwang D, Jang I, Choi J, Kim J, Jung WS, Hwang H, Kim SW, Kim J, Jung K, Seo J, Sun Y, Park HY, Lim K. Exogenous lactate intake immediately after endurance exercise increases time to exhaustion in VO2max measurements in mice. Phys Act Nutr 2023; 27:13-18. [PMID: 37583067 PMCID: PMC10440182 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2023.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of 4 weeks of lactate intake immediately after endurance exercise on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in exercise performance. METHODS Seven-week-old mice from the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) were randomly divided into four groups: vehicle intake (SE/CON), lactate intake (SE/LAC), endurance exercise with vehicle intake (EX/ CON), and lactate intake with endurance exercise (EX/ LAC). Mice were subjected to 60-70% VO2max endurance exercise with or without oral lactate intake 5 days/ week for 4 weeks. VO2max measurements (VO2max, time to exhaustion (TTE), respiratory exchange rate, fat oxidation, and carbohydrate oxidation) were recorded at the end of the study period. After 48 h of VO2max measurement, the mice were sacrificed, and three different abdominal fat samples (epididymal, perirenal, and mesenteric) were collected. RESULTS Body weight and abdominal fat mass did not differ between the groups. When measuring VO2max, endurance exercise raised VO2max, and lactate intake after endurance exercise increased TTE. The change in energy substrate utilization during VO2max measurement demonstrated that although the respiratory exchange rate and fat oxidation were enhanced by lactate intake, there were no synergistic effects of lactate intake and endurance exercise. CONCLUSION Lactate intake immediately after endurance exercises can improve exercise performance, indicating the benefit of long-term exogenous lactate intake as an exercise supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghwan Kyun
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Konkuk Unisersity, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Konkuk Unisersity, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Deunsol Hwang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Konkuk Unisersity, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkwon Jang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Konkuk Unisersity, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehee Choi
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Konkuk Unisersity, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwon Kim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Konkuk Unisersity, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sang Jung
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejung Hwang
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Kim
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeeyoung Kim
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghwa Jung
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Seo
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Konkuk Unisersity, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yerin Sun
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Konkuk Unisersity, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun-Young Park
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Konkuk Unisersity, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Konkuk Unisersity, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk Unisersity, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Yoo C, Kim J, Kyun S, Hashimoto T, Tomi H, Lim K. Synergic effect of exogenous lactate and caffeine on fat oxidation and hepatic glycogen concentration in resting rats. Phys Act Nutr 2022; 26:5-13. [PMID: 36775646 PMCID: PMC9925112 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2022.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although several physiological roles of lactate have been revealed in the last decades, its effects on energy metabolism and substrate oxidation remain unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effects of lactate on the energy metabolism of resting rats. METHODS Male rats were divided into control (Con; distilled water), caffeine (Caf; 10 mg/kg), L-lactate (Lac; 2 g/kg), and lactate-plus-caffeine (Lac+Caf; 2 g/ kg + 10 mg) groups. Following oral administration of supplements, resting energy expenditure (study 1), biochemical blood parameters, and mRNA expression involved in energy metabolism in the soleus muscle were measured at different time points within 120 minutes of administration (study 2). Moreover, glycogen level and Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity were measured. RESULTS Groups did not differ in total energy expenditure throughout the 6 hour post-treatment evaluation. Within the first 4 hours, the Lac and Lac+Caf groups showed higher fat oxidation rates than the Con group (p<0.05). Lactate treatment decreased blood free fatty acid levels (p<0.05) and increased the mRNA expression of fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) (p<0.05) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) (p<0.05) in the skeletal muscle. Hepatic glycogen level in the Lac+Caf group was significantly increased (p<0.05). Moreover, after 30 and 120 minutes, PDH activity was significantly higher in lactate-supplemented groups compared to Con group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings showed that Lac+Caf enhanced fat metabolism in the whole body and skeletal muscle while increasing hepatic glycogen concentration and PDH activity. This indicates Lac+Caf can be used as a potential post-workout supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choongsung Yoo
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport management, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, United States of America
| | - Jisu Kim
- Physical Activity & Performance Institute, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kyun
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Faculty of Sport & Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hironori Tomi
- Center for Regional Sustainability and Innovation Kochi University, B-200 Mononobe, Nankoku, Kochi 682035, Japan
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Physical Activity & Performance Institute, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea,Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author : Kiwon Lim, Ph. D. Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea. Tel: +82-2-450-3827 Fax: +82-2-452-6027 E-mail:
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Acute Administration of Exogenous Lactate Increases Carbohydrate Metabolism during Exercise in Mice. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080553. [PMID: 34436494 PMCID: PMC8402126 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of exogenous lactate administration before exercise on energy substrate utilization during exercise. Mice were divided into exercise control (EX) and exercise with lactate intake (EXLA) groups; saline/lactate was administered 30 min before exercise. Respiratory gas was measured during moderate intensity treadmill exercise (30 min). Immediately after exercise, blood, liver, and skeletal muscle samples were collected and mRNA levels of energy metabolism-related and metabolic factors were analyzed. At 16–30 min of exercise, the respiratory exchange ratio (p = 0.045) and carbohydrate oxidation level (p = 0.014) were significantly higher in the EXLA than in the EX group. Immediately after exercise, the muscle and liver glycogen content and blood glucose level of the EXLA group were lower than those of the EX group. In addition, muscle mRNA levels of HK2 (hexokinase 2; p = 0.009), a carbohydrate oxidation-related factor, were higher in the EXLA than in the EX group, whereas the expression of PDK4 (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4; p = 0.001), CS (citrate synthase; p = 0.045), and CD36 (cluster of differentiation 36; p = 0.002), factors related to oxidative metabolism, was higher in the EX than in the EXLA group. These results suggest that lactate can be used in various research fields to promote carbohydrate metabolism.
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Kyun S, Yoo C, Park HY, Kim J, Lim K. The Effects of Exogenous Lactate Administration on the IGF1/Akt/mTOR Pathway in Rat Skeletal Muscle. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E7805. [PMID: 33113811 PMCID: PMC7663284 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of oral lactate administration on protein synthesis and degradation factors in rats over 2 h after intake. Seven-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8/group); their blood plasma levels of lactate, glucose, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) were examined following sacrifice at 0, 30, 60, or 120 min after sodium lactate (2 g/kg) administration. We measured the mRNA expression levels of protein synthesis-related genes (IGF receptor, protein kinase B (Akt), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)) or degradation-related genes (muscle RING-finger protein-1 (MuRF1), atrogin-1) and analyzed the protein expression and phosphorylation (activation) of Akt and mTOR. Post-administration, the plasma lactate concentration increased to 3.2 mmol/L after 60 min. Plasma glucose remained unchanged throughout, while insulin and IGF1 levels decreased after 30 min. The mRNA levels of IGF receptor and mTOR peaked after 60 min, and Akt expression was significantly upregulated from 30 to 120 min. However, MuRF1 and atrogin-1 expression levels were unaffected. Akt protein phosphorylation did not change significantly, whereas mTOR phosphorylation significantly increased after 30 min. Thus, lactate administration increased the mRNA and protein expression of protein-synthesis factors, suggesting that it can potentially promote skeletal muscle synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghwan Kyun
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Choongsung Yoo
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Hun-Young Park
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-Y.P.); (J.K.)
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-Y.P.); (J.K.)
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea;
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-Y.P.); (J.K.)
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
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