1
|
El-Wakil ES, Zalat RS, El-Badry AA. Mapping gut parasitism patterns in a cohort of Egyptians. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9961. [PMID: 37340037 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36320-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In developing countries, the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection is still significant, particularly due to geographical and socioeconomic variables. The objective of this study was to map the distribution pattern of intestinal parasitic infection in a cohort of the Egyptian population, as well as to assess associated risk factors. A cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted on 386 patients. A single fecal specimen was collected from the study individual and examined microscopically for the detection of parasitic infection. DNA was extracted from all samples and utilized to amplify Entamoeba histolytica complex species, Cryptosporidium species, Giardia intestinalis assemblages, and Blastocystis species using PCRs. Typing of Cryptosporidium species and Giardia intestinalis assemblages was performed using restriction enzymes RasI and HaeIII respectively. While Blastocystis spp. subtypes (ST) were identified through sequencing of PCR products and phylogenetic analysis. 59.6% (230/386) of the study patients were infected with one or more intestinal parasites, 87.4%; 201/230 of patients had mono-parasitic infections, and 12.6%; 29/230 had multiple-parasitic infections (P < 0.0001). The predominant protozoa were Blastocystis, followed by Entamoeba histolytica complex, and Giardia intestinalis both as mono-parasites and as part of multiple parasites. Molecular assays showed that Blastocystis ST3, Entamoeba dispar, Giardia intestinalis assemblage B, and Cryptosporidium hominis were the most prevalent species. Intestinal parasitic infection was significantly associated with age, gender, residence, and water source. Multi-parasitism showed that residency in a rural area was a risk factor (OR 4.49; 95% CI 1.51-13.37; P = 0.007). Egyptians residing in rural areas have a high prevalence of intestinal multi-parasitism. Therefore, to lessen the prevalence and effects of these infections in this group, effective and sustainable control methods, providing health education focusing on good personal hygiene habits, and providing a safe drinking water supply should be implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eman S El-Wakil
- Department of Parasitology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Kornaish El-Nile St., Giza, 12411, Egypt.
| | - Rabab S Zalat
- Department of Parasitology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Kornaish El-Nile St., Giza, 12411, Egypt
| | - Ayman A El-Badry
- Department of Microbiology-Medical Parasitology Section, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Athiyyah AF, Surono IS, Ranuh RG, Darma A, Basuki S, Rossyanti L, Sudarmo SM, Venema K. Mono-Parasitic and Poly-Parasitic Intestinal Infections among Children Aged 36-45 Months in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8010045. [PMID: 36668952 PMCID: PMC9866443 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection remains high in developing countries, especially because of geographic and socio-demographic factors. This study aimed to evaluate intestinal parasitic infection, as well as its risk factors, among children aged 36-45 months in a rural area (North Kodi) and an urban area (Kupang) of East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Anthropometry, socio-demographic factors and personal hygiene practices were assessed. A total of 214 children participated in the study, and 200 stool samples were collected for intestinal parasite examination. Approximately 30.5% (61/200) of the children were infected with one or more intestinal parasites (67.2%; 41/61 being mono-parasitic infections and 32.8%; 20/61 being poly-parasitic infections). A total of 85 intestinal parasites were detected, consisting of 35.3% (30/85) protozoa and 64.7% (55/85) helminths. The predominant protozoa were Giardia lamblia (43%; 13/30) and Blastocystis spp. (33.3%; 10/30), whereas the predominant helminths were Trichuris trichiura (50.9%; 28/55) and Ascaris lumbricoides (43.6%; 24/55). Moreover, intestinal parasitic infection was associated with rural area (OR 4.5; 95%CI 2.3-8.6); the absence of treatment with deworming drugs (OR 2.56; 95%CI 1.3-5.0); sanitation facilities without a septic tank (OR 4.3; 95%CI 2.1-8.5); unclean water as a source of drinking water (OR 4.67; 95%CI 2.4-9.4); no handwashing practice after defecation (OR 3.2; 95%CI 1.4-7.3); and stunted children (OR 4.4; 95%CI 2.3-8.3). In conclusion, poly-parasitic infections were common in this study. Poor personal hygiene practice and sanitation factors contributed to the high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in 36-45-month-old children in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alpha F. Athiyyah
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
- Department of Child Health, Dr. Soetmo General Hospital, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
| | - Ingrid S. Surono
- Food Technology Department, Faculty of Engineering, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta 11480, Indonesia
- Correspondence:
| | - Reza G. Ranuh
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
- Department of Child Health, Dr. Soetmo General Hospital, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
| | - Andy Darma
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
- Department of Child Health, Dr. Soetmo General Hospital, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
| | - Sukmawati Basuki
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Malaria Study Group/Laboratory of Malaria, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
| | - Lynda Rossyanti
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Malaria Study Group/Laboratory of Malaria, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
| | - Subijanto M. Sudarmo
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
- Department of Child Health, Dr. Soetmo General Hospital, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
| | - Koen Venema
- Centre for Health Eating & Food Innovation, Maastricht University–Campus Venlo, 5928 SZ Venlo, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wahdini S, Putra VP, Sungkar S. The Prevalence of Intestinal Protozoan Infections among Children in Southwest Sumba Based on the Type of Water Sources. Infect Chemother 2021; 53:519-527. [PMID: 34623780 PMCID: PMC8511361 DOI: 10.3947/ic.2021.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal protozoan infection is a public health problem in Indonesia, particularly in regions lacking clean water sources such as Perokonda and Perobatang villages, Southwest Sumba Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. The residents of Perokonda and Perobatang villages use wells and unprotected open springs respectively. Therefore, this study aims to determine the prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections in these two villages. Materials and Methods This was a cross-sectional study, carried out in Perokonda and Perobatang from August 2016 to August 2017. A total of 291 children aged 6 months to 18 years were used as subjects. Furthermore, fecal examinations were carried out by preparing smears, which were stained with lugol solution and examined under the microscopes by four experienced technicians. The data were processed using SPSS version 20 and analyzed by chi-square test. Results Among the 291 samples, the prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections was 20%, with 23.4% in Perokonda and 17.2% in Perobatang. The predominant species found were Blastocystis hominis (34.5%), Giardia lamblia (19.0%), and Entamoeba coli (15.5%). Moreover, approximately 69.0% of single infections were found while 31.0% were mixed and associated with 2 to 3 protozoan species. There were no significant differences between the prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections and the children in Perokonda and Perobatang villages (confidence interval 0.83 - 2.62, P = 0.19). Conclusion The type of water sources has no relationship with the species of intestinal protozoan infecting children in Perokonda and Perobatang.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sri Wahdini
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | | | - Saleha Sungkar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Renaldy RBY, Aflahudin MAN, Salma Z, Sumaryono S, Fitriah MY, Sulistyawati SW, Husada D, Basuki S. Intestinal Parasitic Infection, The Use of Latrine, and Clean Water Source In Elementary School Children At Coastal And Non-Coastal Areas, Sumenep District, Indonesia. INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE 2021. [DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v9i1.22578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inadequate latrine and water source cause transmission of intestinal parasitic infection, particularly in children. There is a lack information about it and it is needed to be investigated. This study aimed to compare the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection, the use of latrine and clean water source in elementary school children at coastal and non-coastal areas in Sumenep District, Indonesia. An analytic observational study with cross sectional design was conducted in Dasuk Timur Elementary School located at coastal area, and Kolor II Elementary School at non-coastal area, Sumenep district, in January 2020. Intestinal parasites in students’ stools were identified by microscopic examination using wet direct smear stained with lugol. The use of latrine and water sources were analyzed with questionnaire. A total of 68 children stools were collected from both elementary schools. Worm infections were not found. Thirty-one children (31/44, 70.5%) from Dasuk Timur Elementary School and eight children (8/24, 33.3%) from Kolor II Elementary School were infected with intestinal protozoan and significant difference (P=0.003, Chi-square test). Blastocystis hominis was highly found in stools of Dasuk Timur Elementary School’s students (31/44, 70.5%) and significantly different from Kolor II Elementary School’s students (P<0.0001, Chi-square test). Three children (3/44, 6.8%) from Dasuk Timur Elementary School were still practicing open defecation. Dasuk Timur Elementary School’s students suffered from intestinal parasitic infection were mostly using non-piped water source (20/31, 64.5%) and were significantly different between two elementary schools (P=0.015, Fisher’s exact test). Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in children was found higher in coastal than non-coastal area due to the commonly use of unclean water sources and inadequate latrine.
Collapse
|