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Holzinger T, Frei J, Jarzebska NT, Beer HD, Kündig TM, Pascolo S, Läuchli S, Mellett M. Differential functionality of fluoropyrimidine nucleosides for safe cancer therapy. Anticancer Drugs 2024:00001813-990000000-00306. [PMID: 39012759 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Chemotherapies are standard care for most cancer types. Pyrimidine analogs including 5-fluorouracil, cytosine arabinoside, 5-azacytidine, and gemcitabine are effective drugs that are utilized as part of a number of anticancer regimens. However, their lack of cell-specificity results in severe side effects. Therefore, there is a capacity to improve the efficacy of such therapies, while decreasing unwanted side effects. Here, we report that while 5-fluorocytosine is not chemotherapeutic in itself, incorporated into a ribonucleoside and more importantly into an RNA oligonucleotide, it induces cytotoxic effects on cancer cells in vitro. Interestingly, these effects are rescued by both uridine and thymidine. Similarly, in-vitro 2'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine inhibits the growth of tumor cells but has the advantage of being less toxic to human primary cells compared with 5-fluorocytidine, suggesting that the deoxyribonucleoside could exhibit less side-effects in vivo. Thus, this work indicates that the potency of 5-fluorocytidine and 2'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine should be further explored. In particular, oligonucleotides incorporating 5-fluorocytosine could be novel chemotherapeutic drugs that could be formulated in cancer-specific particles for safe and efficacious cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Holzinger
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich (USZ), University of Zürich (UZH)
- Faculty of Medicine
| | - Julia Frei
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich (USZ), University of Zürich (UZH)
- Faculty of Medicine
| | - Natalia Teresa Jarzebska
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich (USZ), University of Zürich (UZH)
- Faculty of Science, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Dietmar Beer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich (USZ), University of Zürich (UZH)
- Faculty of Medicine
| | - Thomas M Kündig
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich (USZ), University of Zürich (UZH)
- Faculty of Medicine
| | - Steve Pascolo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich (USZ), University of Zürich (UZH)
- Faculty of Medicine
| | - Severin Läuchli
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich (USZ), University of Zürich (UZH)
- Faculty of Medicine
| | - Mark Mellett
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich (USZ), University of Zürich (UZH)
- Faculty of Medicine
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Qiao XX, Shi HB, Xiao L. Serum exosomal hsa-circ-0004771 modulates the resistance of colorectal cancer to 5-fluorouracil via regulating miR-653/ZEB2 signaling pathway. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:243. [PMID: 37845688 PMCID: PMC10577907 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug resistance is a major obstacle causing chemotherapy failure, and enabling cancer progression. Exosome excreted by cancer cells is participated in cancer progression and chemoresistance, and can be used as an prognostic biomarker. Previous studies have revealed that serum exosomal hsa-circ-0004771 is over-expressed in colorectal cancer (CRC) sufferers and suggested it as a predictive biomarker for early diagnosis and prognosis of CRC. This work will to investigate the role and mechanism of serum exosomal hsa-circ-0004771 in mediating resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in CRC. METHODS Serum and tissue samples were collected from 60 patients with CRC/ benign intestinal disease, and 60 healthy control. Exosomes were isolated and identified from serum samples and cell cultured media with TEM, WB, NTA, and flow cytometry. qRT-PCR and WB were performed to evaluate mRNA expressions of exosomal has-circ-0004771 and miR-653, and ZEB2 protein expression, respectively. Cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis abilities were assessed with BrdU and colony formation assay, wound-healing assay, and flow cytometry, respectively. RESULTS Exosomal hsa-circ-0004771 was over-expressed in CRC serum and cell cultured media, while miR-653 was lower-expressed in CRC tissues and cells. Negative correlations existed between exosomal hsa-circ-0004771 in the patients' serum/cell culture media and miR-653 in CRC tissues/cells, and between miR-653 and ZEB2 in CRC cells. Exosomal hsa-circ-0004771 in CRC cell cultured media was positively related to ZEB2 in CRC cells. MiR-653 was associated with poor prognosis of CRC patients, and its upregulation restrained CRC cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and stimulated apoptosis. Exosomal hsa-circ-0004771 was higher-expressed in 5-FU-resistant CRC serum and cell cultured media, miR-653 was downregulated and ZEB2 was overexpressed in 5-FU-resistant CRC cells. In vitro, exosomal hsa-circ-0004771 in cell cultured media may be involved in 5-FU-resistance by modulating miR-653/ZEB2 pathway. CONCLUSIONS miR-653 plays as a tumour suppressor in CRC progression, and serum exosomal hsa-circ-0004771 may be a predictive biomarker for 5-FU-resistance in CRC patients, potentially through miR-653/ZEB2 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xue Qiao
- The Third Clinical Medical College (School of Clinical Medicine), Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, China
- Department of Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004, China
| | - Hui-Bo Shi
- Department of Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Department of Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Department of NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Department of Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Li Xiao
- The Third Clinical Medical College (School of Clinical Medicine), Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, China.
- Department of Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004, China.
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Seo EJ, Khelifi D, Fayez S, Feineis D, Bringmann G, Efferth T, Dawood M. Molecular determinants of the response of cancer cells towards geldanamycin and its derivatives. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 383:110677. [PMID: 37586545 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Geldanamycin is an ansamycin-derivative of a benzoquinone isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus. It inhibits tyrosine kinases and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90). Geldanamycin and 11 derivatives were subjected to molecular docking to HSP90, and 17-desmethoxy-17-N,N-dimethylamino-geldanamycin (17-DMAG) was the compound with the highest binding affinity (-7.73 ± 0.12 kcal/mol) and the lowest inhibition constant (2.16 ± 0.49 μM). Therefore, 17-DMAG was selected for further experiments in comparison to geldanamycin. Multidrug resistance (MDR) represents a major problem for successful cancer therapy. We tested geldanamycin and 17-DMAG against various drug-resistant cancer cell lines. Although geldanamycin and 17-DMAG inhibited the proliferation in all cell lines tested, multidrug-resistant P-glycoprotein-overexpressing CEM/ADR5000 cells were cross-resistant, ΔEGFR-overexpressing tumor cells and p53 knockout cells were sensitive to these two compounds. COMPARE and hierarchical cluster analyses were performed, and 60 genes were identified to predict the sensitivity or resistance of 59 NCI tumor cell lines towards geldanamycin and 17-DMAG. The distribution of cell lines according to their mRNA expression profiles indicated sensitivity or resistance to both compounds with statistical significance. Moreover, bioinformatic tools were used to study possible mechanisms of action of geldanamycin and 17-DMAG. Galaxy Cistrome analyses were carried out to predict transcription factor binding motifs in the promoter regions of the candidate genes. Interestingly, the NF-ĸB DNA binding motif (Rel) was identified as the top transcription factor. Furthermore, these 60 genes were subjected to Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) to study the signaling pathway interactions of these genes. Interestingly, IPA also revealed the NF-ĸB pathway as the top network among these genes. Finally, NF-ĸB reporter assays confirmed the bioinformatic prediction, and both geldanamycin and 17-DMAG significantly inhibited NF-κB activity after exposure for 24 h. In conclusion, geldanamycin and 17-DMAG exhibited cytotoxic activity against different tumor cell lines. Their activity was not restricted to HSP90 but indicated an involvement of the NF-KB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ean-Jeong Seo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daycem Khelifi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shaimaa Fayez
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Pharmacognosy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doris Feineis
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mona Dawood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany; Department of Molecular Biology, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan.
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Gmeiner WH, Okechukwu CC. Review of 5-FU resistance mechanisms in colorectal cancer: clinical significance of attenuated on-target effects. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2023; 6:257-272. [PMID: 37457133 PMCID: PMC10344727 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2022.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of chemoresistant disease during chemotherapy with 5-Fluorouracil-based (5-FU-based) regimens is an important factor in the mortality of metastatic CRC (mCRC). The causes of 5-FU resistance are multi-factorial, and besides DNA mismatch repair deficiency (MMR-D), there are no widely accepted criteria for determining which CRC patients are not likely to be responsive to 5-FU-based therapy. Thus, there is a need to systematically understand the mechanistic basis for 5-FU treatment failure and an urgent need to develop new approaches for circumventing the major causes of 5-FU resistance. In this manuscript, we review mechanisms of 5-FU resistance with an emphasis on: (1) altered anabolic metabolism limiting the formation of the primary active metabolite Fluorodeoxyuridylate (5-Fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-O-monophosphate; FdUMP); (2) elevated expression or activity of the primary enzymatic target thymidylate synthase (TS); and (3) dysregulated programmed cell death as important causes of 5-FU resistance. Importantly, these causes of 5-FU resistance can potentially be overcome through the use of next-generation fluoropyrimidine (FP) polymers (e.g., CF10) that display reduced dependence on anabolic metabolism and more potent TS inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H. Gmeiner
- Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology Graduate Program, Institution, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Charles Chidi Okechukwu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Bré J, Dickson AL, Read OJ, Zhang Y, McKissock FG, Mullen P, Tang P, Zickuhr GM, Czekster CM, Harrison DJ. The novel anti-cancer fluoropyrimidine NUC-3373 is a potent inhibitor of thymidylate synthase and an effective DNA-damaging agent. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2023; 91:401-412. [PMID: 37000221 PMCID: PMC10156769 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-023-04528-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fluoropyrimidines, principally 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), remain a key component of chemotherapy regimens for multiple cancer types, in particular colorectal and other gastrointestinal malignancies. To overcome key limitations and pharmacologic challenges that hinder the clinical utility of 5-FU, NUC-3373, a phosphoramidate transformation of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, was designed to improve the efficacy and safety profile as well as the administration challenges associated with 5-FU. METHODS Human colorectal cancer cell lines HCT116 and SW480 were treated with sub-IC50 doses of NUC-3373 or 5-FU. Intracellular activation was measured by LC-MS. Western blot was performed to determine binding of the active anti-cancer metabolite FdUMP to thymidylate synthase (TS) and DNA damage. RESULTS We demonstrated that NUC-3373 generates more FdUMP than 5-FU, resulting in a more potent inhibition of TS, DNA misincorporation and subsequent cell cycle arrest and DNA damage in vitro. Unlike 5-FU, the thymineless death induced by NUC-3373 was rescued by the concurrent addition of exogenous thymidine. 5-FU cytotoxicity, however, was only reversed by supplementation with uridine, a treatment used to reduce 5-FU-induced toxicities in the clinic. This is in line with our findings that 5-FU generates FUTP which is incorporated into RNA, a mechanism known to underlie the myelosuppression and gastrointestinal inflammation associated with 5-FU. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results highlight key differences between NUC-3373 and 5-FU that are driven by the anti-cancer metabolites generated. NUC-3373 is a potent inhibitor of TS that also causes DNA-directed damage. These data support the preliminary clinical evidence that suggest NUC-3373 has a favorable safety profile in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bré
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9TF, UK.
- NuCana Plc, 3 Lochside Way, Edinburgh, EH12 9DT, UK.
| | - Alison L Dickson
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9TF, UK
- NuCana Plc, 3 Lochside Way, Edinburgh, EH12 9DT, UK
| | - Oliver J Read
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9TF, UK
- NuCana Plc, 3 Lochside Way, Edinburgh, EH12 9DT, UK
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9TF, UK
| | | | - Peter Mullen
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9TF, UK
| | - Peijun Tang
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Greice M Zickuhr
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Clarissa M Czekster
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - David J Harrison
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9TF, UK
- NuCana Plc, 3 Lochside Way, Edinburgh, EH12 9DT, UK
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Fàbrega C, Clua A, Eritja R, Aviñó A. Oligonucleotides Carrying Nucleoside Antimetabolites as Potential Prodrugs. Curr Med Chem 2023; 30:1304-1319. [PMID: 34844535 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666211129124039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleoside and nucleobase antimetabolites are an important class of chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer as well as other diseases. INTRODUCTION In order to avoid undesirable side effects, several prodrug strategies have been developed. In the present review, we describe a relatively unknown strategy that consists of using oligonucleotides modified with nucleoside antimetabolites as prodrugs. METHODS The active nucleotides are generated by enzymatic degradation once incorporated into cells. This strategy has attracted large interest and is widely utilized at present due to the continuous developments made in therapeutic oligonucleotides and the recent advances in nanomaterials and nanomedicine. RESULTS A large research effort was made mainly in the improvement of the antiproliferative properties of nucleoside homopolymers, but recently, chemically modified aptamers, antisense oligonucleotides and/or siRNA carrying antiproliferative nucleotides have demonstrated a great potential due to the synergetic effect of both therapeutic entities. In addition, DNA nanostructures with interesting properties have been built to combine antimetabolites and enhancers of cellular uptake in the same scaffold. Finally, protein nanoparticles functionalized with receptor-binders and antiproliferative oligomers represent a new avenue for a more effective treatment in cancer therapy. CONCLUSION It is expected that oligonucleotides carrying nucleoside antimetabolites will be considered as potential drugs in the near future for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carme Fàbrega
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Clua
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Eritja
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Aviñó
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Luo D, Liu X, Jiang L, Guo Z, Lv Y, Tian X, Wang X, Cui S, Wan S, Qu X, Xu X, Li X. Rational Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel S1PR2 Antagonists for Reversing 5-FU-Resistance in Colorectal Cancer. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14553-14577. [PMID: 36269639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to 5-FU reduces its clinical efficacy for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) has emerged as a potential target to reverse 5-FU-resistance by inhibiting the expression of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD). In this study, 38 novel S1PR2 antagonists based on aryl urea structure were designed and synthesized, and the structure-activity relationship was investigated based on the S1PR2 binding assay. Representative compound 43 potently interacts with S1PR2 with a KD value of 0.73 nM. It displays potent 5-FU resensitizing activity in multiple 5-FU-resistant tumor cell lines, particularly in SW620/5-FU (EC50 = 1.99 ± 0.03 μM) but shows no cytotoxicity in the normal colon cell line NCM460 up to 1000 μM. Moreover, 43 significantly enhances the antitumor efficacy of 5-FU in the SW620/5-FU animal model. These data suggest that 43 could be a novel lead compound for developing a 5-FU resensitizing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Leilei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhikun Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Yan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaochen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shuxiang Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Shengbiao Wan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xianjun Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Ximing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China
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Azwar S, Seow HF, Abdullah M, Faisal Jabar M, Mohtarrudin N. Recent Updates on Mechanisms of Resistance to 5-Fluorouracil and Reversal Strategies in Colon Cancer Treatment. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:854. [PMID: 34571731 PMCID: PMC8466833 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) plus leucovorin (LV) remain as the mainstay standard adjuvant chemotherapy treatment for early stage colon cancer, and the preferred first-line option for metastatic colon cancer patients in combination with oxaliplatin in FOLFOX, or irinotecan in FOLFIRI regimens. Despite treatment success to a certain extent, the incidence of chemotherapy failure attributed to chemotherapy resistance is still reported in many patients. This resistance, which can be defined by tumor tolerance against chemotherapy, either intrinsic or acquired, is primarily driven by the dysregulation of various components in distinct pathways. In recent years, it has been established that the incidence of 5-FU resistance, akin to multidrug resistance, can be attributed to the alterations in drug transport, evasion of apoptosis, changes in the cell cycle and DNA-damage repair machinery, regulation of autophagy, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cancer stem cell involvement, tumor microenvironment interactions, miRNA dysregulations, epigenetic alterations, as well as redox imbalances. Certain resistance mechanisms that are 5-FU-specific have also been ascertained to include the upregulation of thymidylate synthase, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, and the downregulation of thymidine phosphorylase. Indeed, the successful modulation of these mechanisms have been the game plan of numerous studies that had employed small molecule inhibitors, plant-based small molecules, and non-coding RNA regulators to effectively reverse 5-FU resistance in colon cancer cells. It is hoped that these studies would provide fundamental knowledge to further our understanding prior developing novel drugs in the near future that would synergistically work with 5-FU to potentiate its antitumor effects and improve the patient's overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamin Azwar
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.A.); (H.F.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Heng Fong Seow
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.A.); (H.F.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Maha Abdullah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.A.); (H.F.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohd Faisal Jabar
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Norhafizah Mohtarrudin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.A.); (H.F.S.); (M.A.)
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9
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Michel M, Kaps L, Maderer A, Galle PR, Moehler M. The Role of p53 Dysfunction in Colorectal Cancer and Its Implication for Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2296. [PMID: 34064974 PMCID: PMC8150459 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and fatal cancers worldwide. The carcinogenesis of CRC is based on a stepwise accumulation of mutations, leading either to an activation of oncogenes or a deactivation of suppressor genes. The loss of genetic stability triggers activation of proto-oncogenes (e.g., KRAS) and inactivation of tumor suppression genes, namely TP53 and APC, which together drive the transition from adenoma to adenocarcinoma. On the one hand, p53 mutations confer resistance to classical chemotherapy but, on the other hand, they open the door for immunotherapy, as p53-mutated tumors are rich in neoantigens. Aberrant function of the TP53 gene product, p53, also affects stromal and non-stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer-associated fibroblasts together with other immunosuppressive cells become valuable assets for the tumor by p53-mediated tumor signaling. In this review, we address the manifold implications of p53 mutations in CRC regarding therapy, treatment response and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Michel
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.M.); (L.K.); (A.M.); (P.R.G.)
| | - Leonard Kaps
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.M.); (L.K.); (A.M.); (P.R.G.)
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Annett Maderer
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.M.); (L.K.); (A.M.); (P.R.G.)
| | - Peter R. Galle
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.M.); (L.K.); (A.M.); (P.R.G.)
| | - Markus Moehler
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.M.); (L.K.); (A.M.); (P.R.G.)
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Kadioglu O, Saeed M, Mahmoud N, Azawi S, Mrasek K, Liehr T, Efferth T. Identification of potential novel drug resistance mechanisms by genomic and transcriptomic profiling of colon cancer cells with p53 deletion. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:959-974. [PMID: 33515271 PMCID: PMC7904745 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-02979-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
TP53 (p53) is a pivotal player in tumor suppression with fifty percent of all invasive tumors displaying mutations in the TP53 gene. In the present study, we characterized colon cancer cells (HCT116 p53 −/−) with TP53 deletion, a sub-line derived from HCT116-p53 +/+ cells. RNA sequencing and network analyses were performed to identify novel drug resistance mechanisms. Chromosomal aberrations were identified by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (mFISH) and array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). Numerous genes were overexpressed in HCT116 p53 −/− cells: RND3/RhoE (235.6-fold up-regulated), DCLK1 (60.2-fold up-regulated), LBH (31.9-fold up-regulated), MYB (28.9-fold up-regulated), TACSTD2 (110.1-fold down-regulated), NRIP1 (81.5-fold down-regulated) and HLA-DMB (69.7-fold down-regulated) are among the identified genes with potential influence on multidrug resistance (MDR) and they are associated with cancer progression and tumorigenesis, according to previously published studies. Probably due to TP53 deletion, disturbances in DNA repair and apoptosis are leading to aberrancies in cellular and organismal organization, ultimately increasing tumorigenesis and cancer progression potential. With NFκB, PI3K and HSP70, being at the center of merged protein network, and TH1-2 pathways, being among the influenced pathways, it can be speculated that the inflammatory pathway contributes to a resistance phenotype together with cell cycle regulation and heat-shock response. HCT116-p53 −/− cells have more chromosomal aberrations, gains and losses in copy numbers than HCT116-p53 +/+ cells. In conclusion, numerous genomic aberrations, which might be associated with yet unknown drug resistance mechanisms, were identified. This may have important implications for future treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onat Kadioglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mohamed Saeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nuha Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shaymaa Azawi
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Kristin Mrasek
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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11
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Yang CM, Kang MK, Jung WJ, Joo JS, Kim YJ, Choi Y, Kim HP. p53 expression confers sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil via distinct chromatin accessibility dynamics in human colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:226. [PMID: 33613715 PMCID: PMC7856692 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most commonly used drugs in chemotherapy, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has been shown to be effective in only 10-15% of patients with colon cancer. Thus, studies of the mechanisms affecting 5-FU sensitivity in these patients are necessary. The tumor suppressor protein p53 is a transcription factor that serves important roles in cell apoptosis by regulating the cell cycle. It has also been characterized as a key factor influencing drug sensitivity. Furthermore, accessible chromatin is a hallmark of active DNA regulatory elements and functions as a crucial epigenetic factor regulating cancer mechanisms. The present study assessed the genetic regulatory landscape in colon cancer by performing RNA sequencing and Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin sequencing, and investigated the effects of 5-FU on chromatin accessibility and gene expression. Notably, while treatment with 5-FU mediated global increases in chromatin accessibility, chromatin organization in several genomic regions differed depending on the expression status of p53. Since the occupancy of p53 does not overlap with accessible chromatin regions, the 5-FU-mediated changes in chromatin accessibility were not regulated by direct binding of p53. In the p53-expressing condition, the 5-FU-mediated accessible chromatin region was primarily associated with genes encoding cell death pathways. Additionally, 5-FU was revealed to induce open chromatin conformation at regions containing binding motifs for AP-1 family transcription factors, which may drive expression of apoptosis pathway genes. In conclusion, expression of p53 may confer 5-FU sensitivity by regulating chromatin accessibility of distinct genes associated with cell apoptosis in a transcription-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Min Yang
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Koo Kang
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Jae Jung
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Sik Joo
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Jin Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeeun Choi
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Pyo Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea.,Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
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12
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LINC00460-miR-149-5p/miR-150-5p-Mutant p53 Feedback Loop Promotes Oxaliplatin Resistance in Colorectal Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 22:1004-1015. [PMID: 33251049 PMCID: PMC7679243 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxaliplatin resistance is a major challenge in the clinical treatment for advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in tumorigenesis and progression as critical regulators, while their potential roles in chemoresistance are poorly understood. In this study, we report that the LINC00460-miR-149-5p/miR-150-5p-mutant p53 feedback loop is responsible for oxaliplatin resistance in CRC. First, LINC00460 was found to exhibit higher expression in oxaliplatin-resistant CRC (CRC/OxR) cells compared with parental oxaliplatin-sensitive ones, and this expression pattern depends on mutant p53 (SW480/OxR), not wild-type p53 (HCT116/OxR). Oxaliplatin-induced LINC00460 in SW480/OxR cells was mainly located in the cytoplasm and was associated with AGO2 protein. LINC00460 functions as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to promote oxaliplatin resistance through sequestering miR-149-5p/miR-150-5p and upregulating the expression of the microRNA (miRNA) target p53. Knockdown of LINC00460 sensitized SW480/OxR cells to oxaliplatin by modulating p53 in vitro and in vivo. In turn, mutant p53 positively regulated the expression of LINC00460, thus forming a feedback loop. Clinical data showed that LINC00460 was upregulated in CRC tissues compared with paired normal tissues and was significantly correlated with clinical stage and node (N) status. Our findings uncover a mechanism for the LINC00460-miR-149-5p/miR-150-5p-mutant p53 feedback loop in oxaliplatin resistance of CRC, and they provide potential therapeutic targets for tumor chemoresistance.
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Chemistry of Fluorinated Pyrimidines in the Era of Personalized Medicine. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153438. [PMID: 32751071 PMCID: PMC7435603 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We review developments in fluorine chemistry contributing to the more precise use of fluorinated pyrimidines (FPs) to treat cancer. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is the most widely used FP and is used to treat > 2 million cancer patients each year. We review methods for 5-FU synthesis, including the incorporation of radioactive and stable isotopes to study 5-FU metabolism and biodistribution. We also review methods for preparing RNA and DNA substituted with FPs for biophysical and mechanistic studies. New insights into how FPs perturb nucleic acid structure and dynamics has resulted from both computational and experimental studies, and we summarize recent results. Beyond the well-established role for inhibiting thymidylate synthase (TS) by the 5-FU metabolite 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine-5′-O-monophosphate (FdUMP), recent studies have implicated new roles for RNA modifying enzymes that are inhibited by 5-FU substitution including tRNA methyltransferase 2 homolog A (TRMT2A) and pseudouridylate synthase in 5-FU cytotoxicity. Furthermore, enzymes not previously implicated in FP activity, including DNA topoisomerase 1 (Top1), were established as mediating FP anti-tumor activity. We review recent literature summarizing the mechanisms by which 5-FU inhibits RNA- and DNA-modifying enzymes and describe the use of polymeric FPs that may enable the more precise use of FPs for cancer treatment in the era of personalized medicine.
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14
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Fluoropyrimidine Modulation of the Anti-Tumor Immune Response-Prospects for Improved Colorectal Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061641. [PMID: 32575843 PMCID: PMC7352193 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy modulates the anti-tumor immune response and outcomes depend on the balance of favorable and unfavorable effects of drugs on anti-tumor immunity. 5-Florouracil (5-FU) is widely used in adjuvant chemotherapy regimens to treat colorectal cancer (CRC) and provides a survival benefit. However, survival remains poor for CRC patients with advanced and metastatic disease and immune checkpoint blockade therapy benefits only a sub-set of CRC patients. Here we discuss the effects of 5-FU-based chemotherapy regimens to the anti-tumor immune response. We consider how different aspects of 5-FU's multi-factorial mechanism differentially affect malignant and immune cell populations. We summarize recent studies with polymeric fluoropyrimidines (e.g., F10, CF10) that enhance DNA-directed effects and discuss how such approaches may be used to enhance the anti-tumor immune response and improve outcomes.
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15
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Zhang R, Pan T, Xiang Y, Zhang M, Feng J, Liu S, Duan T, Chen P, Zhai B, Chen X, Wang W, Chen B, Han X, Chen L, Yan L, Jin T, Liu Y, Li G, Huang X, Zhang W, Sun Y, Li Q, Zhang Q, Zhuo L, Xie T, Wu Q, Sui X. β-Elemene Reverses the Resistance of p53-Deficient Colorectal Cancer Cells to 5-Fluorouracil by Inducing Pro-death Autophagy and Cyclin D3-Dependent Cycle Arrest. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:378. [PMID: 32457882 PMCID: PMC7225311 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Colorectal cancer is a malignant tumor of the digestive system with high morbidity and mortality. 5-fluorouracil remains a widely used chemotherapeutic drug in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer, but chemotherapy drugs are prone to develop drug resistance, p53 deletion or mutation is an important reason for the resistance of colorectal cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil. β-elemene has been proved to have the potential of reverse chemotherapy drug resistance, but the mechanism is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effect of β-elemene to 5-fluorouracil in drug-resistant p53-deficient colorectal cancer cells HCT116p53–/–, and determine the possible molecular mechanism of β-elemene to reverse 5-fluorouracil resistance. Methods The effect of β-elemene on HCT116p53–/– cell activity was detected by Cell counting Kit-8. Cell proliferation was detected by monoclonal plate. The apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and western blot. The autophagy was detected by western blot, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscope. Determine the role of Cyclin-related protein Cyclin D3 in β-elemene reversing the resistance of HCT116p53–/– to 5-fluorouracil was detected by overexpression of Cyclin D3. The effect of β-elemene on the tumorigenic ability of p53-deficient colorectal cancer cells was detected establishing HCT116p53–/– all line xenograft model. Results For p53 wildtype colorectal cancer cells, β-elemene could augment the sensitivity of 5-fluorouracil, for p53-deficient colorectal cancer cells, β-elemene significantly inhibited cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner, and reversed the resistance of HCT116p53–/– to 5-fluorouracil by inducing pro-death autophagy and Cyclin D3-dependent cycle arrest. Conclusion β-elemene enhances the sensitivity of p53 wild-type cells to 5-fluorouracil, β-elemene can reverse the resistance of HCT116p53–/– to 5-fluorouracil by inducing pro-death autophagy and Cyclin D3-dependent cycle arrest in p53-deficient colorectal cancer, which will provide a new method for the treatment of p53 deletion colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Ting Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Xiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Feng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuiping Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Duan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingtao Zhai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaying Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wengang Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bi Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Xuemeng Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liuxi Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lili Yan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Jin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guohua Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingxing Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenzheng Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yitian Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiujie Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lvjia Zhuo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qibiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Xinbing Sui
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
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FoxO3 reverses 5-fluorouracil resistance in human colorectal cancer cells by inhibiting the Nrf2/TR1 signaling pathway. Cancer Lett 2020; 470:29-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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17
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Gmeiner WH. Entrapment of DNA topoisomerase-DNA complexes by nucleotide/nucleoside analogs. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2019; 2:994-1001. [PMID: 31930190 PMCID: PMC6953902 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2019.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Topoisomerases are well-validated targets for cancer chemotherapy and DNA topoisomerase 1 (Top1) is the sole target of the camptothecin (CPT) class of anticancer drugs. Over the last 20 years, multiple studies have shown Top1 activity is modulated by non-native DNA structures and this can lead to trapping of Top1 cleavage complexes (Top1cc) and conversion to DNA double strand breaks. Among the perturbations to DNA structure that generate Top1cc are nucleoside analogs that are incorporated into genomic DNA during replication including cytarabine, gemcitabine, and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdU). We review the literature summarizing the role of Top1cc in mediating the DNA damaging and cytotoxic activities of nucleoside analogs. We also summarize studies demonstrating distinct differences between Top1cc induced by nucleoside analogs and CPTs, particularly with regard to DNA repair. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that, while Top1 is a common target for both Top1 poisons such as CPT and nucleoside analogs such as FdU, these agents are not redundant. In recent years, studies have shown that Top1 poisons and nucleoside analogs together with other anti-cancer drugs such as cisplatin cause replication stress and the DNA repair pathways that modulate the cytotoxic activities of these compounds are being elucidated. We present an overview of this evolving literature, which has implications for how targeting of Top1 with nucleoside analogs can be used more effectively for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H. Gmeiner
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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