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Mbugua S, Sibuyi NRS, Njenga LW, Odhiambo RA, Wandiga SO, Meyer M, Lalancette RA, Onani MO. New Palladium(II) and Platinum(II) Complexes Based on Pyrrole Schiff Bases: Synthesis, Characterization, X-ray Structure, and Anticancer Activity. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:14942-14954. [PMID: 32637768 PMCID: PMC7330904 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
New palladium (Pd)II and platinum (Pt)II complexes (C1-C5) from the Schiff base ligands, R-(phenyl)methanamine (L1), R-(pyridin-2-yl)methanamine (L2), and R-(furan-2-yl)methanamine (L3) (R-(E)-N-((1H-pyrrol-2-yl) methylene)) are herein reported. The complexes (C1-C5) were characterized by FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR, UV-vis, and microanalyses. Single-crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis was performed for the two ligands (L1-L2) and a Pt complex. Both L1 and L2 belong to P21/n monoclinic and P-1 triclinic space systems, respectively. The complex C5 belongs to the P21/c monoclinic space group. The investigated molar conductivity of the complexes in DMSO gave the range 4.0-8.8 μS/cm, suggesting neutrality, with log P values ≥ 1.2692 ± 0.004, suggesting lipophilicity. The anticancer activity and mechanism of the complexes were investigated against various human cancerous (Caco-2, HeLa, HepG2, MCF-7, and PC-3) and noncancerous (MCF-12A) cell lines using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and Apopercentage assays, respectively. C5 demonstrated strong DNA-binding affinity for calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) with a binding constant of 8.049 × 104 M-1. C3 reduced cell viability of all the six cell lines, which included five cancerous cell lines, by more than 80%. The C5 complex also demonstrated remarkably high selectivity with no cytotoxic activity toward the noncancerous breast cell line but reduced the viability of the five cancerous cell lines, which included one breast cancer cell line, by more than 60%. Further studies are required to evaluate the selective toxicity of these two complexes and to fully understand their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon
N. Mbugua
- Organometallics
and Nanomaterials, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Nicole R. S. Sibuyi
- Department
of Science and Technology/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre
(DST/Mintek NIC), Biolabels Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Lydia W. Njenga
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Ruth A. Odhiambo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Shem O. Wandiga
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Mervin Meyer
- Department
of Science and Technology/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre
(DST/Mintek NIC), Biolabels Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Roger A. Lalancette
- Rutgers,
Department of Chemistry, Rutgers State University, 73 Warren St., Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Martin O. Onani
- Organometallics
and Nanomaterials, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
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