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Ma H, Zhu L. Exploring the role of traditional Chinese medicine rehabilitation in stroke based on microRNA-mediated pyroptosis: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e39685. [PMID: 39312329 PMCID: PMC11419531 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000039685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke, also known as "cerebrovascular accident," is a disease caused by acute impairment of brain circulation, which has a high rate of disability and mortality. Ischemic stroke (IS) is the most common type of stroke and a major cause of death and disability worldwide. At present, there are still many limitations in the treatment of IS, so it may be urgent to explore more treatments for IS. In recent years, the clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine rehabilitation methods such as traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture, massage, traditional exercises and modern rehabilitation technology has achieved good results in the treatment of IS. Concurrently, studies have identified microRNA (miRNA), which are intimately associated with traditional Chinese medicine rehabilitation, as regulators of pyroptosis through their influence on microglia activity, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, angiogenesis and other factors, but at present, the mechanism of this direction has not been systematically summarized. Consequently, this article delineates in detail the specific role of miRNA in IS and the related activation pathways of pyroptosis in IS. This article presents a detailed discussion of the role of microRNA-mediated pyroptosis in IS, with a particular focus on the signaling pathways involved. The aim is to provide new insights for the research of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) rehabilitation in the prevention and treatment of IS. In addition, the article explores the potential of TCM rehabilitation in regulating miRNA-mediated pyroptosis to intervene in IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwen Ma
- Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Luwen Zhu
- Rehabilitation Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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Tang J, Xie Y, Fang R, Tan H, Zeng S, Wen Z, Sun X, Yao T, Wang S, Xie L, Wu D. The mechanism of Sangdantongluo granule in treating post-stroke spasticity based on multimodal fMRI combined with TMS: Study protocol. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2024; 39:101317. [PMID: 38948333 PMCID: PMC11214411 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2024.101317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Post-stroke spasticity (PSS) is among the prevalent complications of stroke, greatly affecting motor function recovery and reducing patients' quality of life without timely treatment. Sangdantongluo granule, a modern traditional Chinese patent medicine, has significant clinical efficacy in treating PSS. However, the mechanism of Sangdantongluo granule in treating PSS is still unknown. We designed this study to explore the mechanism of Sangdantongluo granule in treating PSS through multimodal functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) combined with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Methods and analysis In a single-center, randomized, double-blind, parallel placebo-controlled study, 60 PSS patients will be recruited in China and randomly assigned to either the experimental or control groups at a ratio of 1:1. For eight weeks, Sangdantongluo granule or placebo will be utilized for intervention. The main outcome is the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), the secondary outcome includes the Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale-upper Extremity (FMA-UE), National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and Modified Rankin Scale (mRS), the mechanism measure is the changes in cortical excitability and multimodal fMRI at baseline and after eight weeks. Ethics and dissemination This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine (approval number: [202364]). Clinical trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, identifier: ChiCTR2300074793. Registered on 16 August 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
- Department of Neurology, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Changsha, 410006, China
| | - Yao Xie
- Department of Neurology, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Changsha, 410006, China
| | - Rui Fang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410006, China
| | - Huizhong Tan
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
- Department of Neurology, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Changsha, 410006, China
| | - Shanshan Zeng
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
- Department of Neurology, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Changsha, 410006, China
| | - Zan Wen
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
- Department of Neurology, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Changsha, 410006, China
| | - Xiongxing Sun
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
- Department of Neurology, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Changsha, 410006, China
| | - Ting Yao
- Department of Neurology, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Changsha, 410006, China
| | - Shiliang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Changsha, 410006, China
| | - Le Xie
- Department of Neurology, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Changsha, 410006, China
| | - Dahua Wu
- Department of Neurology, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Changsha, 410006, China
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Wang M, Yang Y, Guo Y, Tan R, Sheng Y, Chui H, Chen P, Luo H, Ying Z, Li L, Zeng J, Zhao J. Xiaoxuming decoction cutting formula reduces LPS-stimulated inflammation in BV-2 cells by regulating miR-9-5p in microglia exosomes. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1183612. [PMID: 37266151 PMCID: PMC10229826 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1183612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Background: Stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, and the inflammatory mechanism plays a crucial role in stroke-related brain injury and post-ischemic tissue damage. Xiaoxuming decoction (XXMD) is the first prescription for the treatment of "zhongfeng" (a broad concept referring to stroke) in the Tang and Song Dynasties of China and has a significant position in the history of stroke treatment. Through the study of ancient medical records and modern clinical evidence, it is evident that XXMD has significant efficacy in the treatment of stroke and its sequelae, and its pharmacological mechanism may be related to post-stroke inflammation. However, XXMD contains 12 medicinal herbs with complex composition, and therefore, a simplified version of XXMD, called Xiaoxuming decoction cutting (XXMD-C), was derived based on the anti-inflammatory effects of the individual herbs. Therefore, it is necessary to explore and confirm the anti-inflammatory mechanism of XXMD-C. Aim of the study: Based on the previous experiments of our research group, it was found that both XXMD and XXMD-C have anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-induced microglia, and XXMD-C has a better anti-inflammatory effect. Since miRNAs in exosomes also participate in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases, and traditional Chinese medicine can regulate exosomal miRNAs through intervention, this study aims to explore the anti-inflammatory mechanism of XXMD-C in the treatment of post-stroke inflammation through transcriptome sequencing, providing a basis for the application of XXMD-C. Materials and methods: XXMD-C was extracted using water and filtered through a 0.22 μm membrane filter. The main chemical components of the medicinal herbs in XXMD-C were rapidly qualitatively analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). Cell viability was determined using the CCK-8 assay, and an LPS-induced BV-2 cell inflammation model was established. The expression of inflammatory cytokines was detected using ELISA and Western blot (WB). Extracellular vesicles were extracted using ultracentrifugation, and identified using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis, and WB. Differential miRNAs were screened using smallRNA-seq sequencing, and validated using RT-PCR and Western blot. Results: The UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis revealed that representative components including ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, cinnamaldehyde, baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, and ginsenoside Rg1 were detected in XXMD-C. The results of ELISA and WB assays showed that XXMD-C had a therapeutic effect on LPS-induced inflammation in BV-2 cells. TEM, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and WB results demonstrated the successful extraction of extracellular vesicles using high-speed centrifugation. Differential miRNA analysis by smallRNA-seq identified miR-9-5p, which was validated by RT-PCR and WB. Inhibition of miR-9-5p was found to downregulate the expression of inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, and TNF-α. Conclusion: The study found that XXMD-C has anti-neuroinflammatory effects. Through smallRNA-seq sequencing of extracellular vesicles, miR-9-5p was identified as a key miRNA in the mechanism of XXMD-C for treating neuroinflammation, and its in vivo anti-inflammatory mechanism deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglei Wang
- Translational Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Sichuan Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- College Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuting Yang
- Translational Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Sichuan Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanlei Guo
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruirong Tan
- Translational Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Sichuan Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanmei Sheng
- College Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Huawei Chui
- Translational Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Sichuan Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Translational Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Sichuan Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Luo
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zhujun Ying
- Translational Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Sichuan Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Li
- Translational Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Sichuan Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Zeng
- Translational Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Sichuan Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Junning Zhao
- Translational Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Sichuan Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Wang G, Chen Z, Song Y, Wu H, Chen M, Lai S, Wu X. Xueshuantong injection alleviates cerebral microcirculation disorder in middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion rats by suppressing inflammation via JNK mediated JAK2/STAT3 and NF-κB signaling pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115592. [PMID: 35931304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In the long history of traditional Chinese medicine, Panax notoginseng has been used as a key herb for the treatment of blood diseases. Brain microvessels support adequate blood circulation to maintain normal physiological function, therefore, brain microcirculation disorder is an important therapeutic target for various brain diseases. However, the role of Xueshuantong (XST) injection composed of saponins from P. Notoginseng (PNS) in the amelioration of cerebral microcirculation disorder is unclear. AIMS OF THE STUDY Cerebral microcirculation disorder and inflammation play a vital role in stroke. Capillary endothelial cells and adjacent tight junctions are fundamental to the structure and function of cerebrovascule. XST injection has been used clinically in the treatment of stroke, but no studies have reported its indication in cerebral microcirculation disorder. This study is to explore the action and mechanism of XST injection in the alleviation of cerebral microcirculation disorder in middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS MCAO/R rats and LPS-induced bEnd.3 cells were employed for the investigation of effect and mechanism of XST injection. Brain damages were evaluated by neurobehavioral assessment, 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E), and Nissl staining. Morphology and density changes of cerebral microvessels were monitored by immunohistochemistry. Cell permeability was detected by measurement of trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and sodium fluorescein (NaF) leakage. The mRNA and protein expressions of inflammatory cytokines, tight junction proteins, adhesion molecules, Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3), inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in brain microvessels and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced bEnd.3 cells were measured by real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS XST injection at 48 mg/kg significantly improved the neurological damage, inflammatory infiltration, and microvessel morphology, and increased microvessel density in brain of MCAO/R rats. The endothelial permeability was significantly mitigated by XST injection in LPS-induced bEnd.3 cells. Meanwhile, the tight junction proteins such as zona occludens 1 (ZO-1) and occludin were elevated remarkably in brain microvessel of MCAO/R rats and LPS-induced bEnd.3 cells. Moreover, the expression of inflammatory mediators including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cycloocygenases 2 (COX-2), vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9 were inhibited by XST injection. In addition, XST injection suppressed the phosphorylation of JAK2, STAT3, IκB, NF-κB and JNK, which could be abolished by anisomycin, the JNK agonist. CONCLUSION XST injection improved cerebral microvescular structure damage and dysfunction in MCAO/R rats through inhibiting inflammation activated by JNK mediated JAK2/STAT3 and NF-κB signaling pathways. The novel findings may provide theoretical basis for the clinical application in the treatment of cerebral microcirculation disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaorui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ziyu Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yingying Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hui Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ming Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization Technology of Pseudo-ginseng, Wu Zhou, China.
| | - Shusheng Lai
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization Technology of Pseudo-ginseng, Wu Zhou, China.
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Ren W, Zhao F, Han Y, Liu Z, Zhai J, Jia K. Muscone improves hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced neuronal injury by blocking HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway via modulating microRNA-142. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13523. [PMID: 35860039 PMCID: PMC9290999 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have indicated that natural muscone has neuroprotective effects against cerebral hypoxia injury; however, little is known in regards to its pharmacological mechanism. In this study, we tried to evaluate the neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of muscone against cerebral hypoxia injury using an in vitro model. The cerebral hypoxia injury cell model was produced by hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). The cell viability and apoptosis were measured using the cell counting Kit-8 and the Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Detection kit, respectively. To screen microRNAs regulated by muscone, we analyzed the gene expression datasets of GSE84216 retrieved from gene expression omnibus (GEO). Here, it was demonstrated that muscone treatment significantly alleviated the cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation in H/R-exposed neurons. Subsequently, through analyzing GSE84216 from the GEO database, miR-142-5p was markedly upregulated by treatment of muscone in this cell model of cerebral hypoxia injury. Further experiments revealed that downregulation of miR-142-5p eliminated the neuroprotective effects of muscone against H/R induced neuronal injury. Additionally, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), an important inflammatory factor, was identified as a direct target of miR-142-5p in neurons. Meanwhile, we further demonstrated that muscone could reduce the expression of HMGB1 by upregulating miR-142-5p expression, which subsequently resulted in the inactivation of TLR4/NF-κB pathway, finally leading to the improvement of cell injury in H/R-exposed neurons. Overall, we demonstrate for the first time that muscone treatment alleviates cerebral hypoxia injury in in vitro experiments through blocking activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway by targeting HMGB1, suggesting that muscone may serve as a potential therapeutic drug for treating cerebral hypoxia injury.
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To Predict Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Targets of Guizhi Decoction in Treating Asthma Based on Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Experimental Validation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:9033842. [PMID: 34966437 PMCID: PMC8712140 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9033842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Asthma, characterized by the continuous inflammatory response caused by a variety of immune cells, is one of the most common chronic respiratory diseases worldwide. Relevant clinical trials proved that the traditional Chinese medicine formula Guizhi Decoction (GZD) had multitarget and multichannel functions, which might be an effective drug for asthma. However, the effective ingredients and mechanisms of GZD against asthma are still unclear. Therefore, network pharmacology, molecular docking, and cell experiments were performed to explore the antiasthma effects and potential mechanisms of GZD. First, we applied the TCMSP database and literature to obtain the bioactivated ingredients in GZD. SwissTargetPrediction, TCMSP, GeneCards, OMIM, PharmGkb, TTD, DrugBank, and STRING database were used to get core genes. In addition, the key pathways were analyzed by the DAVID database. Molecular docking was used to predict whether the important components could act on the core target proteins directly. Finally, qPCR was carried out to verify the network pharmacology results and the possible mechanisms of GZD in the treatment of asthma. We collected 134 active ingredients in GZD, 959 drug targets, and 3223 disease targets. 431 intersection genes were screened for subsequent analysis. Through GO and KEGG analyses, enriched pathways related to inflammation and immune regulation were presented. Through the qPCR method to verify the role of essential genes, we found that GZD had an excellent anti-inflammatory effect. Direct or indirect inhibition of MAPK and NF-κB pathways might be one of the crucial mechanisms of GZD against asthma. GZD might be a promising potential drug for the treatment of asthma. This article provided a reference for the clinical application of GZD.
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Zingale VD, Gugliandolo A, Mazzon E. MiR-155: An Important Regulator of Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:90. [PMID: 35008513 PMCID: PMC8745074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and that play an important role in many cellular processes, including modulation of inflammation. MiRNAs are present in high concentrations in the central nervous system (CNS) and are spatially and temporally expressed in a specific way. Therefore, an imbalance in the expression pattern of these small molecules can be involved in the development of neurological diseases. Generally, CNS responds to damage or disease through the activation of an inflammatory response, but many neurological disorders are characterized by uncontrolled neuroinflammation. Many studies support the involvement of miRNAs in the activation or inhibition of inflammatory signaling and in the promotion of uncontrolled neuroinflammation with pathological consequences. MiR-155 is a pro-inflammatory mediator of the CNS and plays an important regulatory role. The purpose of this review is to summarize how miR-155 is regulated and the pathological consequences of its deregulation during neuroinflammatory disorders, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and other neuroinflammatory disorders. Modulation of miRNAs' expression could be used as a therapeutic strategy in the treatment of pathological neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnese Gugliandolo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (V.D.Z.); (E.M.)
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Inhibitory Effect of Gualou Guizhi Decoction on Microglial Inflammation and Neuron Injury by Promoting Anti-Inflammation via Targeting mmu-miR-155. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:2549076. [PMID: 34457020 PMCID: PMC8387184 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2549076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gualou Guizhi decoction (GLGZD) treatment exerts neuroprotective effects and promotes spasticity following ischemic stroke. However, the molecular mechanism of GLGZD treatment on ischemic stroke remains unclear. Our previous study indicated that GLGZD ameliorates neuronal damage caused by secondary inflammatory injury induced by microglia. In the present study, we investigate the potential mechanism of GLGZD treatment on neuron damage induced by neuroinflammation via mmu-miR-155 in vitro. The HT22 cell line and the BV2 cell line were exposed to oxygen/glucose-deprive (OGD) conditions; the conditioned medium was prepared using the supernatants from OGD-stimulated BV2 cells after pretreating with GLGZD. Cell viability was determined by MTT assays; levels of released inflammatory cytokines were assessed using the BioPlex system. mmu-miR-155 and its targeting genes were detected using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The expression of anti-inflammatory proteins was evaluated by Western blotting. DAPI staining was used to test the apoptotic cells. Our results showed that GLGZD pretreatment significantly induced IL10 release and decreased the production of TNF-α, IL6, and IFN-γ. In addition, GLGZD markedly attenuated mmu-miR-155 expression and its downstream SOCS1, SMAD2, SHIP1, and TAB2 expression levels. The DAPI-stained apoptotic cell death and caspase-3 activation in HT22 cells exposed to the conditioned medium were reversed by GLGZD treatment. Our findings suggested that GLGZD pretreatment downregulates the mmu-miR-155 signaling, which inhibits microglial inflammation, thereby resulting in the suppression of neuron apoptosis after OGD stress. The underlying mechanisms may provide the support for GLGZD treatment of cerebral ischemic injury.
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Zha Z, Gao YF, Ji J, Sun YQ, Li JL, Qi F, Zhang N, Jin LY, Xue B, Yang T, Fan YP, Zhao H, Wang L. Bu Shen Yi Sui Capsule Alleviates Neuroinflammation and Demyelination by Promoting Microglia toward M2 Polarization, Which Correlates with Changes in miR-124 and miR-155 in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5521503. [PMID: 33815654 PMCID: PMC7987454 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5521503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bu Shen Yi Sui capsule (BSYS) is a traditional Chinese medicine prescription that has shown antineuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects in treating multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Microglia play an important role in neuroinflammation. The M1 phenotype of microglia is involved in the proinflammatory process of the disease, while the M2 phenotype plays an anti-inflammatory role. Promoting the polarization of microglia to M2 in MS/EAE is a promising therapeutic strategy. This study is aimed at exploring the effects of BSYS on microglial polarization in mice with EAE. METHODS The EAE model was established by the intraperitoneal injection of pertussis toxin and subcutaneous injection of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 in C57BL/6J mice. The mice were treated with BSYS (3.02 g/kg), FTY720 (0.3 mg/kg), or distilled water by intragastric administration. H&E and LFB staining, transmission electron microscopy, qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence, ELISA, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and western blotting were used to detect the histological changes in myelin, microglial M1/M2 polarization markers, and the expression of key genes involved in EAE. Results and Conclusions. BSYS treatment of EAE mice increased the body weight, decreased the clinical score, and reduced demyelination induced by inflammatory infiltration. BSYS also inhibited the mRNA expression of M1 microglial markers while increasing the mRNA level of M2 markers. Additionally, BSYS led to a marked decrease in the ratio of M1 microglia (iNOS+/Iba1+) and an obvious increase in the number of M2 microglia (Arg1+/Iba1+). In the EAE mouse model, miR-124 expression was decreased, and miR-155 expression was increased, while BSYS treatment significantly reversed this effect and modulated the levels of C/EBP α, PU.1, and SOCS1 (target genes of miR-124 and miR-155). Therefore, the neuroprotective effect of BSYS against MS/EAE was related to promoting microglia toward M2 polarization, which may be correlated with changes in miR-124 and miR-155 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zha
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yan-Fang Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jing Ji
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ya-Qin Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jun-Ling Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Fang Qi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Liang-Yun Jin
- Core Facility Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Bing Xue
- Core Facility Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Yong-Ping Fan
- Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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