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Saadh MJ, Mustafa MA, Malathi H, Ahluwalia G, Kaur S, Al-Dulaimi MAAH, Alubiady MHS, Zain Al-Abdeen SH, Shakier HG, Ali MS, Ahmad I, Abosaoda MK. Targeting the pancreatic tumor microenvironment by plant-derived products and their nanoformulations. Med Oncol 2024; 41:201. [PMID: 39001987 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02443-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains a significant health issue with limited treatment options. The tumor stroma, a complex environment made up of different cells and proteins, plays a crucial role in tumor growth and chemoresistance. Targeting tumor stroma, consisting of diverse non-tumor cells such as fibroblasts, extracellular matrix (ECM), immune cells, and also pre-vascular cells is encouraging for remodeling solid cancers, such as pancreatic cancer. Remodeling the stroma of pancreas tumors can be suggested as a strategy for reducing resistance to chemo/immunotherapy. Several studies have shown that phytochemicals from plants can affect the tumor environment and have anti-cancer properties. By targeting key pathways involved in stromal activation, phytochemicals may disrupt communication between the tumor and stroma and make tumor cells more sensitive to different treatments. Additionally, phytochemicals have immunomodulatory and anti-angiogenic properties, all of which contribute to their potential in treating pancreatic cancer. This review will provide a detailed look at how phytochemicals impact the tumor stroma and their effects on pancreatic tumor growth, spread, and response to treatment. It will also explore the potential of combining phytochemicals with other treatment options like chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed J Saadh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman, 11831, Jordan
| | - Mohammed Ahmed Mustafa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Imam Jaafar AL-Sadiq, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - H Malathi
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed to Be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Gunveen Ahluwalia
- Department of Allied Healthcare and Sciences, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, 303012, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sumeet Kaur
- Department of Applied Sciences, Chandigarh Engineering Colleges, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Jhanjeri, 140307, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Munther Kadhim Abosaoda
- College of Pharmacy, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
- College of Pharmacy, The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
- College of Pharmacy, The Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
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2
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Liu YN, Liu MK, Wen YC, Li CH, Yeh HL, Dung PVT, Jiang KC, Chen WH, Li HR, Huang J, Chen WY. Binding of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist to cholinergic receptor muscarinic 4 promotes immunosuppression and neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2024; 598:217090. [PMID: 38945201 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.217090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) of prostate cancer (PCa) is characterized by high levels of immunosuppressive molecules, including cytokines and chemokines. This creates a hostile immune landscape that impedes effective immune responses. The interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist (IL1RN), a key anti-inflammatory molecule, plays a significant role in suppressing IL-1-related immune and inflammatory responses. Our research investigates the oncogenic role of IL1RN in PCa, particularly its interactions with muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 4 (CHRM4), and its involvement in driving immunosuppressive pathways and M2-like macrophage polarization within the PCa TME. We demonstrate that following androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), the IL1RN-CHRM4 interaction in PCa activates the MAPK/AKT signaling pathway. This activation upregulates the transcription factors E2F1 and MYCN, stimulating IL1RN production and creating a positive feedback loop that increases CHRM4 abundance in both PCa cells and M2-like macrophages. This ADT-driven IL1RN/CHRM4 axis significantly enhances immune checkpoint markers associated with neuroendocrine differentiation and treatment-resistant outcomes. Higher serum IL1RN levels are associated with increased disease aggressiveness and M2-like macrophage markers in advanced PCa patients. Additionally, elevated IL1RN levels correlate with better clinical outcomes following immunotherapy. Clinical correlations between IL1RN and CHRM4 expression in advanced PCa patients and neuroendocrine PCa organoid models highlight their potential as therapeutic targets. Our data suggest that targeting the IL1RN/CHRM4 signaling could be a promising strategy for managing PCa progression and enhancing treatment responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Nien Liu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Kun Liu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Wen
- Department of Urology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsiu Li
- Department of Urology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Lien Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Phan Vu Thuy Dung
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ching Jiang
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hao Chen
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ru Li
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wei-Yu Chen
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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3
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Chen H, Zuo H, Huang J, Liu J, Jiang L, Jiang C, Zhang S, Hu Q, Lai H, Yin B, Yang G, Mai G, Li B, Chi H. Unravelling infiltrating T‐cell heterogeneity in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma: Integrative single‐cell and spatial transcriptomic profiling. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18403. [PMCID: PMC11190954 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) pathogenesis intricately involves immune system dynamics, particularly the role of T cells within the tumour microenvironment. Through a multifaceted approach encompassing single‐cell RNA sequencing, spatial transcriptome analysis and bulk transcriptome profiling, we systematically explored the contribution of infiltrating T cells to KIRC heterogeneity. Employing high‐density weighted gene co‐expression network analysis (hdWGCNA), module scoring and machine learning, we identified a distinct signature of infiltrating T cell‐associated genes (ITSGs). Spatial transcriptomic data were analysed using robust cell type decomposition (RCTD) to uncover spatial interactions. Further analyses included enrichment assessments, immune infiltration evaluations and drug susceptibility predictions. Experimental validation involved PCR experiments, CCK‐8 assays, plate cloning assays, wound‐healing assays and Transwell assays. Six subpopulations of infiltrating and proliferating T cells were identified in KIRC, with notable dynamics observed in mid‐ to late‐stage disease progression. Spatial analysis revealed significant correlations between T cells and epithelial cells across varying distances within the tumour microenvironment. The ITSG‐based prognostic model demonstrated robust predictive capabilities, implicating these genes in immune modulation and metabolic pathways and offering prognostic insights into drug sensitivity for 12 KIRC treatment agents. Experimental validation underscored the functional relevance of PPIB in KIRC cell proliferation, invasion and migration. Our study comprehensively characterizes infiltrating T‐cell heterogeneity in KIRC using single‐cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptome data. The stable prognostic model based on ITSGs unveils infiltrating T cells' prognostic potential, shedding light on the immune microenvironment and offering avenues for personalized treatment and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Chen
- Department of General Surgery (Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery), The Affiliated HospitalSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
- School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated HospitalSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Haoyuan Zuo
- Department of General Surgery (Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery), The Affiliated HospitalSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
- Department of General Surgery (Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery)Deyang People's HospitalDeyangChina
| | - Jinbang Huang
- School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated HospitalSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of General Surgery (Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery), The Affiliated HospitalSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
- Department of General SurgeryDazhou Central HospitalDazhouChina
| | - Lai Jiang
- School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated HospitalSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Chenglu Jiang
- School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated HospitalSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Shengke Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated HospitalSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Qingwen Hu
- School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated HospitalSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Haotian Lai
- School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated HospitalSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Bangchao Yin
- Department of PathologySixth People's Hospital of YibinYibinChina
| | - Guanhu Yang
- Department of Specialty MedicineOhio UniversityAthensOhioUSA
| | - Gang Mai
- Department of General Surgery (Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery), The Affiliated HospitalSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
- Department of General Surgery (Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery)Deyang People's HospitalDeyangChina
| | - Bo Li
- Department of General Surgery (Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery), The Affiliated HospitalSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Hao Chi
- School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated HospitalSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
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4
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Prabhash K, Saldanha E, Patil V, Bal M, Reddy P S, Sanjeev A, Kumar R, Poojary D, Noronha V, Menon N, Mittal N, Trivedi V, Nambiar K, Mishra R, Tanwar N, Malhotra R, Pange P, Gupta V, Veldore VH, Chougule A, Chaturvedi P, Dutt A, Chandrani P. RET Alterations Differentiate Molecular Profile of Medullary Thyroid Cancer. JCO Precis Oncol 2024; 8:e2300622. [PMID: 38754058 DOI: 10.1200/po.23.00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a rare cancer originating from parafollicular C cells of the thyroid gland. Therapeutically relevant alterations in MTC are predominantly reported in RET oncogene, and lower-frequency alterations are reported in KRAS and BRAF. Nevertheless, there is an unmet need existing to analyze the MTC in the Indian cohort by using in-depth sequencing techniques that go beyond the identification of known therapeutic biomarkers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here, we characterize MTC using integrative whole-exome and whole-transcriptome sequencing of 32 MTC tissue samples. We performed clinically relevant variant analysis, molecular pathway analysis, tumor immune-microenvironment analysis, and structural characterization of RET novel mutation. RESULTS Mutational landscape analysis shows expected RET mutations in 50% of the cases. Furthermore, we observed mutations in known cancer genes like KRAS, HRAS, SF3B1, and BRAF to be altered only in the RET-negative cohort. Pathway analysis showed differential enrichment of mutations in transcriptional deregulation genes in the RET-negative cohort. Furthermore, we observed novel RET kinase domain mutation Y900S showing affinity to RET inhibitors accessed via molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. CONCLUSION Altogether, this study provides a detailed genomic characterization of patients with MTC of Indian origin, highlighting the possible utility of targeted therapies in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Prabhash
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Elveera Saldanha
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
- Medical Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
- Computational Biology, Bioinformatics and Crosstalk Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Vijay Patil
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Munita Bal
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Sreekanth Reddy P
- 4baseCare Onco Solutions Pvt Ltd, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bengaluru, India
| | - Airy Sanjeev
- Medical Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
- Computational Biology, Bioinformatics and Crosstalk Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Raunak Kumar
- Medical Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
- Computational Biology, Bioinformatics and Crosstalk Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Disha Poojary
- Medical Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
- Computational Biology, Bioinformatics and Crosstalk Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Vanita Noronha
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Nandini Menon
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Neha Mittal
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Vaishakhi Trivedi
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
- Medical Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Kavya Nambiar
- Medical Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Rohit Mishra
- Integrated Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Nishtha Tanwar
- 4baseCare Onco Solutions Pvt Ltd, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bengaluru, India
| | - Richa Malhotra
- 4baseCare Onco Solutions Pvt Ltd, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bengaluru, India
| | - Priyanka Pange
- Medical Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Vinod Gupta
- Medical Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Vidya H Veldore
- 4baseCare Onco Solutions Pvt Ltd, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bengaluru, India
| | - Anuradha Chougule
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
- Medical Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Pankaj Chaturvedi
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Amit Dutt
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
- Integrated Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Pratik Chandrani
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
- Medical Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
- Computational Biology, Bioinformatics and Crosstalk Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India
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5
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Chaurasia RK, Sapra BK, Aswal DK. Interplay of immune modulation, adaptive response and hormesis: Suggestive of threshold for clinical manifestation of effects of ionizing radiation at low doses? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170178. [PMID: 38280586 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The health impacts of low-dose ionizing radiation exposures have been a subject of debate over the last three to four decades. While there has been enough evidence of "no adverse observable" health effects at low doses and low dose rates, the hypothesis of "Linear No Threshold" continues to rule and govern the principles of radiation protection and the formulation of regulations and public policies. In adopting this conservative approach, the role of the biological processes underway in the human body is kept at abeyance. This review consolidates the available studies that discuss all related biological pathways and repair mechanisms that inhibit the progression of deleterious effects at low doses and low dose rates of ionizing radiation. It is pertinent that, taking cognizance of these processes, there is a need to have a relook at policies of radiation protection, which as of now are too stringent, leading to undue economic losses and negative public perception about radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Chaurasia
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, India; Health, Safety and Environment Group,Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India.
| | - B K Sapra
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, India; Health, Safety and Environment Group,Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India.
| | - D K Aswal
- Health, Safety and Environment Group,Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India.
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6
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Gao S, Ding S, Tang Z. A preliminary mechanistic exploration of the effect of leptin on the docetaxel sensitivity of MDA‑MB‑231 triple‑negative breast cancer cells. Mol Clin Oncol 2024; 20:24. [PMID: 38410187 PMCID: PMC10895386 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2024.2722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a common tumor encountered in women, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has an extremely poor prognosis. The effect of leptin on the docetaxel sensitivity of MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells has not been investigated. The present study aimed to clarify the effect of leptin and M2 tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) on the chemosensitivity of TNBC cell lines and its possible mechanisms. In the present study, the apoptosis of the MDA-MB-231 cell line was detected at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay to determine the appropriate concentration of docetaxel as well as the IC50 value. After determining the effect of leptin on TAMs, the conditioned medium with an appropriate concentration of docetaxel was collected to treat the breast cancer cells, and flow cytometry was used to detect the cell cycle distribution and apoptosis in different treatment groups. Interleukin 8 (IL-8) expression was detected using ELISA and western blot assay. The IL-8 antibody was used to neutralize IL-8, and invasion and scratch assays were used to detect changes in invasion and migration of breast cancer cells. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 9.0 and SPSS 22.0. It was revealed that the apoptotic rate of MDA-MB-231 cells in the leptin-treated TAMs group was lower than that in other groups. The expression of IL-8 was notably elevated in the group treated with leptin-activated TAMs compared with that in the other groups. The neutralization of IL-8 resulted in a significant reduction in the invasive migration of MDA-MB-231 cells compared with that in the non-neutralized group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Gao
- Department of Oncology, The Central Hospital of Yongzhou, Yongzhou, Hunan 425000, P.R. China
| | - Sijuan Ding
- Department of Oncology, The Central Hospital of Yongzhou, Yongzhou, Hunan 425000, P.R. China
| | - Zhaohui Tang
- Department of Oncology, The Central Hospital of Yongzhou, Yongzhou, Hunan 425000, P.R. China
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Panwar V, Singh A, Bhatt M, Tonk RK, Azizov S, Raza AS, Sengupta S, Kumar D, Garg M. Multifaceted role of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling pathway in human health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:375. [PMID: 37779156 PMCID: PMC10543444 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01608-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a protein kinase that controls cellular metabolism, catabolism, immune responses, autophagy, survival, proliferation, and migration, to maintain cellular homeostasis. The mTOR signaling cascade consists of two distinct multi-subunit complexes named mTOR complex 1/2 (mTORC1/2). mTOR catalyzes the phosphorylation of several critical proteins like AKT, protein kinase C, insulin growth factor receptor (IGF-1R), 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K), transcription factor EB (TFEB), sterol-responsive element-binding proteins (SREBPs), Lipin-1, and Unc-51-like autophagy-activating kinases. mTOR signaling plays a central role in regulating translation, lipid synthesis, nucleotide synthesis, biogenesis of lysosomes, nutrient sensing, and growth factor signaling. The emerging pieces of evidence have revealed that the constitutive activation of the mTOR pathway due to mutations/amplification/deletion in either mTOR and its complexes (mTORC1 and mTORC2) or upstream targets is responsible for aging, neurological diseases, and human malignancies. Here, we provide the detailed structure of mTOR, its complexes, and the comprehensive role of upstream regulators, as well as downstream effectors of mTOR signaling cascades in the metabolism, biogenesis of biomolecules, immune responses, and autophagy. Additionally, we summarize the potential of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) as an important modulator of mTOR signaling. Importantly, we have highlighted the potential of mTOR signaling in aging, neurological disorders, human cancers, cancer stem cells, and drug resistance. Here, we discuss the developments for the therapeutic targeting of mTOR signaling with improved anticancer efficacy for the benefit of cancer patients in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Panwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Aishwarya Singh
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India
| | - Manini Bhatt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Punjab, 140001, India
| | - Rajiv K Tonk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Shavkatjon Azizov
- Laboratory of Biological Active Macromolecular Systems, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences Uzbekistan, Tashkent, 100125, Uzbekistan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technical University, 100084, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Agha Saquib Raza
- Rajive Gandhi Super Speciality Hospital, Tahirpur, New Delhi, 110093, India
| | - Shinjinee Sengupta
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India.
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India.
| | - Manoj Garg
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India.
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8
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Xaplanteri P, Rodis N, Potsios C. Gut Microbiota Crosstalk with Resident Macrophages and Their Role in Invasive Amebic Colitis and Giardiasis-Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1203. [PMID: 37317178 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response is highly dependent on the action of macrophages. They are abundant in the intestine subepithelial lamina propria of the mucosa, where they deploy multiple tasks and play a critical role. The balance between the gut microbiota and M2 macrophages is critical for gut health and homeostasis. Gut microbiota has the power to change macrophage phenotype and replenish the resident macrophage niche during and post infection. As far as the extracellular enteric parasitic infections invasive amebic colitis and giardiasis are concerned, a change of macrophages phenotype to a pro-inflammatory state is dependent on direct contact of the protozoan parasites with host cells. Macrophages induce strong pro-inflammatory response by inflammasome activation and secretion of interleukin IL-1β. Inflammasomes play a key role in the response to cellular stress and microbe attacks. The balance between gut mucosal homeostasis and infection is dependent on the crosstalk between microbiota and resident macrophages. Parasitic infections involve NLRP1 and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. For Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia duodenalis infections, inflammasome NLRP3 activation is crucial to promote the host defenses. More studies are needed to further elucidate possible therapeutic and protective strategies against these protozoan enteric parasites' invasive infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Xaplanteri
- Department of Microbiology, General Hospital of Eastern Achaia, 25001 Kalavrita, Greece
| | - Nikiforos Rodis
- Department of Surgery, University General Hospital of Patras, 26332 Patras, Greece
| | - Charalampos Potsios
- Department of Internal Medicine, University General Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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9
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Yang X, Wu M, Yan X, Zhang C, Luo Y, Yu J. Pulsatilla Saponins Inhibit Experimental Lung Metastasis of Melanoma via Targeting STAT6-Mediated M2 Macrophages Polarization. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093682. [PMID: 37175092 PMCID: PMC10179893 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulsatilla saponins (PS) extracts from Pulsatilla chinensis (Bge.) Regel, are a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine. In the previous study, we found Pulsatilla saponins displayed anti-tumor activity without side effects such as bone marrow suppression. However, the mechanism of the anti-tumor effect was not illustrated well. Since M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that required activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) for polarization are the important immune cells in the tumor microenvironment and play a key role in tumor progress and metastasis, this study aimed to confirm whether Pulsatilla saponins could inhibit the development and metastasis of tumors by inhibiting the polarization of M2 macrophages. We investigated the relevance of M2 macrophage polarization and the anti-tumor effects of Pulsatilla saponins in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, Pulsatilla saponins could decrease the mRNA level of M2 marker genes Arg1, Fizz1, Ym1, and CD206, and the down-regulation effect of phosphorylated STAT6 induced by IL-4; moreover, the conditioned medium (CM) from bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) treated with Pulsatilla saponins could inhibit the proliferation and migration of B16-F0 cells. In vivo, Pulsatilla saponins could reduce the number of lung metastasis loci, down-regulate the expression of M2 marker genes, and suppress the expression of phosphorylated STAT6 in tumor tissues. Furthermore, we used AS1517499 (AS), a STAT6 inhibitor, to verify the role of PS on M2 macrophage polarization both in vitro and in vivo. We found that Pulsatilla saponins failed to further inhibit STAT6 activation; the mRNA level of Arg1, Fizz1, Ym1, and CD206; and the proliferation and migration of B16-F0 cells after AS1517499 intervention in vitro. Similar results were obtained in vivo. These results illustrated that Pulsatilla saponins could effectively suppress tumor progress by inhibiting the polarization of M2 macrophages via the STAT6 signaling pathway; this revealed a novel mechanism for its anti-tumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Prevention and Treatment of Vascular Remodeling Associated Disease, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Miaolin Wu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Prevention and Treatment of Vascular Remodeling Associated Disease, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xin Yan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Yingying Luo
- Center for Translational Medicine, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Prevention and Treatment of Vascular Remodeling Associated Disease, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, No. 56 Yangming Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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10
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Xue Y, Song X, Fan S, Deng R. The role of tumor-associated macrophages in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Front Physiol 2022; 13:959747. [PMID: 36105288 PMCID: PMC9464857 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.959747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common head and neck cancer with a high recurrence rate and a low 5-year survival rate. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are important immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, which play an important role in the progression of many tumors. This article reviews the origin, and the role of TAMs in the invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis and immunosuppression of OSCC. Therapeutic strategies targeting TAMs are also discussed in hopes of providing new ideas for the treatment of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Xue
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Song
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Siyu Fan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Runzhi Deng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Runzhi Deng,
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11
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Li W, Wu F, Zhao S, Shi P, Wang S, Cui D. Correlation between PD-1/PD-L1 expression and polarization in tumor-associated macrophages: A key player in tumor immunotherapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2022; 67:49-57. [PMID: 35871139 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor immunotherapy, such as PD-1/PD-L1 blockade, has shown promising clinical efficacy in patients with various types of tumors. However, the response to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in a majority of malignancies is limited, indicating an urgent need for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of PD-1/PD-L1 axis-mediated tumor tolerance. As the most abundant immune cells in the tumor stroma, macrophages display multiple phenotypes and functions in response to the stimuli of the tumor microenvironment. PD-1/PD-L1 has been demonstrated to be highly expressed in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and TAM polarization has been shown to be important during tumor progression. In this review, we outline the relationship between TAM PD-1/PD-L1 expression and polarizations, summarize the involvement of M2 TAMs in PD-1/PD-L1-mediated T-cell exhaustion, and discuss improved approaches for overcoming PD-1/PD-L1 blockade resistance by inducing M2/M1 switching of TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Center of Research Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China.
| | - Fenglei Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Shaolin Zhao
- Center of Research Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Peiqin Shi
- Center of Research Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
| | - Dawei Cui
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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12
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The protein 4.1R downregulates VEGFA in M2 macrophages to inhibit colon cancer metastasis. Exp Cell Res 2021; 409:112896. [PMID: 34717920 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
M2 macrophages are crucial components of the tumour microenvironment and have been shown to be closely related to tumour progression. Co-culture with 4.1R-/- M2 macrophages enhances the malignancy of colon cancer (CC), but the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we report that protein 4.1R knockout reduced the phagocytosis of M2 macrophages (M-CSF/IL-4-treated bone marrow cells) and promoted MC38 colon cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tumour formation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which are regulated by M2 macrophages. Further mechanistic dissection revealed that the 4.1R knockout upregulated vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) secreted by M2 macrophages and promoted colon cancer progression by activating the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. In summary, our present study identified that 4.1R downregulates VEGFA secretion in M2 macrophages and delays the malignant potential of colon cancer by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway.
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13
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Aggarwal V, Tuli HS, Varol M, Tuorkey M, Sak K, Parashar NC, Barwal TS, Sharma U, Iqubal A, Parashar G, Jain A. NOTCH signaling: Journey of an evolutionarily conserved pathway in driving tumor progression and its modulation as a therapeutic target. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 164:103403. [PMID: 34214610 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling, an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade, is critical for normal biological processes of cell differentiation, development, and homeostasis. Deregulation of the Notch signaling pathway has been associated with tumor progression. Thus, Notch presents as an interesting target for a variety of cancer subtypes and its signaling mechanisms have been actively explored from the therapeutic viewpoint. However, besides acting as an oncogene, Notch pathway can possess also tumor suppressive functions, being implicated in inhibition of cancer development. Given such interesting dual and dynamic role of Notch, in this review, we discuss how the evolutionarily conserved Notch signaling pathway drives hallmarks of tumor progression and how it could be targeted for a promising treatment and management of cancer. In addition, the up-to-date information on the inhibitors currently under clinical trials for Notch targets is presented along with how NOTCH inhibitors can be used in conjunction with established chemotherapy/radiotherapy regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Aggarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
| | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, 133 207, Haryana, India.
| | - Mehmet Varol
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, TR48000, Turkey.
| | - Muobarak Tuorkey
- Division of Physiology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt.
| | | | - Nidarshana Chaturvedi Parashar
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, 133 207, Haryana, India.
| | - Tushar Singh Barwal
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Village-Ghudda, 151 401, Punjab, India.
| | - Uttam Sharma
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Village-Ghudda, 151 401, Punjab, India.
| | - Ashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Formerly Faculty of Pharmacy), Jamia Hamdard (Deemed to be University), Delhi, India.
| | - Gaurav Parashar
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, 133 207, Haryana, India.
| | - Aklank Jain
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Village-Ghudda, 151 401, Punjab, India.
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