Asymmetric dimethylarginine, erythropoietin resistance, and anemia in CKD

Medium cut-off dialyzer improves erythropoiesis stimulating agent resistance in a hepcidin-independent manner in maintenance hemodialysis patients: results from a randomized controlled trial

The response to erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) is affected by inflammation linked to middle molecules in hemodialysis (HD) patients. We evaluated the effect of a medium cut-off (MCO) dialyzer on ESA resistance in maintenance HD patients. Forty-nine patients who underwent high-flux HD were randomly allocated to the MCO or high-flux group. The primary outcome was the changes of erythropoietin resistance index (ERI; U/kg/wk/g/dL) between baseline and 12 weeks. The MCO group showed significant decrease in the ESA dose, weight-adjusted ESA dose, and ERI compared to the high-flux group at 12 weeks (p < 0.05). The generalized estimating equation models revealed significant interactions between groups and time for the ESA dose, weight-adjusted ESA dose, and ERI (p < 0.05). Serum iron and transferrin saturation were higher in the MCO group at 12 weeks (p < 0.05). The MCO group showed a greater reduction in TNF-α and lower serum TNF-α level at 12 weeks compared to the high-flux group (p < 0.05), whereas no differences were found in the reduction ratio of hepcidin and serum levels of erythropoietin, erythroferrone, soluble transferrin receptor and hepcidin between groups. HD with MCO dialyzer improves ESA resistance over time compared to high-flux HD in maintenance HD patients. The MCO dialyzer provides superior removal of the inflammatory cytokine and thus improves iron metabolism in a hepcidin-independent manner.