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Heidari Horestani M, Atri Roozbahani G, Baniahmad A. The clock gene BHLHE40 and atypical CCNG2 control androgen-induced cellular senescence as a novel tumor suppressive pathway in prostate cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:174. [PMID: 38902772 PMCID: PMC11188219 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-03097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The androgen receptor (AR) is a drug target used to inhibit AR and prostate cancer (PCa) growth. Surprisingly, treatment with supraphysiological androgen level (SAL), used in bipolar androgen therapy, inhibits growth of PCa suggesting a tumor-suppressive activity by SAL. SAL was shown to induce cellular senescence in PCa. METHODS RNA-seq and transcriptome analysis, ChIP-seq, human 3D PCa spheroids, mouse xenografted castration-resistant PCa, knockdown and overexpression, Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), translocation analysis, immune detection, qRT-PCR, protein-protein interaction modelling. RESULTS Here, mice xenografts with castration-resistant PCa tumors show that SAL inhibits cancer growth in vivo suggesting that SAL activates a tumor-suppressive mechanism. RNA-seq and ChIP-seq revealed the clock gene BHLHE40 is a novel direct AR target. Compared to adjacent human prostate tissues, the expression of BHLHE40 is reduced in PCa tumors and associated with reduced survival. Knockdown suggests that BHLHE40 mediates SAL-induced cellular senescence including tumor spheroids. Interestingly, a large overlap of differentially expressed gene sets was identified between BHLHE40 and SAL leading to the identification of four classes of SAL-BHLHE40 transcriptome landscapes. Co-IP and modelling suggest binding of BHLHE40 to AR and their co-translocation into nucleus by SAL treatment. Further, RNA-seq and ChIP-seq analysis indicate that the atypical tumor suppressive cyclin G2 emerged as a novel downstream target of BHLHE40 and a mediator of SAL-induced cellular senescence. CONCLUSIONS The data provide evidence of the tumor suppressive activity of SAL and a novel signaling by the AR-BHLHE40-CCNG2 axis for androgen-induced cellular senescence, linking circadian rhythm factor to androgen signaling as a novel tumor suppressive pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Golnaz Atri Roozbahani
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07740, Jena, Germany
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07740, Jena, Germany.
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2
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Lawrence MG, Taylor RA, Cuffe GB, Ang LS, Clark AK, Goode DL, Porter LH, Le Magnen C, Navone NM, Schalken JA, Wang Y, van Weerden WM, Corey E, Isaacs JT, Nelson PS, Risbridger GP. The future of patient-derived xenografts in prostate cancer research. Nat Rev Urol 2023; 20:371-384. [PMID: 36650259 PMCID: PMC10789487 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-022-00706-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) are generated by engrafting human tumours into mice. Serially transplantable PDXs are used to study tumour biology and test therapeutics, linking the laboratory to the clinic. Although few prostate cancer PDXs are available in large repositories, over 330 prostate cancer PDXs have been established, spanning broad clinical stages, genotypes and phenotypes. Nevertheless, more PDXs are needed to reflect patient diversity, and to study new treatments and emerging mechanisms of resistance. We can maximize the use of PDXs by exchanging models and datasets, and by depositing PDXs into biorepositories, but we must address the impediments to accessing PDXs, such as institutional, ethical and legal agreements. Through collaboration, researchers will gain greater access to PDXs representing diverse features of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell G Lawrence
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- Melbourne Urological Research Alliance, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Cabrini Institute, Cabrini Health, Malvern, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Renea A Taylor
- Melbourne Urological Research Alliance, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Cabrini Institute, Cabrini Health, Malvern, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georgia B Cuffe
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa S Ang
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ashlee K Clark
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - David L Goode
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura H Porter
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Clémentine Le Magnen
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nora M Navone
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jack A Schalken
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gail P Risbridger
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- Melbourne Urological Research Alliance, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Cabrini Institute, Cabrini Health, Malvern, Victoria, Australia.
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3
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Nasser NJ. Androgen Flare after LHRH Initiation Is the Side Effect That Makes Most of the Beneficial Effect When It Coincides with Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14081959. [PMID: 35454866 PMCID: PMC9029515 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Prostate cancer tumor growth is stimulated by androgens. Surgical castration or medical castration using long-acting luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists or antagonists is the backbone of the treatments of metastatic disease. Treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer was accomplished with radiation therapy alone until multiple studies showed that combining radiation therapy with LHRH agonists results in significant survival benefit. While the goal of the use of LHRH agonists was to suppress testosterone levels during radiation, we show, through review of previous studies, that survival benefit was achieved only when LHRH was initiated during the course of radiation, and thus androgen flare during the first 1–3 weeks after the initiation of LHRH is most likely the reason for higher survival. Androgens drive tumor cells into mitosis, and mitotic death is the dominant mechanism of tumor cell kill by radiation. Abstract Treatment of metastatic prostate cancer was historically performed via bilateral orchiectomy to achieve castration. An alternative to surgical castration is the administration of subcutaneous recombinant luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH). LHRH causes the pituitary gland to produce luteinizing hormone (LH), which results in synthesis and secretion of testosterone from the testicles. When LHRH levels are continuously high, the pituitary gland stops producing LH, which results in reduced testosterone production by the testicles. Long-acting formulations of LHRH were developed, and its use replaced surgical orchiectomy in the vast majority of patients. Combining LHRH and radiation therapy was shown to increase survival of prostate cancer patients with locally advanced disease. Here, we present a hypothesis, and preliminary evidence based on previous randomized controlled trials, that androgen surge during radiation, rather than its suppression, could be responsible for the enhanced prostate cancer cell kill during radiation. Starting LHRH agonist on the first day of radiation therapy, as in the EORTC 22863 study, should be the standard of care when treating locally advanced prostate cancer. We are developing formulations of short-acting LHRH agonists that induce androgen flare, without subsequent androgen deprivation, which could open the door for an era in which locally advanced prostate cancer could be cured while patients maintain potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J. Nasser
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA; or
- The Umbilicus Inc., Nonprofit Organization for Preserving Sexual Function of Individuals with Cancer Below the Umbilicus, New York, NY 10032, USA
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4
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Mirzakhani K, Kallenbach J, Rasa SMM, Ribaudo F, Ungelenk M, Ehsani M, Gong W, Gassler N, Leeder M, Grimm MO, Neri F, Baniahmad A. The androgen receptor-lncRNASAT1-AKT-p15 axis mediates androgen-induced cellular senescence in prostate cancer cells. Oncogene 2022; 41:943-959. [PMID: 34667276 PMCID: PMC8837536 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The bipolar androgen therapy (BAT) to treat prostate cancer (PCa) includes cycles of supraphysiological androgen levels (SAL) under androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT). We showed previously that SAL induces cellular senescence in androgen-sensitive PCa cells and in ex vivo-treated patient PCa tumor samples. Here, we analyzed the underlying molecular pathway and reveal that SAL induces cellular senescence in both, castration-sensitive (CSPC) LNCaP and castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) C4-2 cells through the cell cycle inhibitor p15INK4b and increased phosphorylation of AKT. Treatment with the AKT inhibitor (AKTi) potently inhibited SAL-induced expression of p15INK4b and cellular senescence in both cell lines. Proximity-ligation assays (PLA) combined with high-resolution laser-scanning microscopy indicate that SAL promotes interaction of endogenous androgen receptor (AR) with AKT in the cytoplasm as well as in the nucleus detectable after three days. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) comparing the SAL-induced transcriptomes of LNCaP with C4-2 cells as well as with AKTi-treated cell transcriptomes revealed landscapes for cell senescence. Interestingly, one of the identified genes is the lncRNASAT1. SAL treatment of native patient tumor samples ex vivo upregulates lncRNASAT1. In PCa tumor tissues, lncRNASAT1 is downregulated compared with nontumor tissues of the same patients. Knockdown indicates that the lncRNASAT1 is crucial for SAL-induced cancer-cell senescence as an upstream factor for pAKT and for p15INK4b. Further, knockdown of lncRNASAT1 enhances cell proliferation by SAL, suggesting that lncRNASAT1 serves as a tumor suppressor at SAL. Interestingly, immunoprecipitation of AR detected lncRNASAT1 as an AR-interacting partner that regulates AR target-gene expression. Similarly, RNA-ChIP experiments revealed the interaction of AR with lncRNASAT1 on chromatin. Thus, we identified a novel AR-lncRNASAT1-AKT-p15INK4b signaling axis to mediate SAL-induced cellular senescence.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Male
- Cellular Senescence/drug effects
- Cellular Senescence/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Androgens/pharmacology
- Androgens/metabolism
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Mirzakhani
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Kallenbach
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Federico Ribaudo
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Ungelenk
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Marzieh Ehsani
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Wenrong Gong
- Medical College, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, China
- SCW Medicath LTD, Baolong industrial Town, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nikolaus Gassler
- Section of Pathology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Mirjam Leeder
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Marc-Oliver Grimm
- Department of Adult and Pediatric Urology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
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5
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Haffner MC, Bhamidipati A, Tsai HK, Esopi DM, Vaghasia AM, Low JY, Patel RA, Guner G, Pham MT, Castagna N, Hicks J, Wyhs N, Aebersold R, De Marzo AM, Nelson WG, Guo T, Yegnasubramanian S. Phenotypic characterization of two novel cell line models of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate 2021; 81:1159-1171. [PMID: 34402095 PMCID: PMC8460612 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to androgen deprivation therapies is a major driver of mortality in advanced prostate cancer. Therefore, there is a need to develop new preclinical models that allow the investigation of resistance mechanisms and the assessment of drugs for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. METHODS We generated two novel cell line models (LAPC4-CR and VCaP-CR) which were derived by passaging LAPC4 and VCaP cells in vivo and in vitro under castrate conditions. We performed detailed transcriptomic (RNA-seq) and proteomic analyses (SWATH-MS) to delineate expression differences between castration-sensitive and castration-resistant cell lines. Furthermore, we characterized the in vivo and in vitro growth characteristics of these novel cell line models. RESULTS The two cell line derivatives LAPC4-CR and VCaP-CR showed castration-resistant growth in vitro and in vivo which was only minimally inhibited by AR antagonists, enzalutamide, and bicalutamide. High-dose androgen treatment resulted in significant growth arrest of VCaP-CR but not in LAPC4-CR cells. Both cell lines maintained AR expression, but exhibited distinct expression changes on the mRNA and protein level. Integrated analyses including data from LNCaP and the previously described castration-resistant LNCaP-abl cells revealed an expression signature of castration resistance. CONCLUSIONS The two novel cell line models LAPC4-CR and VCaP-CR and their comprehensive characterization on the RNA and protein level represent important resources to study the molecular mechanisms of castration resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Haffner
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, Baltimore, USA
| | - Akshay Bhamidipati
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, Baltimore, USA
| | - Harrison K. Tsai
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, Baltimore, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David M. Esopi
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, Baltimore, USA
| | - Ajay M. Vaghasia
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jin-Yih Low
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Radhika A. Patel
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gunes Guner
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Minh-Tam Pham
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, Baltimore, USA
| | - Nicole Castagna
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jessica Hicks
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicolas Wyhs
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, Baltimore, USA
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH, Zürich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Zürich, Zürich. Switzerland
| | - Angelo M. De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, Baltimore, USA
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William G. Nelson
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, Baltimore, USA
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tiannan Guo
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, Baltimore, USA
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6
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Antithetic hTERT Regulation by Androgens in Prostate Cancer Cells: hTERT Inhibition Is Mediated by the ING1 and ING2 Tumor Suppressors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164025. [PMID: 34439179 PMCID: PMC8391603 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The expression of the catalytic subunit of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase subunit (hTERT) is hormonally controlled. Androgen treatment suppresses the hTERT expression at a transcriptional level in prostate cancer cells. Here, we identified the responsive promoter element that mediates the androgen receptor induced transrepression of hTERT. The negative androgen response element (nARE) is identified as 62 bp located in the core promoter of hTERT. Chromatin immunoprecipitations indicate an androgen-dependent recruitment of the androgen receptor (AR) ING1 and ING2 to the hTERT promoter. Interestingly, the androgen-induced transrepression is mediated by the class II tumor suppressors inhibitor of growth 1 and 2, namely ING1 and ING2, respectively. Abstract The human telomerase is a key factor during tumorigenesis in prostate cancer (PCa). The androgen receptor (AR) is a key drug target controlling PCa growth and regulates hTERT expression, but is described to either inhibit or to activate. Here, we reveal that androgens repress and activate hTERT expression in a concentration-dependent manner. Physiological low androgen levels activate, while, notably, supraphysiological androgen levels (SAL), used in bipolar androgen therapy (BAT), repress hTERT expression. We confirmed the SAL-mediated gene repression of hTERT in PCa cell lines, native human PCa samples derived from patients treated ex vivo, as well as in cancer spheroids derived from androgen-dependent or castration resistant PCa (CRPC) cells. Interestingly, chromatin immuno-precipitation (ChIP) combined with functional assays revealed a positive (pARE) and a negative androgen response element (nARE). The nARE was narrowed down to 63 bp in the hTERT core promoter region. AR and tumor suppressors, inhibitor of growth 1 and 2 (ING1 and ING2, respectively), are androgen-dependently recruited. Mechanistically, knockdown indicates that ING1 and ING2 mediate AR-regulated transrepression. Thus, our data suggest an oppositional, biphasic function of AR to control the hTERT expression, while the inhibition of hTERT by androgens is mediated by the AR co-repressors ING1 and ING2.
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