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Chen J, Wang Y, Zhang N, Li J, Liu X. Genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from the people's hospital of Qingyang City, Gansu province. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:727. [PMID: 39060939 PMCID: PMC11282657 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10601-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is a common opportunistic pathogen in hospitals that causes nosocomial infection. In order to understand the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of A. baumannii isolates, we sequenced and analyzed 62 A. baumannii isolates from a hospital in Gansu province. RESULTS Non-repeated 62 A. baumannii isolates were collected from August 2015 to November 2021. Most isolates (56/62) were resistant to multiple drugs. All the 62 A. baumannii isolates were resistant to aztreonam and contained blaADC-25 gene which exists only on chromosome contigs. The 62 isolates in this study were not clustered in a single clade, but were dispersed among multiple clades in the common genome. Seven sequence types were identified by Multilocus sequence type (MLST) analysis and most isolates (52/62) belonged to ST2. The plasmids were grouped into 11 clusters by MOB-suite. CONCLUSIONS This study furthers the understanding of A. baumannii antimicrobial-resistant genotypes, and may aid in prevention and control nosocomial infection caused by drug-resistant A. baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Chen
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100071, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Qingyang People's Hospital, Qingyang, Gansu, 745000, China.
| | - Xiong Liu
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100071, China.
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Li P, Li Y, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Li X, Bao J, Guo J, Yan J, Zhou K, Sun M. Incidence, temporal trends and risk factors of puerperal infection in Mainland China: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies from recent decade (2010-2020). BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:815. [PMID: 37996780 PMCID: PMC10666378 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-06135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Puerperal infection (PI) is a severe threat to maternal health. The incidence and risk of PI should be accurately quantified and conveyed for prior decision-making. This study aims to assess the quality of the published literature on the epidemiology of PI, and synthesize them to identify the temporal trends and risk factors of PI occurring in Mainland China. METHODS This review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021267399). Putting a time frame on 2010 to March 2022, we searched Cochrane library, Embase, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, Web of Science, China biology medicine, China national knowledge infrastructure and Chinese medical current contents, and performed a meta-analysis and meta-regression to pool the incidence of PI and the effects of risk factors on PI. RESULTS A total of 49 eligible studies with 133,938 participants from 17 provinces were included. The pooled incidence of PI was 4.95% (95%CIs, 4.46-5.43), and there was a statistical association between the incidence of PI following caesarean section and the median year of data collection. Gestational hypertension (OR = 2.14), Gestational diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.82), primipara (OR = 0.81), genital tract inflammation (OR = 2.51), anemia during pregnancy (OR = 2.28), caesarean section (OR = 2.03), episiotomy (OR = 2.64), premature rupture of membrane (OR = 2.54), prolonged labor (OR = 1.32), placenta remnant (OR = 2.59) and postpartum hemorrhage (OR = 2.43) have significant association with PI. CONCLUSIONS Maternal infection remains a crucial complication during puerperium in Mainland China, which showed a nationwide temporal rising following caesarean section in the past decade. The opportunity to prevent unnecessary PI exists in several simple but necessary measures and it's urgent for clinicians and policymakers to focus joint efforts on promoting the bundle of evidence-based practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Hospital Infection Control, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Hospital Infection Control, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Youjian Zhang
- Department of Hospital Infection Control, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lina Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junzhe Bao
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianing Guo
- Department of Hospital Infection Control, Henan Province Women and Children's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Obstetrics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ke Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingjie Sun
- Department of Hospital Infection Control, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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Wen R, Li X, Liu T, Lin G. Effect of a real-time automatic nosocomial infection surveillance system on hospital-acquired infection prevention and control. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:857. [DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07873-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The systematic collection of valid data related to hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) is considered effective for nosocomial infection prevention and control programs. New strategies to reduce HAIs have recently fueled the adoption of real-time automatic nosocomial infection surveillance systems (RT-NISSs). Although RT-NISSs have been implemented in some hospitals for several years, the effect of RT-NISS on HAI prevention and control needs to be further explored.
Methods
A retrospective, descriptive analysis of inpatients from January 2017 to December 2019 was performed. We collected hospital-acquired infection (HAI) cases and multidrug resistant organism (MDRO) infection cases by traditional surveillance in period 1 (from January 2017 to December 2017), and these cases were collected in period 2 (from January 2018 to December 2018) and period 3 (from January 2019 to December 2019) using a real-time nosocomial infection surveillance system (RT-NISS). The accuracy of MDRO infection surveillance results over the 3 periods was examined. The trends of antibiotic utilization rates and pathogen culture rates in periods 2 and 3 were also analysed.
Results
A total of 114,647 inpatients, including 2242 HAI cases, were analysed. The incidence of HAIs in period 2 was significantly greater than that in period 1 (2.28% vs. 1.48%, χ2 = 61.963, p < 0.001) and period 3 (2.28% vs. 2.05%, χ2 = 4.767, p = 0.029). The incidence of five HAI sites, including respiratory infection, urinary tract infection (UTI), surgical site infection (SSI), bloodstream infection (BSI) and skin and soft tissue infection, was significantly greater in period 2 compared with period 1 (both p < 0.05) but was not significantly different from that in period 3. The incidence of hospital-acquired MDRO infections in period 3 was lower than that in period 2. The identification of MDRO infection cases using the RT-NISS achieved a high level of sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV), especially in period 3 (Se = 100%, Sp = 100%, PPV = 100% and NPV = 100%).
Conclusion
The adoption of a RT-NISS to adequately and accurately collect HAI cases is useful to prevent and control HAIs. Furthermore, RT-NISSs improve accuracy in MDRO infection case reporting, which can timely and accurately guide and supervise clinicians in implementing MDRO infection prevention and control measures.
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Zhao Z, Li X, Cui Z, Tong T, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Yang X, Keerthiga R, Fu C, Fu A. Synthesis of Hemiprotonic Phenanthroline-Phenanthroline + Compounds with both Antitumor and Antimicrobial Activity. J Med Chem 2022; 65:2532-2547. [PMID: 35073076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Currently, cancer patients with microbial infection are a severe challenge in clinical treatment. To address the problem, we synthesized hemiprotonic compounds based on the unique structure of hemiprotonic nucleotide base pairs in a DNA i-motif. These compounds were produced from phenanthroline (ph) dimerization with phenanthroline as a proton receptor and ammonium as a donor. The biological activity shows that the compounds have a selective antitumor effect through inducing cell apoptosis. The molecular mechanism could be related to specific inhibition of transcription factor PLAGL2 of tumor cells, assessed by transcriptomic analysis. Moreover, results show that the hemiprotonic ph-ph+ has broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal activities, and drug-resistant bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, are sensitive to the compound. In animal models of liver cancer with fungal infection, the ph-ph+ retards proliferation of hepatoma cells in tumor-bearing mice and remedies pneumonia and encephalitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. The study provides a novel therapeutic candidate for cancer patients accompanied by infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhen Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Zhihong Cui
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Tingting Tong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xiaoxi Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Rajendiran Keerthiga
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Chen Fu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ailing Fu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
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Synergistic Effect of Co-Delivering Ciprofloxacin and Tetracycline Hydrochloride for Promoted Wound Healing by Utilizing Coaxial PCL/Gelatin Nanofiber Membrane. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031895. [PMID: 35163814 PMCID: PMC8836966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining multiple drugs or biologically active substances for wound healing could not only resist the formation of multidrug resistant pathogens, but also achieve better therapeutic effects. Herein, the hydrophobic fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP) and the hydrophilic broad-spectrum antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride (TH) were introduced into the coaxial polycaprolactone/gelatin (PCL/GEL) nanofiber mat with CIP loaded into the PCL (core layer) and TH loaded into the GEL (shell layer), developing antibacterial wound dressing with the co-delivering of the two antibiotics (PCL-CIP/GEL-TH). The nanostructure, physical properties, drug release, antibacterial property, and in vitro cytotoxicity were investigated accordingly. The results revealed that the CIP shows a long-lasting release of five days, reaching the releasing rate of 80.71%, while the cumulative drug release of TH reached 83.51% with a rapid release behavior of 12 h. The in vitro antibacterial activity demonstrated that the coaxial nanofiber mesh possesses strong antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. In addition, the coaxial mats showed superior biocompatibility toward human skin fibroblast cells (hSFCs). This study indicates that the developed PCL-CIP/GEL-TH nanofiber membranes hold enormous potential as wound dressing materials.
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Li D, Chen T, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Niu H. Synergistical Starvation and Chemo-Dynamic Therapy for Combating Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and Accelerating Diabetic Wound Healing. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100716. [PMID: 34212536 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The application of the antibiotic drug has dramatically decreased the infection and promoted the development of surgery, but drug-resistant bacteria appeared along with the abuse of antibiotics. Especially, wound in diabetic patients provides more glucose for bacteria resulting in poor wound healing. Therefore, it is imminent to explore advanced agents for combating multidrug-resistant bacteria and accelerating diabetic wound healing. Herein, metal-organic frameworks based nanoreactors loaded with glucose oxidase (GOx) and peroxidase-like bovine hemoglobin (BHb) are designed to construct an effective cascaded catalytic antibacterial system. Therein, GOx can cost the glucose, and release H2 O2 simultaneously, which can then be transformed into hydroxyl radicals by BHb. As a result, the as-prepared nanoreactors can play the roles of both starving and killing toward the multidrug-resistant bacteria. Furthermore, the produced gluconic acid can reduce the pH of working condition, which is beneficial for both the enhancement of peroxidase activity and the inhibition of the bacteria growth. More importantly, the constructed nanoreactors can be degraded and excreted from the body in the form of feces, which render the as-proposed nanoreactors qualified as effective and safe materials for both combating multidrug-resistant bacteria in vitro and accelerating the diabetic wound healing in vivo of the mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danxia Li
- Department of Urology the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Tao Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering College of Life Sciences Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering College of Life Sciences Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Yuanhong Xu
- Department of Urology the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao 266003 China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering College of Life Sciences Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Haitao Niu
- Department of Urology the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao 266003 China
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Moore R, Wattengel BA, Carter MT, Lesse AJ, Sellick JA, Mergenhagen KA. Sputum susceptibilities in a nationwide veteran cohort. Am J Infect Control 2021; 49:995-999. [PMID: 33662473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2021.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory infections are one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality. This study examined antimicrobial susceptibility of common respiratory isolates from veterans. METHODS Sputum culture data from the Veteran Health Administration were obtained retrospectively between January 2009 and 2019. Cumulative antibiograms were constructed for bacterial isolate susceptibility. RESULTS Sputum and bronchial cultures from approximately 10,345 veterans were included each year. Haemophilus influenzae has maintained high levels of susceptibility to third generation cephalosporins from 2009 (99.7%) to 2018 (97.2%). Third generation cephalosporin susceptibilities amongst Klebsiella pneumoniae have trended upward from 2009 to 2018 as well (79.1% vs 86.4%). In Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, there has been an increase in susceptibility rates to cefepime from 2009 to 2018 (79.6%, to 86.6%), gentamicin (81.5% to 89.1%), and piperacillin/tazobactam (86.5% to 90%). Fluoroquinolone susceptibilities amongst Escherichia coli have remained low but stable between 2009 and 2018. Third generation cephalosporin susceptibilities for S. pneumoniae improved slightly from 92.2% to 95% between 2009 and 2018 while susceptibility to azithromycin trended down slightly from 56.8% in 2009 to 51.7% in 2018 for S. pneumoniae. DISCUSSION The antibiogram of sputum isolates from the VA Healthcare System were examined to determine changes in patterns of resistance over a decade of use. CONCLUSIONS This large-scale study investigated nationwide sputum culture susceptibility trends. Avoidance of macrolides for empiric treatment of community acquired pneumonia and avoidance of fluoroquinolones for empiric treatment of hospital acquired or ventilator associated pneumonia may be warranted based on susceptibility trends.
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Marta-Costa A, Miranda C, Silva V, Silva A, Martins Â, Pereira JE, Maltez L, Capita R, Alonso-Calleja C, Igrejas G, Poeta P. Survey of the Knowledge and Use of Antibiotics among Medical and Veterinary Health Professionals and Students in Portugal. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:2753. [PMID: 33803226 PMCID: PMC7967476 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an urgent and complex problem worldwide, exacerbated by the frequently inappropriate use of antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to survey the levels of knowledge and awareness about antibiotic use and stewardship, among human and veterinary health professionals or students in Portugal, and the associations between antibiotic knowledge factors and socio-professional groups. In cross-sectional survey design, a total of 449 online structured questionnaires were completed in 2018-2019. The statistical analysis was performed dividing the respondents into four groups, A (undergraduate students), B (PhD students and researchers), C (lecturers), and D (technicians and other occupation). Among all respondents, 17% (n = 75) revealed some gap in knowledge about antibiotic resistance and the antibiotics that should be administered for different infection types (bacterial, viral, or fungal). Of the 159 pet owners among the respondents, only half had administered antibiotics to their animal and 64% (n = 102) knew that veterinary prescription is mandatory when administering antibiotics to animals. All groups statistically agreed that the AMR is a major public health problem and the antibiotics should be administrated for bacterial infections and used until the whole pack has been finished (p = 0.00). As expected, only groups B and C demonstrated a higher level of knowledge to recognize the antibiotic name and their active ingredient than undergraduate students (p = 0.00). About the antibiotic use on pets, only group B was statistically significant to no used antibiotics on their pets (p = 0.00). However, groups A, C, and D were statistically significant for the knowledge about the mandatory veterinarian prescription and groups C and D were significantly statistics for fully aware of the transmission of bacteria between animals and humans. In conclusion, in matters related to AMR, the behavior, education, and training of the general public and health professionals, including those who prescribe antibiotics for humans and animals, need to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marta-Costa
- Centre for Transdisciplinary Development Studies (CETRAD), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Carla Miranda
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Aflto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (C.M.); (V.S.); (A.S.); (J.E.P.); (L.M.)
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, Caparica, 2829-516 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Aflto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (C.M.); (V.S.); (A.S.); (J.E.P.); (L.M.)
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, Caparica, 2829-516 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Adriana Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Aflto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (C.M.); (V.S.); (A.S.); (J.E.P.); (L.M.)
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, Caparica, 2829-516 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ângela Martins
- Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Department of Zootechnics, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José Eduardo Pereira
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Aflto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (C.M.); (V.S.); (A.S.); (J.E.P.); (L.M.)
- Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Luis Maltez
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Aflto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (C.M.); (V.S.); (A.S.); (J.E.P.); (L.M.)
- Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Rosa Capita
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain; (R.C.); (C.A.-C.)
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Calleja
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain; (R.C.); (C.A.-C.)
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, Caparica, 2829-516 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Aflto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (C.M.); (V.S.); (A.S.); (J.E.P.); (L.M.)
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, Caparica, 2829-516 Lisboa, Portugal;
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