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Dilnashin H, Birla H, Keswani C, Singh SS, Zahra W, Rathore AS, Singh R, Keshri PK, Singh SP. Neuroprotective Effects of Tinospora cordifolia via Reducing the Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction against Rotenone-Induced PD Mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3077-3087. [PMID: 37579290 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are leading mechanisms that play a crucial role in the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Tinospora cordifolia shows a wide range of biological activities including immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. This study explored the neuroprotective activities of T. cordifolia ethanolic extract (TCE) against Rotenone (ROT)-intoxicated Parkinsonian mice. Four experimental groups of mice were formed: control, ROT (2 mg/kg body wt, subcutaneously), TCE (200 mg/kg body wt, oral) + ROT, and TCE only. Mice were pretreated with TCE for a week and then simultaneously injected with ROT for 35 days. Following ROT-intoxication, motor activities, antioxidative potential, and mitochondrial dysfunction were analyzed. Decrease in the activity of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (mETC) complex, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Ψm), increase in Bax/Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) ratio, and caspase-3 expression are observed in the ROT-intoxicated mice group. Our results further showed ROT-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated alpha-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction. However, pre- and cotreatment with TCE along with ROT-intoxication significantly reduced α-syn aggregation and improved mitochondrial functioning in cells by altering mitochondrial potential and increasing mETC activity. TCE also decreases the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and also the expression of caspase-3, thus reducing apoptosis of the cell. Altogether, TCE is effective in protecting neurons from rotenone-induced cytotoxicity in the Parkinsonian mouse model by modulating oxidative stress, ultimately reducing mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagera Dilnashin
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
| | - Hareram Birla
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
| | - Chetan Keswani
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
| | - Saumitra Sen Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
| | - Walia Zahra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
| | - Aaina Singh Rathore
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
| | - Richa Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
| | - Priyanka Kumari Keshri
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
| | - Surya Pratap Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
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Cilleros-Holgado P, Gómez-Fernández D, Piñero-Pérez R, Reche-López D, Álvarez-Córdoba M, Munuera-Cabeza M, Talaverón-Rey M, Povea-Cabello S, Suárez-Carrillo A, Romero-González A, Suárez-Rivero JM, Romero-Domínguez JM, Sánchez-Alcázar JA. mtUPR Modulation as a Therapeutic Target for Primary and Secondary Mitochondrial Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021482. [PMID: 36674998 PMCID: PMC9865803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key pathological event in many diseases. Its role in energy production, calcium homeostasis, apoptosis regulation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance render mitochondria essential for cell survival and fitness. However, there are no effective treatments for most primary and secondary mitochondrial diseases to this day. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches, such as the modulation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR), are being explored. mtUPRs englobe several compensatory processes related to proteostasis and antioxidant system mechanisms. mtUPR activation, through an overcompensation for mild intracellular stress, promotes cell homeostasis and improves lifespan and disease alterations in biological models of mitochondrial dysfunction in age-related diseases, cardiopathies, metabolic disorders, and primary mitochondrial diseases. Although mtUPR activation is a promising therapeutic option for many pathological conditions, its activation could promote tumor progression in cancer patients, and its overactivation could lead to non-desired side effects, such as the increased heteroplasmy of mitochondrial DNA mutations. In this review, we present the most recent data about mtUPR modulation as a therapeutic approach, its role in diseases, and its potential negative consequences in specific pathological situations.
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Maxwell CA, Roberts C, Oesmann K, Muhimpundu S, Archer KR, Patel MR, Mulubrhan MF, Muchira J, Boon J, LaNoue M. Health and wellness for disadvantaged older adults: The AFRESH pilot study. PEC INNOVATION 2022; 1:100084. [PMID: 37213747 PMCID: PMC10194225 DOI: 10.1016/j.pecinn.2022.100084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Older adults are unaware of the biological mechanisms that contribute to the development of disabilities, chronic conditions, and frailty, yet, when made aware, desire to employ lifestyle changes to mitigate these conditions. We developed the AFRESH health and wellness program and report on pilot testing undertaken in a local older adults apartment community. Materials and methods After program development, pilot testing was conducted. Participants: Older adults (N = 20; age 62+) residing in an apartment community. Procedures: Collection of baseline objective and self-report measures with a focus on physical activity; administration of the 10-week AFRESH program via weekly sessions; collection of follow-up data 12 and 36 weeks after baseline data collection. Data analysis: Descriptive statistics, growth curve analyses. Results Significant increases were observed for grip strength (lbs) (T1:56.2; T2:65.0 [d = 0.77]; T3:69.4 [d = 0.62], p = .001), the 6-min walk test (meters) (T1:327m: T2:388.7 m [d = 0.99]; T3:363.3 m [d = 0.60], p = .001), the Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA) strength and flexibility score, and the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) global score. These effects showed some attenuation by the final time point. Conclusion By combining novel educational content (bioenergetics), facilitation of physical activity, and habit formation, AFRESH is a multicomponent intervention that shows promise for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy A Maxwell
- Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, 461 21st Ave. South, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Corley Roberts
- Catholic Charities, 2806 McGavock Pike, Nashville, TN 37214, USA
| | - Kelsey Oesmann
- Urban Housing Solutions, 822 Woodland St., Nashville, TN 37206, USA
| | - Sylvie Muhimpundu
- Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, 461 21st Ave. South, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Kristin R Archer
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21 Ave. South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Maulik R Patel
- Vanderbilt University Biological Sciences, Box 351634, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Mogos F Mulubrhan
- Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, 461 21st Ave. South, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - James Muchira
- Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, 461 21st Ave. South, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Jeffrey Boon
- Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, 461 21st Ave. South, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Marianna LaNoue
- Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, 461 21st Ave. South, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
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Thongboonkerd V, Chaiyarit S. Gel-Based and Gel-Free Phosphoproteomics to Measure and Characterize Mitochondrial Phosphoproteins. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e390. [PMID: 35275445 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrion is a key intracellular organelle regulating metabolic processes, oxidative stress, energy production, calcium homeostasis, and cell survival. Protein phosphorylation plays an important role in regulating mitochondrial functions and cellular signaling pathways. Dysregulation of protein phosphorylation status can cause protein malfunction and abnormal signal transduction, leading to organ dysfunction and disease. Investigating the mitochondrial phosphoproteins is therefore crucial to better understand the molecular and pathogenic mechanisms of many metabolic disorders. Conventional analyses of phosphoproteins, for instance, via western blotting, can be done only for proteins for which specific antibodies to their phosphorylated forms are available. Moreover, such an approach is not suitable for large-scale study of phosphoproteins. Currently, proteomics represents an important tool for large-scale analysis of proteins and their post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation. Here, we provide step-by-step protocols for the proteomics analysis of mitochondrial phosphoproteins (the phosphoproteome), using renal tubular cells as an example. These protocols include methods to effectively isolate mitochondria and to validate the efficacy of mitochondrial enrichment as well as its purity. We also provide detailed protocols for performing both gel-based and gel-free phosphoproteome analyses. The gel-based analysis involves two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and phosphoprotein-specific staining, followed by protein identification via mass spectrometry, whereas the gel-free approach is based on in-solution mass spectrometric identification of specific phosphorylation sites and residues. In all, these approaches allow large-scale analyses of mitochondrial phosphoproteins that can be applied to other cells and tissues of interest. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Mitochondrial isolation/purification from renal tubular cells Support Protocol: Validation of enrichment efficacy and purity of mitochondrial isolation Basic Protocol 2: Gel-based phosphoproteome analysis Basic Protocol 3: Gel-free phosphoproteome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visith Thongboonkerd
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sakdithep Chaiyarit
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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MicroRNAs and Oxidative Stress: An Intriguing Crosstalk to Be Exploited in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050802. [PMID: 34069422 PMCID: PMC8159096 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease widespread throughout the world, with significant human, social, and economic costs. Its multifactorial etiology leads to persistent hyperglycemia, impaired carbohydrate and fat metabolism, chronic inflammation, and defects in insulin secretion or insulin action, or both. Emerging evidence reveals that oxidative stress has a critical role in the development of type 2 diabetes. Overproduction of reactive oxygen species can promote an imbalance between the production and neutralization of antioxidant defence systems, thus favoring lipid accumulation, cellular stress, and the activation of cytosolic signaling pathways, and inducing β-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance, and tissue inflammation. Over the last few years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have attracted growing attention as important mediators of diverse aspects of oxidative stress. These small endogenous non-coding RNAs of 19-24 nucleotides act as negative regulators of gene expression, including the modulation of redox signaling pathways. The present review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge concerning the molecular crosstalk that takes place between oxidative stress and microRNAs in the physiopathology of type 2 diabetes, with a special emphasis on its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Siasos G. Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 26:5909-5910. [PMID: 33413054 DOI: 10.2174/138161282646201218090901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerasimos Siasos
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, "Sotiria" Hospital University of Athens Medical School Athens, Greece
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Siasos G, Bletsa E, Stampouloglou PK, Paschou SA, Oikonomou E, Tsigkou V, Antonopoulos AS, Vavuranakis M, Tousoulis D. Novel Antidiabetic Agents: Cardiovascular and Safety Outcomes. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:5911-5932. [PMID: 33167826 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201109110107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concerns of elevated cardiovascular risk with some anti-diabetic medications warranted trials on the cardiovascular outcome to demonstrate cardiovascular safety of newly marketed anti-diabetic drugs. Although these trials were initially designed to evaluate safety, some of these demonstrated significant cardiovascular benefits. PURPOSE OF REVIEW We reviewed the cardiovascular and safety outcomes of novel antidiabetic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease or at high risk of it. We included the outcomes of safety trials, randomized controlled trials, meta-analysis, large cohort studies, and real-world data, which highlighted the cardiovascular profile of DPP-4is, GLP-1RAs and SGLT-2is. CONCLUSION Although DPP-4is demonstrated non-inferiority to placebo, gaining cardiovascular safety, as well market authorization, SGLT-2is and most of the GLP-1RAs have shown impressive cardiovascular benefits in patients with T2D and established CVD or at high risk of it. These favorable effects of novel antidiabetic agents on cardiovascular parameters provide novel therapeutic approaches in medical management, risk stratification and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerasimos Siasos
- First Department of Cardiology, "Hippokration" General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evanthia Bletsa
- First Department of Cardiology, "Hippokration" General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota K Stampouloglou
- First Department of Cardiology, "Hippokration" General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavroula A Paschou
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, "Aghia Sophia" Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Oikonomou
- First Department of Cardiology, "Hippokration" General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Tsigkou
- First Department of Cardiology, "Hippokration" General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexios S Antonopoulos
- First Department of Cardiology, "Hippokration" General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Manolis Vavuranakis
- First Department of Cardiology, "Hippokration" General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tousoulis
- First Department of Cardiology, "Hippokration" General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Yang S, Zhou R, Zhang C, He S, Su Z. Mitochondria-Associated Endoplasmic Reticulum Membranes in the Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:571554. [PMID: 33195204 PMCID: PMC7606698 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.571554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria are essential intracellular organelles that actively communicate via temporally and spatially formed contacts called mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs). These mitochondria-ER contacts are not only necessary for the physiological function of the organelles and their coordination with each other, but they also control the intracellular lipid exchange, calcium signaling, cell survival, and homeostasis in cellular metabolism. Growing evidence strongly supports the role of the mitochondria-ER connection in the insulin resistance of peripheral tissues, pancreatic β cell dysfunction, and the consequent development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this review, we summarize current advances in the understanding of the mitochondria-ER connection and specifically focus on addressing a new perspective of the alterations in mitochondria-ER communication in insulin signaling and β cell maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruixue Zhou
- Molecular Medicine Research Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Caixia Zhang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyuan He
- Molecular Medicine Research Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiguang Su
- Molecular Medicine Research Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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