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Wei M, Wang L, Wu X, Wu B, Xiao S, Zhang Y, Min P, Deng C. Synchronous supraclavicular vascularized lymph node transfer and liposuction for gynecological cancer-related lower extremity lymphedema: a clinical comparative analysis of three different procedures. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2024:101905. [PMID: 38761979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2024.101905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gynecological cancer-related lower extremity lymphedema (GC-LEL), a chronic, progressive condition, lacks a standardized treatment. Currently, supraclavicular vascularized lymph node transfer (SC-VLNT) is a favored approach in the treatment of lymphedema, and there is a trend toward combination technology. This study conducts a comparative analysis of three techniques for treating GC-LEL with simultaneous SC-VLNT and liposuction. METHODS A cohort of 35 patients with GC-LEL was examined, comprising 13 patients who underwent single lymph nodes flap with a skin paddle (SLNF+P), 12 who received single lymph nodes flap without a skin paddle (SLNF), and 10 who accepted dual lymph nodes flap without a skin paddle (DLNF). Patient demographics and outcomes were meticulously documented, covering intra- and postoperative variables. RESULTS The median limb volume reduction were 56.4% (SLNF+P), 60.8% (SLNF), and 50.5% (DLNF) in stage II, and 54.0% (SLNF+P), 59.8% (SLNF), and 54.4% (DLNF) in stage III. DLNF group procedures entailed longer flap harvesting and transplantation times. The SLNF+P group, on average, had an 8-day postoperative hospitalization, longer than others. All patients noted subjective improvements in Lymphedema Quality of Life scores, with lymphoscintigraphy revealing enhanced lymphatic flow in 29 of the 35 cases. A notable decrease in cellulitis incidence was observed. Additionally, the occurrence of cellulitis decreased significantly, except for DLNF (Stage Ⅱ). The median follow-up time was 16 months (range, 12-36 months), with no reported severe postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS For advanced GC-LEL, SLNF combined with liposuction is a preferred treatment, offering fewer complications, shorter operative time, and hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Wei
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Liangliang Wang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiangkui Wu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Bihua Wu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Shune Xiao
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiru Min
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengliang Deng
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
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Gabriele G, Nigri A, Chisci G, Massarelli O, Cascino F, Komorowska-Timek E, Kazuki K, Hara H, Mihara M, Gennaro P. Combination of Supramicrosurgical Lymphatico-Venular Anastomosis (sLVA) and Lymph-Sparing Liposuction in Treating Cancer-Related Lymphedema: Rationale for a Regional One-Stage Approach. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2872. [PMID: 38792415 PMCID: PMC11121812 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13102872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: Cancer-related lymphedema represents a potential complication of cancer treatment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the combination of lymphatico-venular anastomosis and liposuction in the treatment of secondary lymphedema. Methods: We present a retrospective analysis of patients affected by cancer-related unilateral limb lymphedema. Inclusion criteria included previous neoplastic pathology with the consequent development of unilateral limb lymphedema, while the exclusion criteria included the presence of comorbidities and the persistence of cancer, as well as previous lymphatic surgery. The outcomes to be included were a reduction in the limb volume and lymphangitis rate, and an improvement in the quality of life. Patients' data were assessed before surgery and 1 year after surgery. Perioperative management included clinical and ultrasonographical evaluations. Under local anesthesia, lymphatico-venular anastomosis with the supramicrosurgical technique and the liposuction of the affected limb was performed in the same surgical session. Results: A total of 24 patients were enrolled in the study. One year after the surgery, an average volume reduction of 37.9% was registered (p = 0.0000000596). The lymphangitis rate decreased after surgery from 4.67 to 0.95 per year (p = 0.000007899). The quality-of-life score improved from 68.7 to 16 according to the LLIS scale. Conclusions: The combination of LVA and liposuction represents a valid strategy for treating cancer-related lymphedema, ensuring stable results over time. In addition, it can be performed under local anesthesia, resulting in being minimally invasive and well-tolerated by patients. This paper reports on the short-term efficacy of this combined technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gabriele
- Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (O.M.); (F.C.); (P.G.)
| | - Andrea Nigri
- Department of Economics, Management and Territory, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Glauco Chisci
- Oral Surgery School, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Via Ricasoli 18, 58100 Grosseto, Italy
| | - Olindo Massarelli
- Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (O.M.); (F.C.); (P.G.)
| | - Flavia Cascino
- Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (O.M.); (F.C.); (P.G.)
| | - Ewa Komorowska-Timek
- Advanced Plastic Surgery, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48502, USA;
| | - Kikuchi Kazuki
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Nadogaya Hospital, 2-1-1 Shinkasiwa, Kashiwa 277-0084, Japan; (K.K.); (H.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Hisako Hara
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Nadogaya Hospital, 2-1-1 Shinkasiwa, Kashiwa 277-0084, Japan; (K.K.); (H.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Makoto Mihara
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Nadogaya Hospital, 2-1-1 Shinkasiwa, Kashiwa 277-0084, Japan; (K.K.); (H.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Paolo Gennaro
- Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (O.M.); (F.C.); (P.G.)
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Gaxiola-García MA, Escandón JM, Manrique OJ, Skinner KA, Kushida-Contreras BH. Surgical Treatment for Primary Lymphedema: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Arch Plast Surg 2024; 51:212-233. [PMID: 38596145 PMCID: PMC11001464 DOI: 10.1055/a-2253-9859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
This is a retrospective review of surgical management for primary lymphedema. Data were extracted from 55 articles from PubMed MEDLINE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials between the database inception and December 2022 to evaluate the outcomes of lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) and vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT), and outcomes of soft tissue extirpative procedures such as suction-assisted lipectomy (SAL) and extensive soft tissue excision. Data from 485 patients were compiled; these were treated with LVA ( n = 177), VLNT ( n = 82), SAL ( n = 102), and excisional procedures ( n = 124). Improvement of the lower extremity lymphedema index, the quality of life (QoL), and lymphedema symptoms were reported in most studies. LVA and VLNT led to symptomatic relief and improved QoL, reaching up to 90 and 61% average circumference reduction, respectively. Cellulitis reduction was reported in 25 and 40% of LVA and VLNT papers, respectively. The extirpative procedures, used mainly in patients with advanced disease, also led to clinical improvement from the volume reduction, as well as reduced incidence of cellulitis, although with poor cosmetic results; 87.5% of these reports recommended postoperative compression garments. The overall complication rates were 1% for LVA, 13% for VLNT, 11% for SAL, and 46% for extirpative procedures. Altogether, only one paper lacked some kind of improvement. Primary lymphedema is amenable to surgical treatment; the currently performed procedures have effectively improved symptoms and QoL in this population. Complication rates are related to the invasiveness of the chosen procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Gaxiola-García
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department, Mexico's Children's Hospital (Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Joseph M. Escandón
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Strong Memorial Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Oscar J. Manrique
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Strong Memorial Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Kristin A. Skinner
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Strong Memorial Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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Drobot D, Zeltzer AA. Surgical treatment of breast cancer related lymphedema-the combined approach: a literature review. Gland Surg 2023; 12:1746-1759. [PMID: 38229846 PMCID: PMC10788573 DOI: 10.21037/gs-23-247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objective Breast cancer therapy is a common cause of lymphedema, a chronic condition resulting from impaired fluid drainage through the lymphatic system. The accumulation of fluid in the affected limb leads to swelling, inflammation, and fibrosis, causing irreversible changes. While conservative therapy is the initial treatment for lymphedema, it may prove ineffective for advanced-stage cases that require surgical intervention. Physiological approaches such as lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) and vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT) aim to restore lymphatic circulation, while reductive approaches such as excision of excess tissue and liposuction (LS) aim to eliminate fibrofatty tissue. In advanced stages of breast cancer-related lymphedema, a treatment that incorporates both physiological and reductive methods is advantageous. The timing of these approaches varies, and recent simultaneous procedures have been introduced to address both aspects in one surgery. Additionally, lymphedema treatment can be combined with breast reconstruction. Current imaging techniques provide a better assessment of the lymphedematous limb, aiding in the tailoring of a personalized combined approach within a single surgery. This study aims to review the combined approach for breast cancer-related lymphedema treatment and propose a new therapeutic algorithm based on recent literature. The research aims to optimize the management of breast cancer-related lymphedema and improve patient outcomes. Methods PubMed/MEDLINE was used as the database to conduct a review of the currently available literature concerning combined surgical techniques for treating breast cancer related lymphedema (BCRL). Key Content and Findings In our review, we discuss imaging methods for assessing lymphatic system anatomy and function in surgical preparation and decision-making. Simultaneously, we examine a range of combined surgical techniques for treating BCRL, encompassing the combined physiologic approach, breast reconstruction with physiologic surgery, and the combination of reductive and physiologic procedures. Our emphasis remains on key parameters, including patient demographics, lymphedema staging, procedure types, follow-up duration, and objective limb measurements. Conclusions Surgical treatment of BCRL can include several surgical modalities that can be performed simultaneously. Current imaging techniques enable the tailoring of a personalized combined one-stage surgery for BCRL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Drobot
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Assaf Aviram Zeltzer
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- Bruce and Ruth Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel
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Ciudad P, Escandón JM, Duarte-Bateman D, Escandón L, Maruccia M, Forte AJ, Mayer HF, Manrique OJ. Surgical management of breast cancer-related lymphedema: a narrative review of contemporary practices. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2023; 11:418. [PMID: 38213809 PMCID: PMC10777216 DOI: 10.21037/atm-23-292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objective Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) represents a colossal burden in terms of health and patient-reported outcomes. Surgical management plays a prominent role in the psychological and physical well-being of women suffering from BCRL. Therefore, we performed a narrative review of the current surgical management of BCRL and analyzed the postoperative results. Methods A literature search was conducted across PubMed MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science from database inception through January 2, 2023. We included English-written studies evaluating postoperative outcomes of lymphatic surgery for the management of BCRL. Key Content and Findings The surgical management of lymphedema can be classified into two approaches: (I) physiologic procedures and (II) debulking or ablative procedures. While ablative procedures are intended to lessen the symptomatic burden of lymphedema via the removal of pathological tissues, physiologic procedures are performed to restore the abnormal lymphatic flow by creating bypasses into the venous or lymphatic circulation, or by creating new lymphatic connections by means of lymphangiogenesis. Physiologic procedures generate better outcomes in the early stages of lymphedema as there is some residual physiologic flow and vessels are less fibrotic, while ablative procedures are regarded to be the best alternative in very advanced lymphedema stages. A combination of physiologic and ablative procedures provides more comprehensive surgical management to BCRL. Conclusions Lymphedema is a common complication of breast cancer treatment with an extensive incidence range. Postoperative outcomes of the surgical management of BCRL are heterogeneous despite most studies indicating favorable results after lymphatic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ciudad
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Burn Surgery, Arzobispo Loayza National Hospital, Lima, Peru
| | - Joseph M. Escandón
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Strong Memorial Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Lauren Escandón
- Los Cobos Medical Center, School of Medicine, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Michele Maruccia
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Horacio F. Mayer
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Oscar J. Manrique
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Strong Memorial Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Lin YS, Liu CJ. The Deciding Factors of Flow Direction in Lymphovenous Anastomosis for Extremity Lymphedema. Plast Reconstr Surg 2023; 152:1350-1357. [PMID: 37337319 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000010865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While using lymphovenous anastomosis (LVA) to treat extremity lymphedema, an antegrade lymphatic-to-venous flow is usually considered to indicate a functional and effective anastomosis. The authors analyzed the characteristics of lymphovenous anastomoses in patients with extremity lymphedema to look for the deciding factors of the flow direction. METHODS A total of 45 patients (15 arms and 42 legs) undergoing LVA for extremity lymphedema were reviewed. Only the anastomoses with intraoperatively confirmed patent flow or clear visualization of vessel lumens during anastomosis were included for analysis. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the contributing factors of intraoperative washout phenomenon or venous reflux. RESULTS A total of 105 eligible LVAs were included for analysis. Anastomosis with a more sclerotic lymphatic duct is statistically significantly associated with more venous reflux (OR, 2.82; P = 0.003). Larger diameter difference between lymphatic duct and recipient vein (OR, 12.8; P = 0.02) and less sclerotic lymphatic duct (OR, 0.47; P = 0.03) are statistically significantly associated with more washout phenomena. CONCLUSIONS The deciding factors of flow direction in LVA are difference of diameters between lymphatic duct and recipient vein, and the severity of lymphosclerosis. To obtain favorable antegrade lymph-to-vein flow, a less sclerotic lymphatic duct with larger diameter and a recipient vein with smaller diameter should be chosen for anastomosis. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Risk, III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Sheng Lin
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University
| | - Chia-Ju Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yunlin Branch
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7
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Ciudad P, Bolletta A, Kaciulyte J, Losco L, Manrique OJ, Cigna E, Mayer HF, Escandón JM. The breast cancer-related lymphedema multidisciplinary approach: Algorithm for conservative and multimodal surgical treatment. Microsurgery 2023; 43:427-436. [PMID: 36433802 DOI: 10.1002/micr.30990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple surgical alternatives are available to treat breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) providing a variable spectrum of outcomes. This study aimed to present the breast cancer-related lymphedema multidisciplinary approach (B-LYMA) to systematically treat BCRL. METHODS Seventy-eight patients presenting with BCRL between 2017 and 2021 were included. The average age and BMI were 49.4 ± 7.8 years and 28.1 ± 3.5 kg/m2 , respectively. Forty patients had lymphedema ISL stage II (51.3%) and 38 had stage III (48.7%). The mean follow-up was 26.4 months. Treatment was selected according to the B-LYMA algorithm, which aims to combine physiologic and excisional procedures according to the preoperative evaluation of patients. All patients had pre- and postoperative complex decongestive therapy (CDT). RESULTS Stage II patients were treated with lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) (n = 18), vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT) (n = 12), and combined DIEP flap and VLNT (n = 10). Stage III patients underwent combined suction-assisted lipectomy (SAL) and LVA (n = 36) or combined SAL and VLNT (n = 2). Circumferential reduction rates (CRR) were comparable between patients treated with LVA (56.5 ± 8.4%), VLNT (54.4 ± 10.2%), and combined VLNT-DIEP flap (56.5 ± 3.9%) (p > .05). In comparison to LVA, VLNT, and combined VLNT-DIEP flap, combined SAL-LVA exhibited higher CRRs (85 ± 10.5%, p < .001). The CRR for combined SAL-VLNT was 75 ± 8.5%. One VLNT failed and minor complications occurred in the combined DIEP-VLNT group. CONCLUSION The B-LYMA protocol directs the treatment of BCRL according to the lymphatic system's condition. In advanced stages where a single physiologic procedure is not sufficient, additional excisional surgery is implemented. Preoperative and postoperative CDT is mandatory to improve the outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ciudad
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Burn Surgery, Arzobispo Loayza National Hospital, Lima, Peru
| | - Alberto Bolletta
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Plastic Surgery Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Juste Kaciulyte
- Department of Surgery "P.Valdoni", Unit of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Losco
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Plastic Surgery Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Oscar J Manrique
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Strong Memorial Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Emanuele Cigna
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Plastic Surgery Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Horacio F Mayer
- Plastic Surgery Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, University of Buenos Aires Medical School, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Joseph M Escandón
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Strong Memorial Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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Combined Volume Reduction Surgery and Lymphaticovenular Anastomosis for Treatment of Lower Leg Lymphedema. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2023; 11:e4870. [PMID: 36875927 PMCID: PMC9984154 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000004870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Much has been reported in the past regarding obesity as a risk factor for the origin of lymphedema. There are also reports of surgical treatments for obesity-related lymphedema. We have previously reported on the effectiveness of lymphaticovenular anastomosis in reducing chronic inflammation, and we believe that lymphaticovenular anastomosis is a very useful surgical approach in patients with recurrent cellulitis. In this report, we describe a case of a severely obese patient with a body mass index over 50 who developed lymphedema in both lower extremities due to pressure from sagging abdominal fat accompanied by frequent episodes of cellulitis.
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Comparison of the Effectiveness of Liposuction for Lower Limb versus Upper Limb Lymphedema. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12051727. [PMID: 36902514 PMCID: PMC10003574 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12051727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Liposuction is the most frequently performed debulking procedure in patients with lymphedema. However, it remains uncertain whether liposuction is equally effective for upper extremity lymphedema (UEL) and lower extremity lymphedema (LEL). In this study, we retrospectively compared the effectiveness of liposuction according to whether it was performed for LEL or UEL, and identified factors associated with outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS All patients had been treated at least once by lymphovenous anastomosis or vascularized lymphatic transplant before liposuction but without sufficient volume reduction. The patients were divided into an LEL group and a UEL group, and then subdivided further according to whether they completed their planned compression therapy into an LEL compliance group, an LEL non-compliance group, a UEL compliance group, and a UEL non-compliance group. The reduction rates in LEL (REL) and in UEL (REU) were compared between the groups. RESULTS In total, 28 patients with unilateral lymphedema were enrolled (LEL compliance group, n = 12; LEL non-compliance group, n = 6; UEL compliance group, n = 10; UEL non-compliance group, n = 0). The non-compliance rate was significantly higher in the LEL group than in the UEL group (p = 0.04). REU was significantly higher than REL (100.1 ± 37.3% vs. 59.3 ± 49.4%; p = 0.03); however, there was no significant difference between REL in the LEL compliance group (86 ± 31%) and REU in the UEL group (101 ± 37%) (p = 0.32). CONCLUSION Liposuction seems to be more effective in UEL than in LEL, probably because the compression therapy required for management after liposuction is easier to implement for UEL. The lower pressure and smaller coverage area required for postoperative management after liposuction in the upper limb may explain why liposuction is more effective in UEL than in LEL.
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10
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Viviano SL, Neligan PC. Updates on Excisional Procedures for Lymphedema. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2022; 11:419-427. [PMID: 34128393 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2021.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: Excisional procedures for lymphedema have been used for over a century, and many surgeons have abandoned the old techniques as improvements in nonsurgical management and microsurgery have limited their clinical utility. Nonetheless, excisional procedures remain relevant as an important tool in the comprehensive surgical management of lymphedema. Recent Advances: Modifications to the Charles procedure and other direct excisional procedures have improved the complication profile and patient outcomes. Moreover, the use of liposuction techniques for minimally invasive tissue excision has expanded the scope of excisional surgery to benefit patients with less severe lymphedema. Recent operations combining excisional and physiologic procedures may prove to have superior results to stand-alone procedures. Critical Issues: No standard protocol exists for the comprehensive surgical management of lymphedema. Proper patient selection for any procedure requires robust outpatient assessment, cooperation with physiotherapy treatment teams, careful patient stratification, and a clear understanding of the procedure's goal. Future Directions: Larger, prospective trials will be needed to elucidate the ideal timing and combinations of techniques to optimize outcomes for patients with late-stage lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Viviano
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Peter C Neligan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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11
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Tran BNN, Didzbalis CJ, Chen T, Shulzhenko NO, Asaadi M. Safety and Efficacy of Third-Generation Ultrasound-Assisted Liposuction: A Series of 261 Cases. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2022; 46:2310-2318. [PMID: 35896731 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-022-02992-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The introduction of third-generation ultrasound-assisted liposuction (3rd UAL) allows for a less invasive modality of both deep and superficial lipectomy while offering improved skin retraction and reduced rate of complications. This study examined the efficacy and safety profile of this technology over 15 years of clinical experience. METHODS A consecutive series of patients treated from 2005-2020 by the senior author were reviewed for demographic and anthropometric measurements, intraoperative settings, surgical outcomes, and complications via retrospective chart review. Body-Q survey was used to assess patient satisfaction. RESULTS A total of 261 patients underwent 3rd UAL in 783 areas. There were 238 female and 23 male patients with an average age of 43.5 years and BMI of 27.4 kg/m2. The most frequently treated areas were the trunk and lower limbs. An average of 2840 mL of wetting solution was used with an average of 2284 mL of lipocrit aspirate. About 65% of the cases were done in conjunction with another procedure. Overall complication rate was 4.6%, contour irregularity (1.9%), seroma (0.8%), cellulitis (0.8%), pigmentation changes (0.4%), and electrolyte imbalance (0.4%), with a minimum follow-up of 6 months. 78% of patient would undergo the procedure again and 86% would recommend it. CONCLUSION Third-generation ultrasound-assisted liposuction can be used effectively and safely, either alone, or in conjunction with other plastic surgery procedures. VASER liposuction allows surgeons to address superficial fat plane and enhanced skin tightening. Rate of complications are lower than that of traditional liposuction with equivalent or higher patient satisfaction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Ngoc N Tran
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Christopher J Didzbalis
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Tiffany Chen
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Nikita O Shulzhenko
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Mokhtar Asaadi
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ, USA. .,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, 101 Old Short Hills Road, Suite 504, West Orange, NJ, 07052, USA.
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12
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Ciudad P, Escandón JM, Manrique OJ, Gutierrez-Arana J, Mayer HF. Lymphedema prevention and immediate breast reconstruction with simultaneous gastroepiploic vascularized lymph node transfer and deep inferior epigastric perforator flap: A case report. Microsurgery 2022; 42:617-621. [PMID: 35821630 DOI: 10.1002/micr.30939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer-related lymphedema following axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) has been documented in 6%-55% of patients, mostly occurring within the next 3 years after radiation or surgery. We present a case of a 53-year-old patient with hormone positive, stage IB, left breast invasive ductal carcinoma treated with immediate lymphatic and microvascular breast reconstruction (MBR) using vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT) for lymphedema prevention. A deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap (18.3 × 11.2-cm) and simultaneous prophylactic gastroepiploic-VLNT (7 × 3-cm), orthotopically inset in the axilla, were used for reconstruction following mastectomy and radical ALND. The procedure was uneventful. The patient did not display increased postoperative arm circumferences. ICG lymphography did not show any changes at 2- and 3-years after surgery. Preventive lymphatic reconstruction with GE-VLNT and immediate MBR using the DIEP flap offers a new possibility for the primary prevention of lymphedema and simultaneous immediate autologous breast reconstruction without the risk of iatrogenic lymphedema. Further studies will be directed to unveil the external validity of these findings and the risk reduction rate of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ciudad
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Burn Surgery, Arzobispo Loayza National Hospital, Lima, Peru
| | - Joseph M Escandón
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Strong Memorial Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Oscar J Manrique
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Strong Memorial Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Jessica Gutierrez-Arana
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Burn Surgery, Arzobispo Loayza National Hospital, Lima, Peru
| | - Horacio F Mayer
- Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, University of Buenos Aires Medical School, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Ciudad P, Escandón JM, Manrique OJ, Bustos VP. Lessons Learnt from an 11-year Experience with Lymphatic Surgery and a Systematic Review of Reported Complications: Technical Considerations to Reduce Morbidity. Arch Plast Surg 2022; 49:227-239. [PMID: 35832669 PMCID: PMC9045509 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1744412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Complications experienced during lymphatic surgery have not been ubiquitously reported, and little has been described regarding how to prevent them. We present a review of complications reported during the surgical management of lymphedema and our experience with technical considerations to reduce morbidity from lymphatic surgery. A comprehensive search across different databases was conducted through November 2020. Based on the complications identified, we discussed the best approach for reducing the incidence of complications during lymphatic surgery based on our experience. The most common complications reported following lymphovenous anastomosis were re-exploration of the anastomosis, venous reflux, and surgical site infection. The most common complications using groin vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT), submental VLNT, lateral thoracic VLNT, and supraclavicular VLNT included delayed wound healing, seroma and hematoma formation, lymphatic fluid leakage, iatrogenic lymphedema, soft-tissue infection, venous congestion, marginal nerve pseudoparalysis, and partial flap loss. Regarding intra-abdominal lymph node flaps, incisional hernia, hematoma, lymphatic fluid leakage, and postoperative ileus were commonly reported. Following suction-assisted lipectomy, significant blood loss and transient paresthesia were frequently reported. The reported complications of excisional procedures included soft-tissue infections, seroma and hematoma formation, skin-graft loss, significant blood loss, and minor skin flap necrosis. Evidently, lymphedema continues to represent a challenging condition; however, thorough patient selection, compliance with physiotherapy, and an experienced surgeon with adequate understanding of the lymphatic system can help maximize the safety of lymphatic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ciudad
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Burn Surgery, Arzobispo Loayza National Hospital, Lima, Peru
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Academic Department of Surgery, School of Medicine Hipolito Unanue, Federico Villarreal National University, Lima, Perú
| | - Joseph M. Escandón
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Strong Memorial Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Oscar J. Manrique
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Strong Memorial Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Valeria P. Bustos
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical University, Boston, Massachusetts
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14
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Lasso JM, Alonso-Farto JC. Indocyanine green-guided liposuction for patients presenting with residual nonpitting edema after lymphovenous anastomosis. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2022; 75:2482-2492. [PMID: 35387757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2022.02.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lymphovenous anastomoses (LVA) techniques for the treatment of lymphedema are well defined, and results restoring lymph function are reported in the literature. However, unsatisfactory results (poor-responders) are common, leading to persistent nonpitting edema. Blind liposuction eliminates fat and fibrous tissue but may result in inadvertent damage to the lymph vessel system. Indocyanine green imaging of the lymphatic system provides the potential preservation of functioning lymphatics while conducting liposuction to address the excess adipose and fibrous tissue in these patients. Our study reports the results of a prospectively conducted technique in patients with nonpitting edema after failing previous LVA. It consists of indocyanine green-guided liposuction. PATIENTS AND METHOD Twenty poor-responders patients to LVA who presented with persistent nonpitting edema were operated with liposuction. Limb volume measurements, SPECT-CT/lymphoscintigraphy, and ICG lymphography were recorded and complemented with a satisfaction inquiry. RESULTS The overall percentage of volume reduction was 46.2% after liposuction (p = 0.001). None of our patients reported any set back with respect to the improvements they had achieved after LVA nor new infections. Satisfaction showed a mean improvement of 5 points in a 20-point scale. SPECT-CT/lymphoscintigraphy showed further improvements in 17 cases after liposuction, such as dermal back-flow reduction, spots along the lymphatic system, or lymph nodes not described in preoperative reports, without showing significant differences when compared with overall volume reduction (p = 0.12). CONCLUSION Controlled liposuction with ICG seems to be an effective technique for the reduction of residual non-pitting edema in poor responder patients after LVA. Overall, volume excess reduction after liposuction was 42.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Lasso
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital Genertal Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
| | - J C Alonso-Farto
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Ciudad P, Escandón JM, Bustos VP, Manrique OJ, Kaciulyte J. Primary Prevention of Cancer-Related Lymphedema Using Preventive Lymphatic Surgery: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Indian J Plast Surg 2022; 55:18-25. [PMID: 35444756 PMCID: PMC9015841 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1740085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Several studies have proven prophylactic lymphovenous anastomosis (LVA) performed after lymphadenectomy can potentially reduce the risk of cancer-related lymphedema (CRL) without compromising the oncological treatment. We present a systematic review of the current evidence on the primary prevention of CRL using preventive lymphatic surgery (PLS).
Patients and Methods
A comprehensive search across PubMed, Cochrane-EBMR, Web of Science, Ovid Medline (R) and in-process, SCOPUS, and ScienceDirect was performed through December 2020. A meta-analysis with a random-effect method was accomplished.
Results
Twenty-four studies including 1547 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Overall, 830 prophylactic LVA procedures were performed after oncological treatment, of which 61 developed lymphedema.
The pooled cumulative rate of upper extremity lymphedema after axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) and PLS was 5.15% (95% CI, 2.9%–7.5%;
p
< 0.01). The pooled cumulative rate of lower extremity lymphedema after oncological surgical treatment and PLS was 6.66% (95% CI < 1–13.4%, p-value = 0.5). Pooled analysis showed that PLS reduced the incidence of upper and lower limb lymphedema after lymph node dissection by 18.7 per 100 patients treated (risk difference [RD] – 18.7%, 95% CI – 29.5% to – 7.9%;
p
< 0.001) and by 30.3 per 100 patients treated (RD – 30.3%, 95% CI – 46.5% to – 14%;
p
< 0.001), respectively, versus no prophylactic lymphatic reconstruction.
Conclusions
Low-quality studies and a high risk of bias halt the formulating of strong recommendations in favor of PLS, despite preliminary reports theoretically indicating that the inclusion of PLS may significantly decrease the incidence of CRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ciudad
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Burn Surgery, Arzobispo Loayza National Hospital, Lima, Peru
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Academic Department of Surgery. School of Medicine Hipolito Unanue. Federico Villarreal National University, Lima, Perú
| | - Joseph M. Escandón
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Strong Memorial Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Valeria P. Bustos
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Oscar J. Manrique
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Strong Memorial Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Juste Kaciulyte
- Department of Surgery “P.Valdoni,” Unit of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
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16
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Yoshida S, Koshima I, Imai H, Roh S, Mese T, Uchiki T, Sasaki A, Nagamatsu S. Effect of Postoperative Compression Therapy on the Success of Liposuction in Patients with Advanced Lower Limb Lymphedema. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10214852. [PMID: 34768372 PMCID: PMC8584961 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10214852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: There is limited information on postoperative care after liposuction for lymphedema limb. The aim of this retrospective study was to identify the threshold compression pressure and other factors that lead liposuction for lower limb lymphedema to success. Materials and Methods: Patients were divided according to whether they underwent compression therapy with both stockings and bandaging (SB group), stockings alone (S group), or bandaging alone (B group) for 6 months after liposuction. The postoperative compression pressure and rate of improvement were compared according to the postoperative compression method. We also investigated whether it was possible to decrease the compression pressure after 6 months. Liposuction was considered successful if improvement rate was >15. Results: Mean compression pressure was significantly lower in the S group than in the SB group or B group. The liposuction success rate was significantly higher in the SB group than in the B group or S group. There was not a significant difference between the values at 6 months after liposuction and at 6 months after a decrease in compression pressure in the successful group. Conclusion: Our results suggest that stable high-pressure postoperative compression therapy is key to the success of liposuction for lower limb lymphedema and is best achieved by using both stockings and bandages. The postoperative compression pressure required for liposuction to be successful was >40 mmHg on the lower leg and >20 mmHg on the thigh. These pressures could be decreased after 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Yoshida
- The International Center for Lymphedema, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (I.K.); (H.I.); (S.R.); (T.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-82-257-5555; Fax: +81-82-257-5851
| | - Isao Koshima
- The International Center for Lymphedema, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (I.K.); (H.I.); (S.R.); (T.M.)
| | - Hirofumi Imai
- The International Center for Lymphedema, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (I.K.); (H.I.); (S.R.); (T.M.)
| | - Solji Roh
- The International Center for Lymphedema, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (I.K.); (H.I.); (S.R.); (T.M.)
| | - Toshiro Mese
- The International Center for Lymphedema, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (I.K.); (H.I.); (S.R.); (T.M.)
| | - Toshio Uchiki
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan; (T.U.); (A.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Ayano Sasaki
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan; (T.U.); (A.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Shogo Nagamatsu
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan; (T.U.); (A.S.); (S.N.)
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Jørgensen MG, Hermann AP, Madsen AR, Christensen S, Ingwersen KG, Thomsen JB, Sørensen JA. Cellulitis Is Associated with Severe Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema: An Observational Study of Tissue Composition. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143584. [PMID: 34298799 PMCID: PMC8303539 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cellulitis is a common complication in Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema (BCRL); however, it is not known whether cellulitis is associated with the severity and biocompositon of BCRL. This study showed that cellulitis was associated with more excess volume, fat, and lean arm mass. Treatments should aim to prevent cellulitis in BCRL to possibly avoid the condition exacerbating. Abstract Cellulitis is a common complication in Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema (BCRL). The excess amount of fat and lean mass in BCRL is a vital factor in patient stratification, prognosis, and treatments. However, it is not known whether cellulitis is associated with the excess fat and lean mass in BCRL. Therefore, this prospective observational study was designed to fundamentally understand the heterogonous biocomposition of BCRL. For this study, we consecutively enrolled 206 patients with unilateral BCRL between January 2019 and February 2020. All patients underwent Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry scans, bioimpedance spectroscopy, indocyanine green lymphangiography comprehensive history of potential risk factors, and a clinical exam. Multivariate linear and beta regression models were used to determine the strength of association and margins effect. Sixty-nine patients (33%) had at least one previous episode of cellulitis. Notably, a previous episode of cellulitis was associated with 20 percentage points more excess fat and 10 percentage points more excess lean mass compared to patients without cellulitis (p < 0.05). Moreover, each 1 increase in the patients BMI was associated with a 0.03 unit increase in the fat mass proportion of the lymphedema arm. Cellulitis was associated with more excess fat and lean arm mass in BCRL. In addition, patients BMI affect the proportion of fat mass in the arm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Gustaf Jørgensen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (J.B.T.); (J.A.S.)
- Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- OPEN, Open Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-2921-0114
| | - Anne Pernille Hermann
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (A.P.H.); (A.R.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Anette Riis Madsen
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (A.P.H.); (A.R.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Steffanie Christensen
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (A.P.H.); (A.R.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Kim Gordon Ingwersen
- Research Unit in Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, University Hospital of Sourthen Denmark—Vejle Hospital, 7100 Vejle, Denmark;
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jørn Bo Thomsen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (J.B.T.); (J.A.S.)
- Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jens Ahm Sørensen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (J.B.T.); (J.A.S.)
- Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
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18
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Yang JCS, Wu SC, Hayashi A, Lin WC, Huang GK, Tsai PY, Chien PC, Hsieh CH. Lower Limb Lymphedema Patients Can Still Benefit from Supermicrosurgical Lymphaticovenous Anastomosis (LVA) after Vascularized Lymph Node Flap Transfer (VLNT) as Delayed Lymphatic Reconstruction-A Retrospective Cohort Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10143121. [PMID: 34300287 PMCID: PMC8305302 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10143121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: For lymphedema patients who received a vascularized lymph node flap transfer (VLNT) as their primary treatment, what are the treatment options when they seek further improvement? With recent publications supporting the use of lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) for treating severe lymphedema, we examined whether LVA could benefit post-VLNT patients seeking further improvement. Methods: This retrospective cohort study enrolled eight lymphedema patients with nine lymphedematous limbs (one patient suffered from bilateral lower limb lymphedema) who had received VLNT as their primary surgery. Patients with previous LVA, liposuction, excisional therapy, or incomplete data were excluded. LVA was performed on nine lower lymphedematous limbs. Demographic data and intraoperative findings were recorded. Preoperative and postoperative limb volumes were measured with magnetic resonance volumetry. The primary outcome was the limb volume measured 6 months post-LVA. Results: The median duration of lymphedema before LVA was 10.5 (4.9–15.3) years. The median waiting time between VLNT and LVA was 41.4 (22.3–97.9) months. The median volume gained in the lymphedematous limb was 3836 (2505–4584) milliliters (mL). The median post-LVA follow-up period was 18 (6–30) months. Significant 6-month and 1-year post-LVA percentage volume reductions were found compared to pre-LVA volume (both p < 0.001). Conclusion: Based on the results from this study, the authors recommend the use of LVA as a secondary procedure for post-VLNT patients seeking further improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnson Chia-Shen Yang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833253, Taiwan; (P.-Y.T.); (P.-C.C.); (C.-H.H.)
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-7317123 (ext. 8002)
| | - Shao-Chun Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833253, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (G.-K.H.)
| | - Akitatsu Hayashi
- Department of Lymphedema Center, Kameda General Hospital, Chiba 296-0041, Japan;
| | - Wei-Che Lin
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (G.-K.H.)
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833253, Taiwan
| | - Gong-Kai Huang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (G.-K.H.)
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833253, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Tsai
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833253, Taiwan; (P.-Y.T.); (P.-C.C.); (C.-H.H.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (G.-K.H.)
| | - Peng-Chen Chien
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833253, Taiwan; (P.-Y.T.); (P.-C.C.); (C.-H.H.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (G.-K.H.)
| | - Ching-Hua Hsieh
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833253, Taiwan; (P.-Y.T.); (P.-C.C.); (C.-H.H.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (G.-K.H.)
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19
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Ciudad P, Chen WF. Preoperative indocyanine green lymphographic planning for dorsal metatarsal vascularized lymph vessel transfer in the treatment of upper extremity lymphedema. Microsurgery 2021; 41:391-392. [PMID: 33543798 DOI: 10.1002/micr.30715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ciudad
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Burn Surgery, Arzobispo Loayza National Hospital, Lima, Peru.,Department of Biotechnology, Experimental Surgery Unit. The Child Health's Institute (Breña), Lima, Peru.,Department of Plastic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei F Chen
- Center for Lymphedema Research and Reconstruction, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA
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