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Ye Z, Zhuang L, Liu X, Song M, Zhang J, Cao G. The clinical outcomes of patients with vascular invasion after deceased donor liver transplantation. J Gastrointest Oncol 2024; 15:1686-1697. [PMID: 39279926 PMCID: PMC11399840 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-24-328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular invasion is a major risk factor for poor prognosis of liver transplantation (LT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and this study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of deceased donor LT (DDLT) for the treatment of microvascular invasion (MVI) and segmental portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT). Methods We retrospectively analyzed 141 patients who received DDLT for HCC combined with vascular invasion from January 2016 to December 2023 at Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital. To assess the risk of vascular invasion associated with the LT prognosis, we evaluated various clinicopathologic variables. The recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) based on different types of vascular invasion were also analyzed. Results A total of 141 patients were enrolled in this study, including patients with MVI (MVI group, n=60), segmental PVTT with segmental branches of the portal vein or above (segmental PVTT group, n=13), and lobar PVTT involving the left and right branches of the portal vein or the main portal vein (lobar PVTT group, n=68). Between the tumor recurrence group and the no recurrence group, there were significant differences in alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level, tumor total diameter, pretransplant treatment, histological grade, and types of vascular invasion. Subgroup analyses were performed according to the types of vascular invasion, the lobar PVTT group had a significantly higher recurrence rate (lobar vs. MVI: 88.2% vs. 35.0%, lobar vs. segmental: 88.2% vs. 30.8%, both P<0.001), but there was no difference in recurrence rate between the MVI group and the segmental PVTT group (35.0% vs. 30.8%, P>0.99). The 3-year RFS rate and OS rate were as low as 9.1% and 45.9% in the lobar PVTT group, compared with 65.5% and 76.0% in the MVI group, 58.3% and 75.0% in the segmental PVTT group. Multivariate analysis showed that Child-Pugh classification, tumor total diameter, histological grade, and lobar PVTT were the main risk factors affecting RFS, whereas Child-Pugh classification, tumor total diameter, and lobar PVTT were the main risk factors affecting OS. Finally, analysis of the segmental PVTT group revealed that RFS was significantly higher in well and moderately-differentiated patients than in poor-differentiated patients (P=0.01). Conclusions Lobar PVTT remains a contraindication to LT, whereas segmental PVTT can still be considered for LT after careful screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaodan Ye
- Department of Radiology, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhuang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyan Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengchen Song
- Department of Radiology, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingfeng Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Guohong Cao
- Department of Radiology, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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Bhangui P. Liver transplantation and resection in patients with hepatocellular cancer and portal vein tumor thrombosis: Feasible and effective? Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2024; 23:123-128. [PMID: 37880019 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Patients with locally advanced hepatocellular cancer (HCC) and portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT) have a dismal prognosis since limited treatment options are available for them. In recent years, effective systemic therapy, and advances in the understanding of technicalities and effectiveness of ablative therapies especially radiotherapy, have given some hope to prolong survival in them. This review summarized recent evidence in literature regarding the possible role of liver resection (LR) and liver transplantation (LT) in patients with locally advanced HCC and PVTT with no extrahepatic disease. Downstaging therapies have helped make curative resection or LT a reality in selected patients. This review emphasizes on the key points to focus on when considering surgery in these patients, who are usually relegated to palliative systemic therapy alone. Meticulous patient selection based on tumor biology, documented downstaging based on imaging and decrease in tumor marker levels, and an adequate waiting period to demonstrate stable disease, may help obtain satisfactory long-term outcomes post LR or LT in an intention to treat strategy in patients with HCC and PVTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Bhangui
- Institute of Liver Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Medanta - The Medicity, Sector 38, Gurgaon, Delhi NCR 122001, India.
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3
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Ohm H, Khwaja R, Karachiwala H. Immunotherapy before liver transplant in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a case report. J Gastrointest Oncol 2023; 14:2644-2649. [PMID: 38196545 PMCID: PMC10772681 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-23-634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of global cancer mortality, with liver transplantation as the sole curative treatment. For advanced disease, first-line systemic therapies including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown a survival benefit, but there is scarce data on clinical outcomes when used prior to transplantation. Case Description We present three case studies of patients who received immunotherapy with atezolizumab/bevacizumab or ipilimumab/nivolumab before liver transplant. We reviewed clinical outcomes including disease response, adverse events related to systemic therapy, as well as graft function post-operatively. One case demonstrated a 45% reduction in total HCC tumour burden whereas another showed stable disease with ICIs. No adverse clinical outcomes such as graft rejection or poor wound healing were noted post-transplant. Indeed, all three patients were successfully transplanted with excellent graft function at the last follow-up. Conclusions Our observations and data suggest ICIs are a viable option for treatment in the pre-transplant setting. It does not routinely lead to fatal graft rejection and may lengthen eligibility times until a donor organ is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejee Ohm
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Raida Khwaja
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hatim Karachiwala
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Tustumi F, Coelho FF, de Paiva Magalhães D, Júnior SS, Jeismann VB, Fonseca GM, Kruger JAP, D'Albuquerque LAC, Herman P. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with macroscopic vascular invasion: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2023; 37:100763. [PMID: 37393656 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2023.100763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of different treatments for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and macroscopic vascular invasion. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies was performed to evaluate various treatment modalities for HCC with macroscopic vascular invasion, including liver resection (LR), liver transplantation (LT), transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), transarterial radioembolization (TARE), radiotherapy (RT), radiofrequency ablation (RFA), and antineoplastic systemic therapy (AnST). RESULTS After applying the selection criteria, 31 studies were included. The surgical resection (SR) group (including LR and LT) had a similar mortality rate to the non-surgical resection (NS) group (RD = -0.01; 95% CI -0.05 to 0.03). The SR group had a higher rate of complications (RD = 0.06; 95% CI 0.00 to 0.12) but a higher 3-year overall survival (OS) rate than the NS group (RD = 0.12; 95% CI 0.05 to 0.20). The network analysis revealed that the overall survival was lower in the AnST group. LT and LR had similar survival benefits. The meta-regression suggested that SR has a greater impact on the survival of patients with impaired liver function. DISCUSSION Most likely, LT has a significant impact on long-term survival and consequently would be a better option for HCC with macroscopic vascular invasion in patients with impaired liver function. LT and LR offer a higher chance of long-term survival than NS alternatives, although LR and LR are associated with a higher risk of procedure-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Tustumi
- Divisão de Cirurgia do Aparelho Digestivo, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fabricio Ferreira Coelho
- Divisão de Cirurgia do Aparelho Digestivo, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel de Paiva Magalhães
- Divisão de Cirurgia do Aparelho Digestivo, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Silveira Júnior
- Divisão de Cirurgia do Aparelho Digestivo, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vagner Birk Jeismann
- Divisão de Cirurgia do Aparelho Digestivo, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gilton Marques Fonseca
- Divisão de Cirurgia do Aparelho Digestivo, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jaime Arthur Pirola Kruger
- Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Augusto Carneiro D'Albuquerque
- Divisão de Cirurgia do Aparelho Digestivo, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Herman
- Divisão de Cirurgia do Aparelho Digestivo, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Zhou XH, Li JR, Zheng TH, Chen H, Cai C, Ye SL, Gao B, Xue TC. Portal vein tumor thrombosis in hepatocellular carcinoma: molecular mechanism and therapy. Clin Exp Metastasis 2023; 40:5-32. [PMID: 36318440 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-022-10188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT), a common complication of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), remains the bottleneck of the treatments. Liver cancer cells potentially experienced multi-steps during PVTT process, including cancer cells leave from cancer nest, migrate in extracellular matrix, invade the vascular barrier, and colonize in the portal vein. Accumulated evidences have revealed numerous of molecular mechanisms including genetic and epigenetic regulation, cancer stem cells, immunosuppressive microenvironment, hypoxia, et al. contributed to the PVTT formation. In this review, we discuss state-of-the-art PVTT research on the potential molecular mechanisms and experimental models. In addition, we summarize PVTT-associated clinical trials and current treatments for PVTT and suppose perspectives exploring the molecular mechanisms and improving PVTT-related treatment for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Hao Zhou
- Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Hepatic Oncology, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, 200032, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jing-Ru Li
- Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Hepatic Oncology, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, 200032, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Tang-Hui Zheng
- Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Hepatic Oncology, Xiamen Branch, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen, 361015, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Hepatic Oncology, Xiamen Branch, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen, 361015, China
| | - Chen Cai
- Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Hepatic Oncology, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, 200032, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Sheng-Long Ye
- Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Hepatic Oncology, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, 200032, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Tong-Chun Xue
- Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Hepatic Oncology, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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6
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Li CC, Yang HY, Mao YL. Research progress and prospects of circulating tumor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2022; 21:514-515. [PMID: 35853804 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Can Li
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hua-Yu Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yi-Lei Mao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100730, China.
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7
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Liver transplantation and portal vein tumour thrombus: futile enterprise? Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2022; 27:312-319. [PMID: 36354257 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize recent evidence in literature regarding liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and portal vein tumour thrombosis (PVTT) with no extrahepatic disease. In addition, in this review, we have tried to highlight the advances in downstaging with ablative therapies that have made liver transplantation a possibility, and also the key points to focus on when considering liver transplantation in these patients with locally advanced HCC. RECENT FINDINGS Advances in the understanding of technicalities and effectiveness of ablative therapies, including transarterial chemoembolization, stereotactic body radiotherapy and transarterial radioembolization on PVTT have helped successfully downstage patients with HCC and PVTT to within transplant criteria. This provides the opportunity to offer a curative liver transplantation in these patients who are generally managed with systemic or palliative therapy alone with dismal prognosis. Meticulous patient selection based on tumour biology, documented downstaging based on imaging and decrease in tumour marker levels, an adequate waiting period to demonstrate stable disease, liver transplantation with some technical modifications, and a modified immunosuppression protocol may offer long-term survival in a select group of patients treated with initial downstaging therapies in an intention to treat strategy. SUMMARY In patients with HCC, presence of PVTT is generally considered the end of the road by many. A multidisciplinary approach combining ablation and a curative liver transplantation may offer the best hope of long-term survival in a select group of patients with favourable tumour biology. Although promising, current evidence is limited, and future studies with larger number of patients, and longer follow-up may pave the way for an elaborate selection algorithm to choose the ideal candidates for such a curative strategy in patients with locally advanced HCC with PVTT.
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8
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Crocetti L, Bozzi E, Scalise P, Bargellini I, Lorenzoni G, Ghinolfi D, Campani D, Balzano E, De Simone P, Cioni R. Locoregional Treatments for Bridging and Downstaging HCC to Liver Transplantation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5558. [PMID: 34771720 PMCID: PMC8583584 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation (LT) is the first-line treatment for patients diagnosed with unresectable early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the setting of cirrhosis. It is well known that HCC patients within the Milan criteria (solitary tumour ≤ 5 cm or ≤3 tumours, each <3 cm) could undergo LT with excellent results. However, there is a growing tendency to enlarge inclusion criteria since the Milan criteria are nowadays considered too restrictive and may exclude patients who would benefit from LT. On the other hand, there is a persistent shortage of donor organs. In this scenario, there is consensus about the role of loco-regional therapy (LRT) during the waiting list to select patients who would benefit more from LT, reducing the risk of drop off from the waiting list as well as decreasing tumour dimension to meet acceptable criteria for LT. In this review, current evidence on the safety, efficacy and utility of LRTs as neoadjuvant therapies before LT are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Crocetti
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.B.); (P.S.); (I.B.); (G.L.); (R.C.)
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (D.C.); (P.D.S.)
| | - Elena Bozzi
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.B.); (P.S.); (I.B.); (G.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Paola Scalise
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.B.); (P.S.); (I.B.); (G.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Irene Bargellini
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.B.); (P.S.); (I.B.); (G.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Giulia Lorenzoni
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.B.); (P.S.); (I.B.); (G.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Davide Ghinolfi
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (D.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Daniela Campani
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (D.C.); (P.D.S.)
- Division of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Emanuele Balzano
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (D.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Paolo De Simone
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (D.C.); (P.D.S.)
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (D.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Roberto Cioni
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.B.); (P.S.); (I.B.); (G.L.); (R.C.)
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9
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Khan AR, Wei X, Xu X. Portal Vein Tumor Thrombosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma - The Changing Tides. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2021; 8:1089-1115. [PMID: 34522691 PMCID: PMC8434852 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s318070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Portal vein involvement is considered one of the most fearful complications of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT) is associated with aggressive tumor biology (high grade), high tumor burden (number and size of lesions), high levels of serum markers (AFP), poor liver function (deranged LFT), and poor performance status of patients. The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging system places HCC patients with PVTT in advanced stage (BCLC Stage-C). This group contains a fairly heterogeneous patient population, previously considered candidates for palliative systemic therapy with sorafenib. However, this provided modest overall survival (OS) benefit. The results of a recent Phase III (IMbrave150) trial favor the combination of atezolizumab and bevacizumab over sorafenib as a standard of care in advanced unresectable HCC. While only lenvatinib proved to be non-inferior against sorafenib in a phase III (REFLECT trial), regorafenib (RESORCE trial), ramucirumab (REACH-2), and cabozantinib (CELESTIAL) have been approved second-line therapy in phase III clinical trials. Recently, the data on the prospect of other modalities in the management of HCC with PVTT is mounting with favorable results. Targeting multiple pathways in the HCC cascade using a combination of drugs and other modalities such as RT, TACE, TARE, and HAIC appear effective for systemic and loco-regional control. The quest for the ideal combination therapy and the sequence set is still widely unanswered and prospective trials are lacking. With the armament of available therapeutic options and the advances and refinements in the delivery system, down-staging patients to make them eligible for curative resection has been reported. In a rapidly evolving treatment landscape, performing surgery when appropriate, in the form of LR and even LT to achieve cure does not seem farfetched. Likewise, adjuvant therapy and prompt management of the recurrences holds the key to prolong OS and DFS. This review discusses the management options of HCC patients with PVTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rehman Khan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Center for Integrated Oncology and Precision Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuyong Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Center for Integrated Oncology and Precision Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, People's Republic of China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Center for Integrated Oncology and Precision Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
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