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Ju X, Rokohl AC, Fan W, Simon M, Li X, Hou X, Ukehajdaraj N, Wawer Matos PA, Guo Y, Heindl LM. Periocular Asymmetry Index in Caucasian Populations Using Three-dimensional Photogrammetry Assessment. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024:10.1007/s00266-024-04125-8. [PMID: 38806825 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-024-04125-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantitatively assess the periocular asymmetry and investigate its sex and age-related differences in a Caucasian population using three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry. METHOD Standardized 3D photos of the periocular region of 301 Caucasians were taken using the VECTRA M3 3D Imaging System. Standardized landmarks were positioned, and data measurements in the periocular region were obtained from these images using VAM software and assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for reliability. Absolute differences and asymmetry index between the right and the left periocular region were calculated with a focus on gender and age-related differences. RESULT Fissure height asymmetry was positively correlated with age (p < 0.01). Furthermore, reflex distance asymmetry was positively correlated with age in the elderly group (p < 0.05). Absolute differences of upper eyelid crease were 0.65 ± 0.79 mm for females and 0.90 ± 0.94 mm for males (p < 0.05). In the elderly group, the absolute differences of reflex distance were 0.664 ± 0.471 mm for males and 0.470 ± 0.408 mm for females (p < 0.05), while the absolute differences of fissure height were 0.619 ± 0.469 mm and 0.436 ± 0.372 mm, respectively (p < 0.05). All measurements had an inter-rater ICC and intra-rater ICC between 0.761 and 0.957. CONCLUSION Periocular asymmetry is more prominent in older and male people. 3D photogrammetry is a reliable tool to detect periocular asymmetry and might provide an accurate and effective reference for periocular cosmetic, plastic, and reconstructive surgery in the clinical routine. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE I This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors. www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Ju
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander C Rokohl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wanlin Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Simon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany
| | - Xueting Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Xincen Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nexhat Ukehajdaraj
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philomena A Wawer Matos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yongwei Guo
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, 88 Jiefang Road, 310009, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany.
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Li X, Rokohl AC, Fan W, Simon M, Ju X, Rosenkranz T, Matos PAW, Guo Y, Heindl LM. Quantifying Dermatochalasis Using 3-Dimensional Photogrammetry. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024; 48:1288-1297. [PMID: 37945760 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-023-03738-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Creating an appropriate treatment plan for patients with dermatochalasis requires careful investigation of the periocular region. Utilizing photographic documentation can assist physicians in conducting preoperative analysis and managing expectations regarding surgical outcomes. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to quantify the periocular characteristics of dermatochalasis patients using standardized 3D imaging and to compare age and sex-related changes in periocular features. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 145 Caucasian patients with periocular dermatochalasis, comprising 48 men and 97 women, aged between 35 and 91 years. Standardized three-dimensional facial photographs were taken using the 3D Imaging system VECTRA M3. Linear dimensions, curve length, angle, indices, and sizes were measured and analyzed, including palpebral fissure height (PFH), palpebral fissure width (PFW), upper lid fold-palpebral margin distance (FPD), upper palpebral margin length (UPML), lower palpebral margin length (LPML), canthal tilt (CT), palpebral fissure index (PFI), upper eyelid area, and ocular surface area. RESULTS In the female group, the left-side PFH was slightly larger than the right-side PFH (P = 0.023), but the difference was less than 1mm. The corresponding PFI also showed a difference in the female group (P = 0.009). Statistically significant differences were shown in genders for specific parameters, except PFI (P = 0.251) and CT (P = 0.098). Among males, PFW (R = -0.523, p < 0.001) and LPML (R = -0.514, P = 0.264) decreased moderately with age. The correlation between UPML and age was weak (R = -0.367, P = 0.010). Similarly, among females, moderate correlations were found between age and PFW (R = -0.566, P < 0.001) and LPML (R = -0.537, P < 0.001). Additionally, PFH (R = -0.315, P = 0.002), UPML (R = -0.381, P < 0.001), and ocular surface area (R = -0.457, P < 0.001) showed weak correlations with age. CONCLUSIONS The study found that dermatochalasis usually affects both eyes simultaneously, and age is a significant factor in the morphological changes of certain periocular features regardless of sex. The PFI is not influenced by age or sex. These findings may provide useful information for surgical planning and understanding age-related changes in the periocular area. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander C Rokohl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wanlin Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Simon
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany
| | - Xiaojun Ju
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Till Rosenkranz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philomena A Wawer Matos
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yongwei Guo
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany.
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Fan W, Rokohl AC, Maus J, Guo Y, Ju X, Li X, Wawer Matos PA, Heindl LM. Evaluation of the Portable Next-Generation VECTRA H2 3D Imaging System for Measuring Upper Eyelid Area and Volume. Aesthet Surg J 2023; 43:1114-1123. [PMID: 37157856 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjad136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a portable 3-dimensional (3D) imaging system has been used for periocular measurement analysis, this system has yet to be tested and validated for periocular area and volume measurements. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to define the upper eyelid and upper eyelid fold region through a modified landmark strategy and validate a portable 3D imaging system for area and volume measurements in this periocular region. METHODS Eighty-one healthy adult Caucasians underwent 3D facial imaging with the VECTRA M3 (static) and VECTRA H2 (portable) 3D imaging systems (Canfield Scientific, Inc., Parsippany, NJ). Subsequently, the upper eyelid and upper eyelid fold regions were selected according to a modified landmark localization strategy. Direct measurements of area and volume were performed to assess intrarater, interrater, intramethod, and intermethod reliability, and to compare the agreement between the 2 devices. RESULTS The VECTRA M3 and H2 showed high reliability on upper eyelid area measurements. Excellent intra-, inter-, and intramethod reliability agreements were observed in intraclass correlation coefficient; very good agreement in intrarater reliability was observed in the relative error of measurement (REM) and relative technical error of measurement (rTEM); and good inter- and intramethod reliability were observed in the REM and rTEM. For area measurement of the upper eyelid fold, the intrarater, interrater, and intramethod reliability of the M3 was lower than that of the H2. Both systems had poor intrarater, interrater, and intramethod reliability for volume measurements in the upper eyelid and upper eyelid fold region. CONCLUSIONS This new portable 3D imaging system achieved excellent or very good reliability values for standardized direct measurements of the upper eyelid and upper eyelid fold region, although volume measurements seem less reliable.
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Wawer Matos PA, Reimer RP, Rokohl AC, Caldeira L, Heindl LM, Große Hokamp N. Artificial Intelligence in Ophthalmology - Status Quo and Future Perspectives. Semin Ophthalmol 2023; 38:226-237. [PMID: 36356300 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2022.2139625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is an emerging technology in healthcare and holds the potential to disrupt many arms in medical care. In particular, disciplines using medical imaging modalities, including e.g. radiology but ophthalmology as well, are already confronted with a wide variety of AI implications. In ophthalmologic research, AI has demonstrated promising results limited to specific diseases and imaging tools, respectively. Yet, implementation of AI in clinical routine is not widely spread due to availability, heterogeneity in imaging techniques and AI methods. In order to describe the status quo, this narrational review provides a brief introduction to AI ("what the ophthalmologist needs to know"), followed by an overview of different AI-based applications in ophthalmology and a discussion on future challenges.Abbreviations: Age-related macular degeneration, AMD; Artificial intelligence, AI; Anterior segment OCT, AS-OCT; Coronary artery calcium score, CACS; Convolutional neural network, CNN; Deep convolutional neural network, DCNN; Diabetic retinopathy, DR; Machine learning, ML; Optical coherence tomography, OCT; Retinopathy of prematurity, ROP; Support vector machine, SVM; Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, TAO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert P Reimer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Alexander C Rokohl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Liliana Caldeira
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Nils Große Hokamp
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Cologne, Köln, Germany
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Guo Y, Rokohl AC, Fan W, Theodosiou R, Li X, Lou L, Gao T, Lin M, Yao K, Heindl LM. A novel standardized approach for the 3D evaluation of upper eyelid area and volume. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2023; 13:1686-1698. [PMID: 36915328 PMCID: PMC10006124 DOI: 10.21037/qims-22-589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Background Three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging and morphometrics are becoming the preferred craniofacial surface imaging modality. However, as a unique advantage of 3D imaging, areal and volumetric measurements have been rarely conducted and validated for evaluating soft tissue change in the periocular region, especially the upper eyelids. Therefore, based on an existing periocular landmark identification strategy, we proposed a novel modified method to define a standardized upper eyelid region for areal and volumetric measurements and validate its reliability for future clinical application. Methods Forty-four healthy adult volunteers were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Three-dimensional facial images were taken with a 3D imaging system. Subsequently, the upper eyelid region selection and areal and volumetric measurements were conducted using a modified landmarks localization strategy to evaluate their intrarater, interrater, and intramethod reliability. Results Areal measurement of the upper eyelid revealed highly reliable outcomes for intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), mean absolute difference (MAD), relative error measurement (REM), technical error of measurement (TEM), and relative technical error of measurement (%TEM) of 0.982, 0.1620 cm2, 2.9%, 0.1510 cm2, and 2.7% for intrarater reliability, respectively; 0.969, 0.2076 cm2, 3.7%, 0.1930 cm2, and 3.5% for interrater reliability, respectively; and 0.917, 0.3636 cm2, 6.5%, 0.3354 cm2, and 6.0% for intramethod reliability, respectively. Unsatisfactory results were found for the volumetric measurement of the upper eyelid: the ICC, MAD, REM, TEM, and %TEM estimates for intrarater reliability were 0.992, 0.2299 mL, 10.3%, 0.2414 mL, and 10.8%, respectively; for interrater reliability, these values were 0.985, 0.2749 mL, 12.3%, 0.3253 mL, and 14.6%, respectively; and for intramethod reliability, these values were 0.433, 1.6716 mL, 77.9%, 2.0615 mL, and 96.1%, respectively. Conclusions This is the first study to propose a standardized upper eyelid region selection strategy and simultaneously validate its reliability for 3D areal and volumetric measurements. This study confirmed the high-level reliability of areal measurement and poor reliability of volumetric measurement based on direct measurements using a single image, which may provide better results when this method is combined with the image overlapping and registration procedure. However, this is subject to further validation. Nonetheless, this method could provide quantitative areal and volumetric data on the upper eyelids and might have widespread application potential in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwei Guo
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander C Rokohl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wanlin Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rodothea Theodosiou
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Xueting Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lixia Lou
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Gao
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Yao
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany
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Kopecký A, Rokohl AC, Heindl LM. The role of the lateral tarsal strip procedure in modern ophthalmic plastic surgery-A review. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022; 2:871964. [PMID: 38983505 PMCID: PMC11182132 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2022.871964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The lateral tarsal strip is one of the basic surgical techniques in ophthalmic plastic surgery. It is used in many indications, predominantly in ectropion repair. Even though there are alternatives, it is probably one of the most popular techniques in ophthalmic plastic surgery. The lateral tarsal strip is also part of bigger surgical procedures (such as midface lifting, entropion surgery, reconstruction surgery, or a part of some surgical approaches to the orbit). The aim of this review is to assess the most common ways of usage of the lateral tarsal strip, to cover its alternatives, and to discuss the future of this technique. Methods We have search PubMed and Web of Science and went through articles about lateral tarsal strip. We have also searched for other techniques that used the lateral tarsal strip and included these articles in our review. We have analyzed the major articles and made a review about the topic. Results As a natural part of many advanced surgical techniques and as a major surgical technique for lower eyelid ectropion repair, the lateral tarsal strip remains an important part of modern ophthalmic plastic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kopecký
- Ophthalmology Clinic, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Craniofacial Surgery, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Alexander C Rokohl
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Aachen - Bonn - Cologne - Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany
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Guo Y, Kratky V, Xie H, Shentu X, Man X, Wang Y, Wen W, Rokohl AC, Heindl LM. Grand Challenges and Opportunities in Surgical Ophthalmology: Together for a Shared Future. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022; 2:922240. [PMID: 38983527 PMCID: PMC11182242 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2022.922240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongwei Guo
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University Eye Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Vladimir Kratky
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Huatao Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingchao Shentu
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University Eye Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofei Man
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Alexander C Rokohl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany
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8
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Fan W, Guo Y, Hou X, Liu J, Li S, Ju S, Matos PAW, Simon M, Rokohl AC, Heindl LM. Validation of the Portable Next-Generation VECTRA H2 3D Imaging System for Periocular Anthropometry. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:833487. [PMID: 35360740 PMCID: PMC8962622 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.833487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Portable three-dimensional imaging systems are becoming increasingly common for facial measurement analysis. However, the reliability of portable devices may be affected by the necessity to take three pictures at three time points. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of portable devices for assessing the periocular region. Methods In 60 Caucasian volunteers (120 eyes), four facial scans (twice for each instrument) using the portable VECTRA H2 and static VECTRA M3 devices were performed; patients' heads were kept straight, looking ahead, with a neutral facial expression. One assessor set 52 periocular landmarks in the periocular area of each image and subsequently assessed intra- and inter-device reliability by comparing two within-device measurements and one between-device measurement, respectively. Results The mean absolute difference (MAD) (0.13 and 0.12 units), relative error of measurement (REM) (0.61 and 0.68%), technical error of measurement (TEM)(1.02 and 0.80 units), relative TEM (rTEM) (5.51 and 4.43%), and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (0.89, 0.89) showed good intra-device reliability for M3 and H2; MAD (0.63, 0.62 units), REM (2.83, 2.69%), TEM (1.31, 1.10 units), rTEM (7.62, 5.57%), and ICC (0.79, 0.83) indicated that inter-device reliability deteriorated compared to intra-device reliability and that the inter-device reliability of the first scan (moderate) was lower than that of the average of the two scans (good). Conclusions The portable VECTRA H2 device proved reliable in assessing most periocular linear distances, curve distances, and angles; some improvement in inter-device reliability can be achieved by using the average of two scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlin Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yongwei Guo
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyi Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Senmao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sitong Ju
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philomena Alice Wawer Matos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Simon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander C. Rokohl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- *Correspondence: Alexander C. Rokohl
| | - Ludwig M. Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany
- Ludwig M. Heindl
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Şimşek İB. Answer to Letter to the Editor "2D photos are great, but what about 3D imaging?". Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 260:1801-1802. [PMID: 34716812 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- İlke Bahçeci Şimşek
- Oculoplastic Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Yeditepe University Medical School, Şakir Kesebir cad. Gazi Umur Paşa sok. No: 28 Balmumcu, Istanbul, Turkey.
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10
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Li S, Rokohl AC, Guo Y, Heindl LM. 2D photos are great, but what about 3D imaging? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 260:1799-1800. [PMID: 34716811 PMCID: PMC9007754 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05479-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Senmao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander C Rokohl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yongwei Guo
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
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