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Hu L, Pan JF, Han Z, Xia XM. Impact of fat content on lumbar spine DWI performance: A sex-based comparative study. Eur J Radiol Open 2024; 13:100597. [PMID: 39280123 PMCID: PMC11402431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejro.2024.100597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Sex-based differences in lumbar spine's fat content in adults are minimal, but significant variations exist in diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) signal characteristics. This study aimed to investigate fat content's impact on DWI performance in lumbar spine and potential sex differences. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on upper abdominal MRI examinations in asymptomatic adult. The lumbar 1 vertebral apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values and fat fraction were measured. Using DWI images (b = 800 s/mm2), the lumbar 1 vertebral signal was categorized into high and iso-low signal groups. A univariate and multivariate analysis was conducted to investigate the influence of fat fraction on DWI performance. Finally, the participants were divided into three groups to analyze sex differences in the effect of fat content on DWI performance. Results 202 subjects, 99 men were included. Fat content significantly influenced lumbar spine DWI signal in both sexes (p < 0.05). The effect on ADC values was significant only in women (p < 0.001). Women demonstrated a significantly higher proportion of high DWI signal than men in the low (p = 0.002) and middle (p = 0.012) fat content groups. Additionally, women had higher ADC values in the low fat group (p = 0.004) but lower values in the high fat group (p = 0.004). Conclusion Fat content significantly impacts the DWI signal of lumbar spine, with a slight sex difference observed. These sex differences suggest that DWI signals may provide valuable information about the bone marrow beyond fat content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hu
- Department of Radiology, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321000, China
| | - Jiang-Feng Pan
- Department of Radiology, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321000, China
| | - Zheng Han
- Department of Radiology, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321000, China
| | - Xiu-Mei Xia
- Department of Radiology, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321000, China
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Kim HB, Kim HS, Kim SJ, Yoo JI. Spine muscle auto segmentation techniques in MRI imaging: a systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2024; 25:716. [PMID: 39243080 PMCID: PMC11378543 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-024-07777-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accurate segmentation of spine muscles plays a crucial role in analyzing musculoskeletal disorders and designing effective rehabilitation strategies. Various imaging techniques such as MRI have been utilized to acquire muscle images, but the segmentation process remains complex and challenging due to the inherent complexity and variability of muscle structures. In this systematic review, we investigate and evaluate methods for automatic segmentation of spinal muscles. METHODS Data for this study were obtained from PubMed/MEDLINE databases, employing a search methodology that includes the terms 'Segmentation spine muscle' within the title, abstract, and keywords to ensure a comprehensive and systematic compilation of relevant studies. Systematic reviews were not included in the study. RESULTS Out of 369 related studies, we focused on 12 specific studies. All studies focused on segmentation of spine muscle use MRI, in this systematic review subjects such as healthy volunteers, back pain patients, ASD patient were included. MRI imaging was performed on devices from several manufacturers, including Siemens, GE. The study included automatic segmentation using AI, segmentation using PDFF, and segmentation using ROI. CONCLUSION Despite advancements in spine muscle segmentation techniques, challenges still exist. The accuracy and precision of segmentation algorithms need to be improved to accurately delineate the different muscle structures in the spine. Robustness to variations in image quality, artifacts, and patient-specific characteristics is crucial for reliable segmentation results. Additionally, the availability of annotated datasets for training and validation purposes is essential for the development and evaluation of new segmentation algorithms. Future research should focus on addressing these challenges and developing more robust and accurate spine muscle segmentation techniques to enhance clinical assessment and treatment planning for musculoskeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Bin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Research Institute, Inha University Hospital, 27 Inhang-ro, Jung-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Su Kim
- Department of Biomedical Research Institute, Inha University Hospital, 27 Inhang-ro, Jung-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-June Kim
- Department of Biomedical Research Institute, Inha University Hospital, 27 Inhang-ro, Jung-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Il Yoo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Inha University Hospital, 27 Inhang-ro, Jung-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
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Krkoska P, Kokosova V, Dostal M, Vlazna D, Kerkovsky M, Straka M, Gerstberger R, Matulova K, Ovesna P, Adamova B. Assessment of lumbar paraspinal muscle morphology using mDixon Quant magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): a cross-sectional study in healthy subjects. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2024; 14:6015-6035. [PMID: 39144006 PMCID: PMC11320528 DOI: 10.21037/qims-23-1796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Background Lumbar paraspinal muscles (LPM) are a part of the deep spinal stabilisation system and play an important role in stabilising the lumbar spine and trunk. Inadequate function of these muscles is thought to be an essential aetiological factor in low back pain, and several neuromuscular diseases are characterised by dysfunction of LPM. The main aims of our study were to develop a methodology for LPM assessment using advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods, including a manual segmentation process, to confirm the measurement reliability, to evaluate the LPM morphological parameters [fat fraction (FF), total muscle volume (TMV) and functional muscle volume (FMV)] in a healthy population, to study the influence of physiological factors on muscle morphology, and to build equations to predict LPM morphological parameters in a healthy population. Methods This prospective cross-sectional observational comparative single-centre study was conducted at the University Hospital in Brno, enrolling healthy volunteers from April 2021 to March 2023. MRI of the lumbar spine and LPM (erector spinae muscle and multifidus muscle) were performed using a 6-point Dixon gradient echo sequence. The segmentation of the LPM and the control muscle (psoas muscle) was done manually to obtain FF and TMV in a range from Th12/L1 to L5/S1. Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability were evaluated. Linear regression models were constructed to assess the effect of physiological factors on muscle FF, TMV and FMV. Results We enrolled 90 healthy volunteers (median age 38 years, 45 men). The creation of segmentation masks and the assessment of FF and TMV proved reliable (Dice coefficient 84% to 99%, intraclass correlation coefficient ≥0.97). The univariable models showed that FF of LPM was influenced the most by age (39.6% to 44.8% of variability, P<0.001); TMV and FMV by subject weight (34.9% to 67.6% of variability, P<0.001) and sex (24.7% to 64.1% of variability, P<0.001). Multivariable linear regression models for FF of LPM included age, body mass index and sex, with R-squared values ranging from 45.4% to 51.1%. Models for volumes of LPM included weight, age and sex, with R-squared values ranged from 37.4% to 76.8%. Equations were developed to calculate predicted FF, TMV and FMV for each muscle. Conclusions A reliable methodology has been developed to assess the morphological parameters (biomarkers) of the LPM. The morphological parameters of the LPM are significantly influenced by physiological factors. Equations were constructed to calculate the predicted FF, TMV and FMV of individual muscles in relation to anthropometric parameters, age, and sex. This study, which presented LPM assessment methodology and predicted values of LPM morphological parameters in a healthy population, could improve our understanding of diseases involving LPM (low back pain and some neuromuscular diseases).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Krkoska
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (Associated National Center in the European Reference Network ERN EURO-NMD), University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Viktoria Kokosova
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (Associated National Center in the European Reference Network ERN EURO-NMD), University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Marek Dostal
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Daniela Vlazna
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (Associated National Center in the European Reference Network ERN EURO-NMD), University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Rehabilitation, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Milos Kerkovsky
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Matej Straka
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Radim Gerstberger
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | | | - Petra Ovesna
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses Ltd., Brno, Czechia
| | - Blanka Adamova
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (Associated National Center in the European Reference Network ERN EURO-NMD), University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
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Uno K, Yoshikawa N, Kitami K, Mori S, Shibata T, Iyoshi S, Fujimoto H, Mogi K, Yoshihara M, Tamauchi S, Ikeda Y, Yokoi A, Kato K, Hoshiba T, Oguchi H, Kajiyama H. The sarcopenia index measured using the lumbar paraspinal muscle is associated with prognosis in endometrial cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2023; 53:942-949. [PMID: 37519058 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyad086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The number of type-II endometrial cancer patients has been increasing and the prognosis is not favorable. We aim to investigate whether sarcopenia index in any of several different muscles could serve as a novel biomarker of prognosis in patients with type-II endometrial cancer. METHODS We retrospectively investigated a total of 194 patients at four hospitals. Ninety patients were treated as derivation set and the other 104 patients as validation set. Using preoperative computed tomography images, we measured the horizontal cross-sectional area at the third lumbar spine level: the (i) psoas major, (ii) iliac and (iii) paraspinal muscle. The clinical information including recurrence-free survival and overall survival were retrospectively collected. These results were validated with external data sets of three hospitals. RESULTS The median values of the sarcopenia index (cm2/m2) ± standard deviation with the first data of 90 patients using the psoas, iliac and paraspinal muscle were 3.4 ± 1.0, 1.7 ± 0.6 and 12.6 ± 3.2, respectively. In univariate analyses, the sarcopenia indexes measured using the psoas or paraspinal muscle were associated with recurrence-free survival and overall survival. On the other hand, in multivariate analyses, only the sarcopenia index using paraspinal muscle was significantly related to recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio = 3.78, 95% confidence intervals = 1.29-5.97, P = 0.009) and overall survival (hazard ratio = 3.13, 95% confidence interval = 1.18-8.26, P = 0.022). Paraspinal sarcopenia index was also related to overall survival (hazard ratio = 3.74, 95% confidence interval = 1.31-10.72, P = 0.014) even in patients with advanced stage. Serum albumin was significantly correlated with the sarcopenia index (P = 0.012). Within the analysis of the validation set, sarcopenia index using paraspinal muscle was related to recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio = 2.06, P = 0.045) in multivariate analysis and recurrence-free survival (P = 0.009) in patients with advanced stage. CONCLUSIONS The sarcopenia index using the paraspinal muscle, not psoas, could be a suitable index to predict recurrence-free survival and overall survival in patients with type-II endometrial cancer even in advanced stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaname Uno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nobuhisa Yoshikawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Kitami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Sho Mori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, TOYOTA Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shibata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, TOYOTA Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ishikawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shohei Iyoshi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hiroki Fujimoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kazumasa Mogi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masato Yoshihara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tamauchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Ikeda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Yokoi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Hoshiba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ishikawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hidenori Oguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, TOYOTA Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kajiyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Sollmann N, Bonnheim NB, Joseph GB, Chachad R, Zhou J, Akkaya Z, Pirmoazen AM, Bailey JF, Guo X, Lazar AA, Link TM, Fields AJ, Krug R. Paraspinal Muscle in Chronic Low Back Pain: Comparison Between Standard Parameters and Chemical Shift Encoding-Based Water-Fat MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2022; 56:1600-1608. [PMID: 35285561 PMCID: PMC9470775 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paraspinal musculature (PSM) is increasingly recognized as a contributor to low back pain (LBP), but with conventional MRI sequences, assessment is limited. Chemical shift encoding-based water-fat MRI (CSE-MRI) enables the measurement of PSM fat fraction (FF), which may assist investigations of chronic LBP. PURPOSE To investigate associations between PSM parameters from conventional MRI and CSE-MRI and between PSM parameters and pain. STUDY TYPE Prospective, cross-sectional. POPULATION Eighty-four adults with chronic LBP (44.6 ± 13.4 years; 48 males). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3-T, T1-weighted fast spin-echo and iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least squares estimation sequences. ASSESSMENT T1-weighted images for Goutallier classification (GC), muscle volume, lumbar indentation value, and muscle-fat index, CSE-MRI for FF extraction (L1/2-L5/S1). Pain was self-reported using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Intra- and/or interreader agreement was assessed for MRI-derived parameters. STATISTICAL TESTS Mixed-effects and linear regression models to 1) assess relationships between PSM parameters (entire cohort and subgroup with GC grades 0 and 1; statistical significance α = 0.0025) and 2) evaluate associations of PSM parameters with pain (α = 0.05). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for intra- and/or interreader agreement. RESULTS The FF showed excellent intra- and interreader agreement (ICC range: 0.97-0.99) and was significantly associated with GC at all spinal levels. Subgroup analysis suggested that early/subtle changes in PSM are detectable with FF but not with GC, given the absence of significant associations between FF and GC (P-value range: 0.036 at L5/S1 to 0.784 at L2/L3). Averaged over all spinal levels, FF and GC were significantly associated with VAS scores. DATA CONCLUSION In the absence of FF, GC may be the best surrogate for PSM quality. Given the ability of CSE-MRI to detect muscle alterations at early stages of PSM degeneration, this technique may have potential for further investigations of the role of PSM in chronic LBP. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Sollmann
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM-Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Noah B. Bonnheim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gabby B. Joseph
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ravi Chachad
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jiamin Zhou
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zehra Akkaya
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Amir M. Pirmoazen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeannie F. Bailey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Xiaojie Guo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ann A. Lazar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Thomas M. Link
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Aaron J. Fields
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Roland Krug
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Editorial on Special Issue “Spine Imaging: Novel Image Acquisition Techniques and Analysis Tools”. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12061361. [PMID: 35741171 PMCID: PMC9221602 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12061361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Huang Y, Wang L, Zeng X, Chen J, Zhang Z, Jiang Y, Nie L, Cheng X, He B. Association of Paraspinal Muscle CSA and PDFF Measurements With Lumbar Intervertebral Disk Degeneration in Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:792819. [PMID: 35721738 PMCID: PMC9204273 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.792819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an interaction between the lumbar spine and paraspinal muscles, which may play a role in the development of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and may affect CLBP. The study aims to assess the relationship between IVD degeneration and paraspinal muscle fat infiltration in CLBP patients by quantitative MR imaging, and to evaluate the influence of sex and age on CLBP muscle fat infiltration. Sixty CLBP patients (46.3 years ±17.0) and thirty-two healthy subjects (44.9 years ±17.6) were recruited for this study. 3.0 T MRI was used to perform the sagittal and axial T1, T2 of the lumbar spine, and axial paraspinal muscle IDEAL imaging at the L4/5 and L5/S1 levels. Proton density fat fraction (PDFF) of the multifidus and erector spinae at two IVD levels were measured. The Pfirrmann grades of IVD degeneration, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) were also evaluated. Compare the cross-sectional area (CSA) and PDFF of the paraspinal muscles between CLBP patients and healthy subjects, and analyze the relationship between the muscle PDFF and Pfirrmann grades, gender, and age of CLBP patients. Compared with healthy subjects, the CSA of the multifidus muscle in CLBP patients decreased (1320.2±188.1mm2vs. 1228.7±191.0 mm2, p<0.05) at the L4/5 level, the average PDFF increased, (7.7±2.6% vs. 14.79±5.3%, 8.8±4.2% vs. 16.03±5.3%, all p<0.05) at both L4/5 and L5/S1 levels. The PDFF of paraspinal muscles were correlated with adjacent IVD degeneration, ODI and VSA in CLBP patients (all p<0.05). After using age and body mass index (BMI) as control variables, significance was retained (all p<0.05). Multiple regression analysis revealed sex and age also were significantly associated with multifidus PDFF (all p < 0.05). This study confirmed that the CSA decreased and the PDFF increased of the paraspinal muscles in CLBP patients. It reveals a significant correlation between the PDFF of CLBP paraspinal muscles and the grade of IVD degeneration. Sex and age are also important factors influencing CLBP paraspinal muscle infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Huang
- Department of Medical Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Zeng
- Department of Medical Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- GE Healthcare, Magnetic Resonance Field Application Team, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhenguang Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuanming Jiang
- Department of Medical Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lisha Nie
- GE Healthcare, Magnetic Resonance Research China, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Bo He, ; Xiaoguang Cheng,
| | - Bo He
- Department of Medical Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Bo He, ; Xiaoguang Cheng,
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