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Gadwal A, Purohit P, Khokhar M, Vishnoi JR, Pareek P, Choudhary R, Elhence P, Banerjee M, Sharma P. GALNT14 in association with GDF-15 promotes stemness and drug resistance through β-catenin signalling pathway in breast cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:691. [PMID: 38796671 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09645-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered glycosylation plays a role in carcinogenesis. GALNT14 promotes cancer stem-like properties and drug resistance. GDF-15 is known to induces drug resistance and stemness markers for maintenance of breast cancer (BC) stem-like cell state. Currently there is lack of data on association of GDF-15 and GALNTs. In this study, the expression and interaction of GALNT14 and GDF-15 with stemness (OCT4 and SOX2) and drug resistance (ABCC5) markers were evaluated in BC. METHODS We investigated tumour tissue from 30 BC patients and adjacent non-tumour tissues. Expression of serum GALNT14 from BC patients and matched healthy controls was evaluated. Expression of GALNT14, GDF-15, OCT4, SOX2, ABCC5, and β-catenin in BC tissue was determined by RT-PCR. Knockdown of GALNT14 and GDF-15 in the MCF-7 cell line was done through siRNA, gene expression and protein expression of β-catenin by western blot were determined. RESULTS A significant increase in the expression of GALNT14, GDF-15, OCT4, SOX2, ABCC5, and β-catenin was observed in BC tumour tissues compared to adjacent non-tumour tissues. The serum level of GALNT14 was significantly high in BC patients (80.7 ± 65.3 pg/ml) compared to healthy controls (12.2 ± 9.12 pg/ml) (p < 0.000). To further analyse the signalling pathway involved in BC stemness and drug resistance, GALNT14 and GDF-15 were knocked down in the MCF-7 cell line, and it was observed that after knockdown, the expression level of OCT4, SOX2, ABCC5, and β-catenin was decreased, and co-knockdown with GALNT14 and GDF-15 further decreased the expression of genes. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that GALNT14, in association with GDF-15, promotes stemness and intrinsic drug resistance in BC, possibly through the β-catenin signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashita Gadwal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342005, India
| | - Purvi Purohit
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342005, India.
| | - Manoj Khokhar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342005, India
| | - Jeewan Ram Vishnoi
- Department of Oncosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Puneet Pareek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Ramkaran Choudhary
- Department of General Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Poonam Elhence
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Mithu Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342005, India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342005, India
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Sammarco A, Beffagna G, Sacchetto R, Vettori A, Bonsembiante F, Scarin G, Gelain ME, Cavicchioli L, Ferro S, Geroni C, Lombardi P, Zappulli V. Antitumor Effect of Berberine Analogs in a Canine Mammary Tumor Cell Line and in Zebrafish Reporters via Wnt/β-Catenin and Hippo Pathways. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3317. [PMID: 38137538 PMCID: PMC10741123 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneous nature of human breast cancer (HBC) can still lead to therapy inefficacy and high lethality, and new therapeutics as well as new spontaneous animal models are needed to benefit translational HBC research. Dogs are primarily investigated since they spontaneously develop tumors that share many features with human cancers. In recent years, different natural phytochemicals including berberine, a plant alkaloid, have been reported to have antiproliferative activity in vitro in human cancers and rodent animal models. In this study, we report the antiproliferative activity and mechanism of action of berberine, its active metabolite berberrubine, and eight analogs, on a canine mammary carcinoma cell line and in transgenic zebrafish models. We demonstrate both in vitro and in vivo the significant effects of specific analogs on cell viability via the induction of apoptosis, also identifying their role in inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and activating the Hippo signals with a downstream reduction in CTGF expression. In particular, the berberine analogs NAX035 and NAX057 show the highest therapeutic efficacy, deserving further analyses to elucidate their mechanism of action more in detail, and in vivo studies on spontaneous neoplastic diseases are needed, aiming at improving veterinary treatments of cancer as well as translational cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sammarco
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (A.S.); (G.B.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (G.S.); (M.E.G.); (L.C.); (S.F.)
- Department of Urology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Giorgia Beffagna
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (A.S.); (G.B.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (G.S.); (M.E.G.); (L.C.); (S.F.)
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Roberta Sacchetto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (A.S.); (G.B.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (G.S.); (M.E.G.); (L.C.); (S.F.)
| | - Andrea Vettori
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Federico Bonsembiante
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (A.S.); (G.B.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (G.S.); (M.E.G.); (L.C.); (S.F.)
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giulia Scarin
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (A.S.); (G.B.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (G.S.); (M.E.G.); (L.C.); (S.F.)
| | - Maria Elena Gelain
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (A.S.); (G.B.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (G.S.); (M.E.G.); (L.C.); (S.F.)
| | - Laura Cavicchioli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (A.S.); (G.B.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (G.S.); (M.E.G.); (L.C.); (S.F.)
| | - Silvia Ferro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (A.S.); (G.B.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (G.S.); (M.E.G.); (L.C.); (S.F.)
| | - Cristina Geroni
- Naxospharma Srl, 20026 Novate Milanese, Italy; (C.G.); (P.L.)
| | - Paolo Lombardi
- Naxospharma Srl, 20026 Novate Milanese, Italy; (C.G.); (P.L.)
| | - Valentina Zappulli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (A.S.); (G.B.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (G.S.); (M.E.G.); (L.C.); (S.F.)
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Mohapatra P, Madhulika S, Behera S, Singh P, Sa P, Prasad P, Swain RK, Sahoo SK. Nimbolide-based nanomedicine inhibits breast cancer stem-like cells by epigenetic reprogramming of DNMTs-SFRP1-Wnt/β-catenin signaling axis. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 34:102031. [PMID: 37771911 PMCID: PMC10523002 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.102031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) harbors a high percentage of breast cancer stem-like cells (BCSCs) that significantly contribute to poor prognosis, metastasis, and relapse of the disease. Thus, targeting BCSCs could be a promising approach to combat TNBC. In this context, we investigated nimbolide (Nim), a limonoid triterpenoid that has potent anticancer properties, but poor pharmacokinetics and low bioavailability limit its therapeutic application. So, to enhance the therapeutic potential of Nim, Nim-encapsulated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (Nim NPs) were formulated and the anticancer stem cell (CSC) effects evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro studies suggested that Nim NPs significantly inhibited several inherent characteristics of BCSCs, such as stemness, self-renewability, chemoresistance, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and migration in comparison to native Nim. Next, the mechanism behind the anti-CSC effect of Nim was explored. Mechanistically, we found that Nim epigenetically restores tumor suppressor gene secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) expression by downregulating DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), leading to Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibition. Further, in vivo results demonstrated that Nim NPs showed enhanced anti-tumor and anti-metastatic effects compared to native Nim in two preclinical models without any systemic toxicity. Overall, these findings provide proof of concept that Nim-based phytonanomedicine can inhibit BCSCs by epigenetic reprogramming of the DNMTs-SFRP1-Wnt/β-catenin signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Mohapatra
- Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Swati Madhulika
- Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Somalisa Behera
- Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Priya Singh
- Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Pratikshya Sa
- Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Punit Prasad
- Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Rajeeb Kumar Swain
- Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India
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Razi S, Haghparast A, Chodari Khameneh S, Ebrahimi Sadrabadi A, Aziziyan F, Bakhtiyari M, Nabi-Afjadi M, Tarhriz V, Jalili A, Zalpoor H. The role of tumor microenvironment on cancer stem cell fate in solid tumors. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:143. [PMID: 37328876 PMCID: PMC10273768 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01129-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, the role of cancer stem cells in initiating tumors, metastasis, invasion, and resistance to therapies has been recognized as a potential target for tumor therapy. Understanding the mechanisms by which CSCs contribute to cancer progression can help to provide novel therapeutic approaches against solid tumors. In this line, the effects of mechanical forces on CSCs such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cellular plasticity, etc., the metabolism pathways of CSCs, players of the tumor microenvironment, and their influence on the regulating of CSCs can lead to cancer progression. This review focused on some of these mechanisms of CSCs, paving the way for a better understanding of their regulatory mechanisms and developing platforms for targeted therapies. While progress has been made in research, more studies will be required in the future to explore more aspects of how CSCs contribute to cancer progression. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Razi
- Vira Pioneers of Modern Science (VIPOMS), Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Amin Ebrahimi Sadrabadi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACER, Tehran, Iran
- Cytotech and Bioinformatics Research Group, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Aziziyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Bakhtiyari
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nabi-Afjadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Tarhriz
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 5163639888, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Arsalan Jalili
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACER, Tehran, Iran.
- Parvaz Research Ideas Supporter Institute, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamidreza Zalpoor
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Das B, Sethy C, Chatterjee S, Dash SR, Sinha S, Paul S, Goutam K, Kundu CN. Quinacrine inhibits cMET-mediated metastasis and angiogenesis in breast cancer stem cells. J Cell Commun Signal 2023:10.1007/s12079-023-00756-9. [PMID: 37162635 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00756-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A trans-membrane receptor tyrosine kinase, cMET, belonging to the MET proto-oncogene family, is responsible for cancer metastasis and angiogenesis. But not much is known about the role of cMET in growth and progression of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Earlier studies have shown that Quinacrine (QC), a bioactive agent, has anti-CSCs activity. Here, the role of QC in deregulation of cMET-mediated metastasis and angiogenesis has been systematically evaluated in vitro in highly metastatic breast CSCs (mBCSCs), ex vivo in patient-derived breast cancer stem cells (PDBCSCs) and in vivo in xenograft mice model systems. Cell proliferation, migration, invasion and representative metastasis markers were upregulated in cMET-overexpressed cells and QC exposure inhibited these processes in both mBCSCs and PDBCSCs. Interestingly, metastasis was significantly inhibited by QC in cMET-overexpressed cells but comparatively lesser significant alteration of the process was noted in cMET-silenced cells. Increase in vascularization (in in ovo CAM assay), and cell-cell tube formation (in HUVECs), and enhanced MMP9 and MMP2 enzymatic activities (in gelatin zymography) were noted after cMET overexpression but these processes got reversed after cMET knockdown or QC treatment in cMET-overexpressed cells. QC inhibited angiogenesis significantly in cMET-overexpressed cells, but lesser significant change was observed in cMET-silenced cells. Reduction in tumor volume and decreased expression of metastatic and angiogenic markers were also noted in xenograft mice after QC treatment. Furthermore, QC inhibited cMET activity by dephosphorylation of its tyrosine residues (Y1234 and Y1356) and downregulation of its downstream cascade. Thus, QC inhibited the cMET-mediated metastasis and angiogenesis in in vitro, in ovo, in vivo and ex vivo model systems. Ligand (HGF) binding leads to receptor dimerization and phosphorylation of tyrosine kinase domain of cMET. This activates the cMET signaling cascade. The representative downstream metastasis and angiogenesis-related proteins get upregulated and induce the metastasis and angiogenesis process. But after the QC treatment, cMET get dephosphorylated and inactivated. As a result, the downstream signaling proteins of cMET along with the other representative metastatic and angiogenic factors get downregulated. These lead to inhibition of cMET-mediated metastasis and angiogenesis. (Created with BioRender.com).
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Das
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Chinmayee Sethy
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Subhajit Chatterjee
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Somya Ranjan Dash
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Saptarshi Sinha
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Subarno Paul
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Kunal Goutam
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Acharya Harihar Regional Cancer Centre, Cuttack, Odisha, 753007, India
| | - Chanakya Nath Kundu
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
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Eid RA, Alaa Edeen M, Shedid EM, Kamal ASS, Warda MM, Mamdouh F, Khedr SA, Soltan MA, Jeon HW, Zaki MSA, Kim B. Targeting Cancer Stem Cells as the Key Driver of Carcinogenesis and Therapeutic Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021786. [PMID: 36675306 PMCID: PMC9861138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging concept of cancer stem cells (CSCs) as the key driver behind carcinogenesis, progression, and diversity has displaced the prior model of a tumor composed of cells with similar subsequently acquired mutations and an equivalent capacity for renewal, invasion, and metastasis. This significant change has shifted the research focus toward targeting CSCs to eradicate cancer. CSCs may be characterized using cell surface markers. They are defined by their capacity to self-renew and differentiate, resist conventional therapies, and generate new tumors following repeated transplantation in xenografted mice. CSCs' functional capabilities are governed by various intracellular and extracellular variables such as pluripotency-related transcription factors, internal signaling pathways, and external stimuli. Numerous natural compounds and synthetic chemicals have been investigated for their ability to disrupt these regulatory components and inhibit stemness and terminal differentiation in CSCs, hence achieving clinical implications. However, no cancer treatment focuses on the biological consequences of these drugs on CSCs, and their functions have been established. This article provides a biomedical discussion of cancer at the time along with an overview of CSCs and their origin, features, characterization, isolation techniques, signaling pathways, and novel targeted therapeutic approaches. Additionally, we highlighted the factors endorsed as controlling or helping to promote stemness in CSCs. Our objective was to encourage future studies on these prospective treatments to develop a framework for their application as single or combined therapeutics to eradicate various forms of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Refaat A. Eid
- Pathology Department, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha P.O. Box 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Alaa Edeen
- Cell Biology, Histology & Genetics Division, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.A.E.); (B.K.)
| | - Eslam M. Shedid
- Biotechnology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Al Qalyubia Governorate, Banha 13511, Egypt
| | - Al Shaimaa S. Kamal
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Al Qalyubia Governorate, Banha 13511, Egypt
| | - Mona M. Warda
- Biotechnology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Al Qalyubia Governorate, Banha 13511, Egypt
| | - Farag Mamdouh
- Biotechnology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Al Qalyubia Governorate, Banha 13511, Egypt
| | - Sohila A. Khedr
- Industrial Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31733, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Soltan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Ismailia 41611, Egypt
| | - Hee Won Jeon
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohamed Samir A. Zaki
- Anatomy Department, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha P.O. Box 62529, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 31527, Egypt
| | - Bonglee Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (M.A.E.); (B.K.)
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Ibrahim AS, El-Shinawi M, Sabet S, Ibrahim SA, Mohamed MM. Role of adipose tissue-derived cytokines in the progression of inflammatory breast cancer in patients with obesity. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:67. [PMID: 35927653 PMCID: PMC9351154 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01678-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) represents a deadly aggressive phenotype of breast cancer (BC) with a unique clinicopathological presentation and low survival rate. In fact, obesity represents an important risk factor for BC. Although several studies have identified different cellular-derived and molecular factors involved in IBC progression, the role of adipocytes remains unclear. Cancer-associated adipose tissue (CAAT) expresses a variety of adipokines, which contribute to tumorigenesis and the regulation of cancer stem cell (CSC). This research investigated the potential effect of the secretome of CAAT explants from patients with BC on the progression and metastasis of the disease. METHODS This study established an ex-vivo culture of CAAT excised from IBC (n = 13) vs. non-IBC (n = 31) patients with obesity and profiled their secretome using a cytokine antibody array. Furthermore, the quantitative PCR (qPCR) methodology was used to validate the levels of predominant cytokines at the transcript level after culture in a medium conditioned by CAAT. Moreover, the impact of the CAAT secretome on the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cells with stem cell (CSC) markers was studied in the non-IBC MDA-MB-231 and the IBC SUM-149 cell lines. The statistical differences between variables were evaluated using the chi-squared test and unpaired a Student's t-test. RESULTS The results of cytokine array profiling revealed an overall significantly higher level of a panel of 28 cytokines secreted by the CAAT ex-vivo culture from IBC patients with obesity compared to those with non-IBC. Of note, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and monocyte chemo-attractant protein 1 (MCP-1) were the major adipokines secreted by the CAAT IBC patients with obesity. Moreover, the qPCR results indicated a significant upregulation of the IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 mRNAs in CAAT ex-vivo culture of patients with IBC vs. those with non-IBC. Intriguingly, a qPCR data analysis showed that the CAAT secretome secretions from patients with non-IBC downregulated the mRNA levels of the CD24 CSC marker and of the epithelial marker E-cadherin in the non-IBC cell line. By contrast, E-cadherin was upregulated in the SUM-149 cell. CONCLUSIONS This study identified the overexpression of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 as prognostic markers of CAAT from patients with IBC but not from those with non-IBC ; moreover, their upregulation might be associated with IBC aggressiveness via the regulation of CSC and EMT markers. This study proposed that targeting IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 may represent a therapeutic option that should be considered in the treatment of patients with IBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Saber Ibrahim
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed El-Shinawi
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
- International Affairs, Galala University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Salwa Sabet
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | | | - Mona Mostafa Mohamed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
- Molecular Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Science, Galala University, Suez, Egypt
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Safa AR. Drug and apoptosis resistance in cancer stem cells: a puzzle with many pieces. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2022; 5:850-872. [PMID: 36627897 PMCID: PMC9771762 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2022.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to anticancer agents and apoptosis results in cancer relapse and is associated with cancer mortality. Substantial data have provided convincing evidence establishing that human cancers emerge from cancer stem cells (CSCs), which display self-renewal and are resistant to anticancer drugs, radiation, and apoptosis, and express enhanced epithelial to mesenchymal progression. CSCs represent a heterogeneous tumor cell population and lack specific cellular targets, which makes it a great challenge to target and eradicate them. Similarly, their close relationship with the tumor microenvironment creates greater complexity in developing novel treatment strategies targeting CSCs. Several mechanisms participate in the drug and apoptosis resistance phenotype in CSCs in various cancers. These include enhanced expression of ATP-binding cassette membrane transporters, activation of various cytoprotective and survival signaling pathways, dysregulation of stemness signaling pathways, aberrant DNA repair mechanisms, increased quiescence, autophagy, increased immune evasion, deficiency of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, upregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins including c-FLIP [cellular FLICE (FADD-like IL-1β-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein], Bcl-2 family members, inhibitors of apoptosis proteins, and PI3K/AKT signaling. Studying such mechanisms not only provides mechanistic insights into these cells that are unresponsive to drugs, but may lead to the development of targeted and effective therapeutics to eradicate CSCs. Several studies have identified promising strategies to target CSCs. These emerging strategies may help target CSC-associated drug resistance and metastasis in clinical settings. This article will review the CSCs drug and apoptosis resistance mechanisms and how to target CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad R. Safa
- Correspondence to: Dr. Ahmad R. Safa, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 635 Barnhill Dr. MS A416, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. E-mail:
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9
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Pizon M, Schott D, Pachmann U, Schobert R, Pizon M, Wozniak M, Bobinski R, Pachmann K. Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Assays as a Model of Patient-Derived Xenografts from Circulating Cancer Stem Cells (cCSCs) in Breast Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061476. [PMID: 35326627 PMCID: PMC8946779 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Circulating cancer cells—and in particular their very rare subpopulation, circulating cancer stem cells (cCSCs)—are responsible for recurrence and metastasis. In this study, we present a novel process in which patient-derived xenograft (PDX) can be harvested on chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) from circulating cancer stem cells. In our opinion, the CAM-based PDX model using circulating cancer stem cells can provide a fast, low-cost, easy-to-use, and efficient preclinical platform for drug screening, therapy optimization, and biomarker discovery. Abstract Background: cCSCs are a small subset of circulating tumor cells with cancer stem cell features: resistance to cancer treatments and the capacity for generating metastases. PDX are an appreciated tool in oncology, providing biologically meaningful models of many cancer types, and potential platforms for the development of precision oncology approaches. Commonly, mouse models are used for the in vivo assessment of potential new therapeutic targets in cancers. However, animal models are costly and time consuming. An attractive alternative to such animal experiments is the chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay. Methods: In this study, primary cultures from cCSCs were established using the sphere-forming assay. Subsequently, tumorspheres were transplanted onto the CAM membrane of fertilized chicken eggs to form secondary microtumors. Results: We have developed an innovative in vitro platform for cultivation of cCSCs from peripheral blood of cancer patients. The number of tumorspheres increased significantly with tumor progression and aggressiveness of primary tumor. The number of tumorspheres was positively correlated with Ki-67, Her2 status, and grade score in primary breast tumors. The grafting of tumorspheres onto the CAM was successful and positively correlated with aggressiveness and proliferation capacity of the primary tumor. These tumors pathologically closely resembled the primary tumor. Conclusions: The number of tumorspheres cultured from peripheral blood and the success rate of establishing PDX directly reflect the aggressiveness and proliferation capacity of the primary tumor. A CAM-based PDX model using cCSC provides a fast, low-cost, easy to handle, and powerful preclinical platform for drug screening, therapy optimization, and biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Pizon
- Department of Research and Development, Transfusion Center Bayreuth, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany; (D.S.); (U.P.); (K.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dorothea Schott
- Department of Research and Development, Transfusion Center Bayreuth, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany; (D.S.); (U.P.); (K.P.)
| | - Ulrich Pachmann
- Department of Research and Development, Transfusion Center Bayreuth, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany; (D.S.); (U.P.); (K.P.)
| | - Rainer Schobert
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany;
| | - Marek Pizon
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Clinic of Bayreuth, 95455 Bayreuth, Germany;
| | - Marta Wozniak
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Rafal Bobinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bielsko-Biala, 43-309 Bielsko-Biała, Poland;
| | - Katharina Pachmann
- Department of Research and Development, Transfusion Center Bayreuth, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany; (D.S.); (U.P.); (K.P.)
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10
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Breast Cancer Stem Cell Membrane Biomarkers: Therapy Targeting and Clinical Implications. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060934. [PMID: 35326385 PMCID: PMC8946706 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy affecting women worldwide. Importantly, there have been significant improvements in prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment options, which resulted in a significant decrease in breast cancer mortality rates. Nevertheless, the high rates of incidence combined with therapy resistance result in cancer relapse and metastasis, which still contributes to unacceptably high mortality of breast cancer patients. In this context, a small subpopulation of highly tumourigenic cancer cells within the tumour bulk, commonly designated as breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), have been suggested as key elements in therapy resistance, which are responsible for breast cancer relapses and distant metastasis. Thus, improvements in BCSC-targeting therapies are crucial to tackling the metastatic progression and might allow therapy resistance to be overcome. However, the design of effective and specific BCSC-targeting therapies has been challenging since there is a lack of specific biomarkers for BCSCs, and the most common clinical approaches are designed for commonly altered BCSCs signalling pathways. Therefore, the search for a new class of BCSC biomarkers, such as the expression of membrane proteins with cancer stem cell potential, is an area of clinical relevance, once membrane proteins are accessible on the cell surface and easily recognized by specific antibodies. Here, we discuss the significance of BCSC membrane biomarkers as potential prognostic and therapeutic targets, reviewing the CSC-targeting therapies under clinical trials for breast cancer.
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11
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Fineberg S, Tian X, Makower D, Harigopal M, Lo Y. EZH2 Protein Expression in Triple-negative Breast Cancer Treated With Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: An Exploratory Study of Association With Tumor Response and Prognosis. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2022; 30:157-164. [PMID: 35262520 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neaodjuvant chemotherapy is used to treat high risk triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Residual cancer burden (RCB) is used to predict risk of relapse after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC); however, it cannot predict disease recurrence with certainty. EZH2 is a targetable oncogenic protein overexpressed in TNBC and associated with metastasis and stem cell expansion. We quantified EZH2 protein expression in TNBC before NAC to examine potential utility as a predictive and prognostic biomarker. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively identified 63 patients with localized TNBC treated with NAC. We quantified EZH2 nuclear expression in pretherapy biopsies using a score which included intensity and percent of positive cells at each intensity. EZH2 expression was evaluated as a continuous variable and dichotomized at a score of 210. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine association between EZH2 expression and RCB, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, clinicopathologic features and disease-free survival. RESULTS There was no significant association between EZH2 score and posttreatment RCB class evaluated as a continuous variable (P=0.831) or dichotomized at 210 (P=0.546). On multivariable logistic regression, adjusted for covariates including RCB, EZH2 >210 was associated with development of metastasis (odds ratio=14.35, 95% confidence interval: 2.69-76.66; P=0.002). Logistic regression was run with EZH2 scores as a continuous variable and increased EZH2 score was associated with metastasis (odds ratio=1.10, 95% confidence interval: 1.00-1.03; P=0.047). CONCLUSION In our study of TNBC treated with NAC, high EZH2 expression in pretherapy core biopsies was significantly associated with metastatic recurrence independent of RCB. The potential value of EZH2 as a biomarker to improve stratification of outcome after NAC should be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Malini Harigopal
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine and Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT
| | - Yungtai Lo
- Departments of Pathology
- Epidemiology and Population Health Montefiore Medical Center and The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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12
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Alvarez-Elizondo MB, Weihs D. Breast cancer stem cells: mechanobiology reveals highly invasive cancer cell subpopulations. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:134. [PMID: 35171381 PMCID: PMC11072724 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04181-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) are a typically small subpopulation of highly tumorigenic cells that can self-renew, differentiate, drive tumor progression, and may mediate drug resistance and metastasis. Metastasis driving CSCs are expected to be highly invasive. To determine the relative invasiveness of CSCs, we isolate distinct subpopulations in the metastatic, MDA-MB-231 breast-cancer cell line, identified by the stem-cell markers aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and CD44. We determine CSC-subpopulation invasiveness levels using our rapid (2 h) mechanobiology-based assay. Specifically, invasive cells forcefully push and indent the surface of physiological-stiffness synthetic gels to cell-scale depths, where the percentage of indenting cells and their attained depths have previously provided clinically relevant predictions of the metastatic risk in different cancer types. We observe that the small (3.2%) CD44+ALDH+ cell-subpopulation indents more and attains significantly deeper depths (65% indenting to 6 ± 0.3 µm) relative to CD44+ALDH-, CD44-ALDH-, CD44-ALDH+ cells, and the whole-sample control (with 18-44% indenting cells reaching average depths of 4.4-5 µm). The CD44+ALDH+ similarly demonstrates twofold higher migratory capacity in Boyden chambers. The higher invasiveness of CD44+ALDH+ cells reveals their likely role in facilitating disease progression, providing prognostic markers for increased risk of recurrence and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daphne Weihs
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003, Haifa, Israel.
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13
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Characterization of surface markers on extracellular vesicles isolated from lymphatic exudate from patients with breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:50. [PMID: 35012489 PMCID: PMC8744234 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08870-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most common cancer, and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, among females world-wide. Recent research suggests that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a major role in the development of breast cancer metastasis. Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) is a procedure in patients with known lymph node metastases, and after surgery large amounts of serous fluid are produced from the axilla. The overall aim was to isolate and characterize EVs from axillary serous fluid, and more specifically to determine if potential breast cancer biomarkers could be identified. METHODS Lymphatic drain fluid was collected from 7 patients with breast cancer the day after ALND. EVs were isolated using size exclusion chromatography, quantified and detected by nanoparticle tracking analysis, electron microscopy, nano flow cytometry and western blot. The expression of 37 EV surface proteins was evaluated by flow cytometry using the MACSPlex Exosome kit. RESULTS Lymphatic drainage exudate retrieved after surgery from all 7 patients contained EVs. The isolated EVs were positive for the typical EV markers CD9, CD63, CD81 and Flotillin-1 while albumin was absent, indicating low contamination from blood proteins. In total, 24 different EV surface proteins were detected. Eleven of those proteins were detected in all patients, including the common EV markers CD9, CD63 and CD81, cancer-related markers CD24, CD29, CD44 and CD146, platelet markers CD41b, CD42a and CD62p as well as HLA-DR/DP/DQ. Furthermore, CD29 and CD146 were enriched in Her2+ patients compared to patients with Her2- tumors. CONCLUSIONS Lymphatic drainage exudate retrieved from breast cancer patients after surgery contains EVs that can be isolated using SEC isolation. The EVs have several cancer-related markers including CD24, CD29, CD44 and CD146, proteins of potential interest as biomarkers as well as to increase the understanding of the mechanisms of cancer biology.
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14
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Hyaluronan Functions in Wound Repair That Are Captured to Fuel Breast Cancer Progression. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11111551. [PMID: 34827550 PMCID: PMC8615562 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling from an actively remodeling extracellular matrix (ECM) has emerged as a critical factor in regulating both the repair of tissue injuries and the progression of diseases such as metastatic cancer. Hyaluronan (HA) is a major component of the ECM that normally functions in tissue injury to sequentially promote then suppress inflammation and fibrosis, a duality in which is featured, and regulated in, wound repair. These essential response-to-injury functions of HA in the microenvironment are hijacked by tumor cells for invasion and avoidance of immune detection. In this review, we first discuss the numerous size-dependent functions of HA and emphasize the multifunctional nature of two of its receptors (CD44 and RHAMM) in regulating the signaling duality of HA in excisional wound healing. This is followed by a discussion of how HA metabolism is de-regulated in malignant progression and how targeting HA might be used to better manage breast cancer progression.
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15
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Kyriakopoulou K, Kefali E, Piperigkou Z, Riethmüller C, Greve B, Franchi M, Götte M, Karamanos NK. EGFR is a pivotal player of the E2/ERβ - mediated functional properties, aggressiveness, and stemness in triple-negative breast cancer cells. FEBS J 2021; 289:1552-1574. [PMID: 34665934 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is defined by aggressive behavior, limited response to chemotherapy and lower overall survival rates. The increased metastatic potential of TNBC is a combined result of extensive extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling that leads to cytoskeleton rearrangement and activation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in TNBC tumors has been linked to induced expression of EMT-related molecules. EMT activation has often been associated with increased metastasis and stemness. Recently, we described the crucial role of EGFR/estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) interplay in the regulation of invasion and cell-matrix interactions. In this study, we report on the EGFR-ERβ functional relationship in connection to the aggressiveness and cancer stem cell (CSC)-like characteristics of TNBC cells. ERβ-suppressed and MDA-MB-231 cells were subjected to downstream EGFR inhibition and/or estradiol stimulation to assess alterations in functional parameters as well as in morphological characteristics, studied by scanning electron, atomic force, and immunofluorescence microscopies. Moreover, the expression and localization of key EMT and CSC-related markers were also evaluated by real-time qPCR, immunofluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry. EGFR inhibition resulted in an overall suppression of aggressive functional characteristics, which occurred in an ERβ-mediated manner. These changes could be attributed to a reduction, at the molecular level, of EMT and stemness-linked markers, most notably reduced expression of Notch signaling constituents and the cell surface proteoglycan, syndecan-1. Collectively, our study highlights the importance of EGFR signaling as a key effector of aggressiveness, EMT, and stemness in an ERβ-dependent way in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Kyriakopoulou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Elena Kefali
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Zoi Piperigkou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece.,Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
| | | | - Burkhard Greve
- Department of Radiotherapy-Radiooncology, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - Marco Franchi
- Department for Life Quality Study, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
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16
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Wu HJ, Chu PY. Epigenetic Regulation of Breast Cancer Stem Cells Contributing to Carcinogenesis and Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158113. [PMID: 34360879 PMCID: PMC8348144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, breast cancer has remained the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among women. Breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous and phenotypically diverse group of diseases, which require different selection of treatments. Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), a small subset of cancer cells with stem cell-like properties, play essential roles in breast cancer progression, recurrence, metastasis, chemoresistance and treatments. Epigenetics is defined as inheritable changes in gene expression without alteration in DNA sequence. Epigenetic regulation includes DNA methylation and demethylation, as well as histone modifications. Aberrant epigenetic regulation results in carcinogenesis. In this review, the mechanism of epigenetic regulation involved in carcinogenesis, therapeutic resistance and metastasis of BCSCs will be discussed, and finally, the therapies targeting these biomarkers will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Ju Wu
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan;
- Research Assistant Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lukang Town, Changhua 505, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Chu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
- Department of Health Food, Chung Chou University of Science and Technology, Changhua 510, Taiwan
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-975611855; Fax: +886-47227116
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17
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Abu-Serie MM, Andrade F, Cámara-Sánchez P, Seras-Franzoso J, Rafael D, Díaz-Riascos ZV, Gener P, Abasolo I, Schwartz S. Pluronic F127 micelles improve the stability and enhance the anticancer stem cell efficacy of citral in breast cancer. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:1471-1485. [PMID: 34160295 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Improving the stability and anti-cancer stem cell (CSC) activity of citral, a natural ALDH1A inhibitor. Materials & methods: Citral-loaded micelles (CLM) were obtained using Pluronic® F127 and its efficacy tested on the growth of four breast cancer cell lines. The impact of the CLM on the growth and functional hallmarks of breast CSCs were also evaluated using mammosphere and CSC reporter cell lines. Results: CLM improved the stability and growth inhibitory effects of citral. Importantly, CLM fully blocking the stemness features of CSCs (self-renewal, differentiation and migration) and in combination with paclitaxel CLM sensitized breast cancer cells to the chemotherapy. Conclusion: Targeting CSCs with CLM could improve the treatment of advanced breast cancer in combination with the standard chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M Abu-Serie
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering, & Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research & Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg EL-Arab, 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Fernanda Andrade
- Drug Delivery & Targeting, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Cámara-Sánchez
- Drug Delivery & Targeting, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Functional Validation & Preclinical Research (FVPR), CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquin Seras-Franzoso
- Drug Delivery & Targeting, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diana Rafael
- Drug Delivery & Targeting, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zamira V Díaz-Riascos
- Drug Delivery & Targeting, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Functional Validation & Preclinical Research (FVPR), CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Petra Gener
- Drug Delivery & Targeting, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ibane Abasolo
- Drug Delivery & Targeting, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Functional Validation & Preclinical Research (FVPR), CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Simó Schwartz
- Drug Delivery & Targeting, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Jafarinejad-Farsangi S, Hashemi MS, Yazdi Rouholamini SE, Gharbi S, Ansari-Asl Z, Jafari E, Shiralizadeh Dezfuli A, Shahrokhi-Farjah M. Curcumin loaded on graphene nanosheets induced cell death in mammospheres from MCF-7 and primary breast tumor cells. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 34020433 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Elimination of tumor cells is still a therapeutic challenge for breast cancer (BC) in men and women. Mammospheres serve as valuablein vitrotools for evaluating tumor behavior and sensitivity to anticancer treatments. Graphene nanosheets with unique physicochemical properties have been considered as potential biomedical approaches for drug delivery, bioimaging, and therapy. Graphene oxide (GO) and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are suitable nanocarriers for hydrophobic and low bioaccessible anti-tumor materials like curcumin. Despite extensive studies on the potential application of graphene nanosheets in medicine, our knowledge of how different cells function and respond to these nanoparticles remains limited. Here, we evaluated cell death in mammospheres from MCF-7 and primary tumor cells in response to curcumin loaded on graphene nanosheets. Mammospheres were exposed to graphene oxide-curcumin (GO-Cur) and graphene quantum dots-curcumin (GQDs-Cur), and the incidence of cell death was evaluated by Hoechst 33342/propidium iodide double staining and flow cytometry. Besides, the expression of miR-21, miR-29a, Bax, and Bcl-2 genes were assessed using RT-qPCR. We observed, GO, and GQDs had no cytotoxic effect on Kerman male breast cancer/71 (KMBC/71) and MCF-7 tumor cells, while curcumin induced death in more than 50% of tumor cells. GO-Cur and GQDs-Cur synergistically enhanced anti-tumor activity of curcumin. Moreover, GQDs-Cur induced cell death in almost all cells of KMBC/71 mammospheres (99%;p< 0.0001). In contrast, GO-Cur induced cell death in only 21% of MCF-7 mammosphere cells (p< 0.0001). Also, the expression pattern of miR-21, miR-29a, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in KMBC/71 and MCF-7 mammospheres was different in response to GO-Cur and GQDs-Cur. Although KMBC/71 and MCF-7 tumor cells had similar clinical features and displayed similar responses to curcumin, more investigations are needed to clarify the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying observed differences in response to GO-Cur and GQDs-Cur.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahnaz Sadat Hashemi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
| | - Seyede Elmira Yazdi Rouholamini
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sdigheh Gharbi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zeinab Ansari-Asl
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Elham Jafari
- Pathology and Stem Cells Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Mariam Shahrokhi-Farjah
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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19
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Lv L, Shi Y, Wu J, Li G. Nanosized Drug Delivery Systems for Breast Cancer Stem Cell Targeting. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:1487-1508. [PMID: 33654398 PMCID: PMC7914063 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s282110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), also known as breast cancer initiating cells, are reported to be responsible for the initiation, progression, therapeutic resistance, and relapse of breast cancer. Conventional therapeutic agents mainly kill the bulk of breast tumor cells and fail to eliminate BCSCs, even enhancing the fraction of BCSCs in breast tumors sometimes. Therefore, it is essential to develop specific and effective methods of eliminating BCSCs that will enhance the efficacy of killing breast tumor cells and thereby, increase the survival rates and quality of life of breast cancer patients. Despite the availability of an increasing number of anti-BCSC agents, their clinical translations are hindered by many issues, such as instability, low bioavailability, and off-target effects. Nanosized drug delivery systems (NDDSs) have the potential to overcome the drawbacks of anti-BCSC agents by providing site-specific delivery and enhancing of the stability and bioavailability of the delivered agents. In this review, we first briefly introduce the strategies and agents used against BCSCs and then highlight the mechanism of action and therapeutic efficacy of several state-of-the-art NDDSs that can be used to treat breast cancer by eliminating BCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghui Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacy, Zengcheng District People's Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 511300, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyan Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guocheng Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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20
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Salem S, Mosaad R. Crosstalk between miR-203 and PKCθ regulates breast cancer stem cell markers. Ann Hum Genet 2021; 85:105-114. [PMID: 33576006 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protein kinase C theta (PKCθ) is expressed in ER-negative breast cancer and promotes cancer stem cells (CSCs) phenotype. PKCθ gene (PRKCQ) is predicted to be a target for tumor suppressor miR-203. Herein, we aim to validate this prediction and evaluate the ability of miR-203 to inhibit migration of breast cancer cell line enriched with CSCs, MDA-MB-231, via PRKCQ targeting. METHODS Cells were transfected with miR-203 mimic, PRKCQ siRNA and negative control; then real-time PCR, migration assay, western blotting, reporter assay, and chromatin accessibility assay were performed. RESULTS Our findings displayed significant decrease in PRKCQ mRNA level and luciferase signals in cells with restored miR-203 expression, therefore, validated PRKCQ as a direct target of miR-203. Additionally, inhibiting PRKCQ by siRNA led to significant inhibition of miR-203 expression and significant decrease of chromatin accessibility at miR-203 promoter region 466-291 upstream TSS. Both of miR-203 re-expression and PRKCQ suppression resulted in altering migration ability of MDA-MB-231 through regulating AKT pathway and genes involved in breast cancer stem cells, CD44 and ALDH1A3. Expression of CDK5, GIV, and NANOG was significantly downregulated in miR-203 mimic-transfected cells, while PRKCQ siRNA-transfected cells displayed downregulation of OCT3/4, SOX2, and NANOG. Furthermore, we found that miR-224 expression was enhanced while miR-150 was downregulated after ectopic expression of miR-203. CONCLUSION The study highlighted the negative feedback loop between miR-203 and its target PRKCQ and the interplay between them in regulating genes involved in BCSCs. The study also concluded "microRNA-mediated microRNA regulation" as an event in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohair Salem
- Molecular Genetics and Enzymology Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rehab Mosaad
- Molecular Genetics and Enzymology Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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21
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Schott DS, Pizon M, Pachmann U, Pachmann K, Schobert R, Wittig A, Mäurer M. Influence of adjuvant radiotherapy on circulating epithelial tumor cells and circulating cancer stem cells in primary non-metastatic breast cancer. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101009. [PMID: 33453469 PMCID: PMC7811056 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CETCs have the same molecular properties as the cells in the primary tumor. Circulating cancer stem cells can be successfully identified in the blood of breast cancer patients and monitored during RT. Patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy had the highest number of CETCs prior to RT but the CETC counts decreased significantly during RT indicating that this group of patients could most likely benefit from adjuvant RT. Increase in cCSC numbers during RT could be a predictor for early recurrence of cancer disease.
Background : There is an unmet need to identify biomarkers that directly reflect response to adjuvant radiotherapy (RT). Circulating epithelial tumor cells (CETCs) represent the liquid component of solid tumors and are responsible for metastatic relapse. CETC subsets with cancer stem cell characteristics, circulating cancer stem cells (cCSCs), play a pivotal role in the metastatic cascade. Monitoring the most aggressive subpopulation of CETCs could reflect the aggressiveness of the remaining tumor burden. There is limited data on the detection and monitoring changes in CETC and cCSC numbers during RT in early breast cancer. Methods : CETC numbers were analyzed prior to, at midterm and at the end of RT in 52 primary non-metastatic breast cancer patients. Hormone receptor status was determined in CETCs prior to and at the end of RT. For the identification of cCSCs cell suspensions from the peripheral blood of patients were cultured in vitro under conditions favoring growth of tumorspheres. Results : Hormone receptor status in CETCs before RT was comparable to that in primary tumor tissue. Prior to RT numbers of CETCs correlated with aggressiveness of primary tumors. cCSCs could be successfully identified and monitored during RT. Prior to RT patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy had significantly higher numbers of CETCs and tumorspheres compared to patients after adjuvant chemotherapy. During RT, the number of CETCs decreased continuously in patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy but not after adjuvant chemotherapy. Conclusion : Monitoring the number of CETCs and the CETC subset with cancer stem cell properties during RT may provide additional clinically useful prognostic information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Pizon
- Transfusion Center Bayreuth, Kurpromenade 2, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Pachmann
- Transfusion Center Bayreuth, Kurpromenade 2, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | | | | | - Andrea Wittig
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany.
| | - Matthias Mäurer
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany.
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22
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Hermawan A, Khumaira A, Ikawati M, Putri H, Jenie RI, Angraini SM, Muflikhasari HA. Identification of key genes of hesperidin in inhibition of breast cancer stem cells by functional network analysis. Comput Biol Chem 2020; 90:107427. [PMID: 33360419 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2020.107427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer therapy with classical chemotherapy is unable to eradicate breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs). Loss of p53 function causes growth and differentiation in cancer stem cells (CSCs); therefore, p53-targeted compounds can be developed for BCSCs-targeted drugs. Previously, hesperidin (HES), a citrus flavonoid, showed anticancer activities and increased efficacy of chemotherapy in several types of cancer in vitro and in vivo. This study was aimed to explore the key protein and molecular mechanism of hesperidin in the inhibition of BCSCs using bioinformatics and in vitro study. Bioinformatics analysis revealed about 75 potential therapeutic target proteins of HES in BCSCs (TH), in which TP53 was the only direct target protein (DTP) with a high degree score. Furthermore, the results of GO enrichment analysis showed that TH was taken part in the biological process of regulation of apoptosis and cell cycle. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis also showed that TH is involved in several pathways, including cell cycle, p53 signaling pathway. In vitro experiment results showed that HES inhibited cell proliferation, mammosphere, and a colony formation, and migration in on MCF-7 3D cells (mammospheres). HES induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells 3D. In addition, HES treatment reduced the mRNA level of p21 but increased the mRNA level of cyclin D1 and p53 in the mammosphere. HES inhibits BCSCs in mammospheres. More importantly, this study highlighted p53 as a key protein in inhibition of BCSCs by HES. Future studies on the molecular mechanism are needed to validate the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hermawan
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.
| | - Annisa Khumaira
- Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia; Study Program of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universitas Aisyiah Yogyakarta, Jalan Ringroad Barat No.63, Mlangi Nogotirto, Gamping, Nogotirto, Sleman, Yogyakarta, 55592, Indonesia
| | - Muthi Ikawati
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Herwandhani Putri
- Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Riris Istighfari Jenie
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Sonia Meta Angraini
- Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Haruma Anggraini Muflikhasari
- Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
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23
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Cancer Stem Cell-Associated Pathways in the Metabolic Reprogramming of Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239125. [PMID: 33266219 PMCID: PMC7730588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming of cancer is now considered a hallmark of many malignant tumors, including breast cancer, which remains the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women all over the world. One of the main challenges for the effective treatment of breast cancer emanates from the existence of a subpopulation of tumor-initiating cells, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs). Over the years, several pathways involved in the regulation of CSCs have been identified and characterized. Recent research has also shown that CSCs are capable of adopting a metabolic flexibility to survive under various stressors, contributing to chemo-resistance, metastasis, and disease relapse. This review summarizes the links between the metabolic adaptations of breast cancer cells and CSC-associated pathways. Identification of the drivers capable of the metabolic rewiring in breast cancer cells and CSCs and the signaling pathways contributing to metabolic flexibility may lead to the development of effective therapeutic strategies. This review also covers the role of these metabolic adaptation in conferring drug resistance and metastasis in breast CSCs.
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24
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Dzobo K, Ganz C, Thomford NE, Senthebane DA. Cancer Stem Cell Markers in Relation to Patient Survival Outcomes: Lessons for Integrative Diagnostics and Next-Generation Anticancer Drug Development. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2020; 25:81-92. [PMID: 33170084 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2020.0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumors display a complex biology that requires a multipronged treatment strategy. Most anticancer interventions, including chemotherapy, are currently unable to prevent treatment resistance and relapse. In general, therapeutics target cancer cells and overlook the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) with self-renewal and tumorigenic abilities. CSCs have been postulated to play key roles in tumor initiation, progression, therapy resistance, and metastasis. Hence, CSC markers have been suggested as diagnostics to forecast cancer prognosis as well as molecular targets for new-generation cancer treatments, especially in resistant disease. We report here original findings on expression and prognostic significance of CSC markers in several cancers. We examined and compared the transcriptional expression of CSC markers (ABCB1, ABCG2, ALDH1A1, CD24, CD44, CD90, CD133, CXCR4, EPCAM, ICAM1, and NES) in tumor tissues versus the adjacent normal tissues using publicly available databases, The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis. We found that CSC transcriptional markers were, to a large extent, expressed in higher abundance in solid tumors such as colon, lung, pancreatic, and esophageal cancers. On the other hand, no CSC marker in our analysis was expressed in the same pattern in all cancers, while individual CSC marker expression, alone, was not significantly associated with overall patient survival. Innovation in next-generation cancer therapeutics and diagnostics ought to combine CSC markers as well as integrative diagnostics that pool knowledge from CSCs and other TME components and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Dzobo
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Chelene Ganz
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicholas Ekow Thomford
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Dimakatso Alice Senthebane
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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25
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Sen U, Chaudhury D, Shenoy P S, Bose B. Differential sensitivities of triple-negative breast cancer stem cell towards various doses of vitamin C: An insight into the internal antioxidant systems. J Cell Biochem 2020; 122:349-366. [PMID: 33135276 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are quiescent and self-renewing, having low levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and are responsible for cancer recurrence after chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, the interplay between the ROS production and scavenging from the oxidative stress has never been studied in breast CSCs. In this present study, we have investigated the cellular energetics of two triple-negative breast cancer stem cells (MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468) treated with two pharmacological doses of vitamin C (10 and 20 mM) that generated ROS. Our results indicate a differential behavior of ROS scavenging by both the CSCs. MDA-MB-468 CSCs exhibited higher resistance to ROS induced damage owing to the higher antioxidant activity, lower mitochondrial damage, and less decrease in membrane potential (ΔΨm ) as compared with MDA-MB-231 CSCs. Moreover, MDA-MB-231 CSCs exhibited an intrinsic apoptosis pathway by activating the cytochrome c, caspase-9, 3, 7, and cleaved PARP upon treatment with vitamin C. This data suggests a possible strategy for targeting breast CSCs using vitamin C. Taken together, the CSCs from MDA-MB-231 could be easily targeted by high/pharmacological doses of vitamin C (≥20 mM) thereby indicating a less robust internal antioxidant machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utsav Sen
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Debajit Chaudhury
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudheer Shenoy P
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Bipasha Bose
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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26
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Anti-metastatic action of an N 4-aryl substituted thiosemicarbazone on advanced triple negative breast cancer. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05161. [PMID: 33072918 PMCID: PMC7548444 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Advanced triple negative breast cancer (ATNBC) is defined by a lack of expression of hormones receptors as well as HER2/neu and its high probability of visceral metastasis. This pathology is associated with a poor prognosis. Previously, we found that T2, an N4-arylsubstituted thiosemicarbazone (N4-TSC), had cytotoxic effect on human breast cancer cells lines. Hence, in this study, we investigated the anti-metastasic action of T2 on ATNBC. Methods In order to deepen T2 action mode on ATNBC, we first confirmed T2 cytotoxicity on a panel of TNBC cells and then continued studying T2 effects in vitro an in vivo on the syngeneic 4T1 mouse model. Results We found that T2 had a cytotoxic effect comparable to chemotherapeutics used in present treatment schemes for ATNBC. T2 treatment not only induced apoptosis, but it also down-modulated 4T1 invasive and metastatic-associated capacities, such as clonogenicity, migration and metallo-proteases activity. Moreover, this agent reduced the number of 4T1 cancer stem cells. Finally, T2 treatment induced a more differentiated cell phenotype and the overexpression of the metastasis suppressor gene NDRG-1. In vivo assays showed that T2 reduced tumor burden, down modulated local tumor invasion and significantly reduced the number of lung metastases in the 4T1 advanced TNBC murine model, while the compound did not exhibit intolerable toxicity. Conclusion This study provided evidence that T2 not only exerted an anti-tumor activity but it also showed anti-invasive and anti-metastatic actions on ATNBC in vivo and in vitro, suggesting that T2 could be considered as a promising therapy that deserves further analysis.
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27
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Teixeira FCOB, Vijaya Kumar A, Kumar Katakam S, Cocola C, Pelucchi P, Graf M, Kiesel L, Reinbold R, Pavão MSG, Greve B, Götte M. The Heparan Sulfate Sulfotransferases HS2ST1 and HS3ST2 Are Novel Regulators of Breast Cancer Stem-Cell Properties. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:559554. [PMID: 33102470 PMCID: PMC7546021 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.559554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a glycosaminoglycan found mainly in its protein-conjugated form at the cell surface and the extracellular matrix. Its high sulfation degree mediates functional interactions with positively charged amino acids in proteins. 2-O sulfation of iduronic acid and 3-O sulfation of glucosamine in HS are mediated by the sulfotransferases HS2ST and HS3ST, respectively, which are dysregulated in several cancers. Both sulfotransferases regulate breast cancer cell viability and invasion, but their role in cancer stem cells (CSCs) is unknown. Breast CSCs express characteristic markers such as CD44+/CD24−/low, CD133 and ALDH1 and are involved in tumor initiation, formation, and recurrence. We studied the influence of HS2ST1 and HS3ST2 overexpression on the CSC phenotype in breast cancer cell lines representative of the triple-negative (MDA-MB-231) and hormone-receptor positive subtype (MCF-7). The CD44+/CD24−/low phenotype was significantly reduced in MDA-MB-231 cells after overexpression of both enzymes, remaining unaltered in MCF-7 cells. ALDH1 activity was increased after HS2ST1 and HS3ST2 overexpression in MDA-MB-231 cells and reduced after HS2ST1 overexpression in MCF-7 cells. Colony and spheroid formation were increased after HS2ST1 and HS3ST2 overexpression in MCF-7 cells. Moreover, MDA-MB-231 cells overexpressing HS2ST1 formed more colonies and could not generate spheres. The phenotypic changes were associated with complex changes in the expression of the stemness-associated notch and Wnt-signaling pathways constituents, syndecans, heparanase and Sulf1. The results improve our understanding of breast CSC function and mark a subtype-specific impact of HS modifications on the CSC phenotype of triple-negative and hormone receptor positive breast cancer model cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe C O B Teixeira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Archana Vijaya Kumar
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Sampath Kumar Katakam
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Cinzia Cocola
- Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy
| | - Paride Pelucchi
- Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy
| | - Monika Graf
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Ludwig Kiesel
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Rolland Reinbold
- Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy
| | - Mauro S G Pavão
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Burkhard Greve
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
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28
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Djordjevic M, Karanikolic A, Velickovic L, Milentijevic M. Association of axillary node status with clinicopathological characteristics and expression of EZH2 and CD44 in primary breast ductal carcinoma. Pak J Med Sci 2020; 36:1539-1544. [PMID: 33235571 PMCID: PMC7674896 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.36.7.2954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: In order to enhance the prognostic benefit of new molecular markers, the aim of this study was to identify possible association of axillary lymph node (ALN) status and pN with clinicopathological characteristics and expression of EZH2 and CD44 in invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast. Methods: The investigation included 106 patients with IDC who had undergone radical mastectomy at the Clinic of Endocrine Surgery in Nis. Clinicopathologic parameters and immunohistochemical expression of EZH2 and CD44 in primary IDC were investigated in relation to ALN status and pN. Results: Our univariate analysis established that T3-T4 stage, high EZH2, and high EZH2 with ER- were associated with ALN metastasis (p=0.014; 0.003; 0.013). Decreased probability for ALN involvement was found with T1 stage, and low EZH2 with ER+ (p=0.032; 0.022). Multivariant analysis established that high EZH2 in cancer cells was associated with high risk for ALN metastases (p=0.004); T1 tumors were associated with low risk (p=0.037). Higher pN was associated with high EZH2, high EZH2 with ER-, as well as an advanced clinical and disease stage (p=0.006; 0.001; p=0.002, 0.001). Lower pN was associated with ER+, and ER+ with low EZH2 (p= 0.004; 0.012). CD44 was not associated with ALN involvement, nor with pN. Conclusions: This study revealed association of EZH2 with ALN metastases, where disease stage and expression profiles of EZH2 and ER may have affected regional pN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miodrag Djordjevic
- Miodrag Djordjevic, Clinic of Endocrine Surgery, Nis, Serbia. Medical Faculty, University Nis, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Karanikolic
- Aleksandar Karanikolic, Clinic of Endocrine Surgery, Nis, Serbia. Medical Faculty, University Nis, Serbia
| | - Ljubinka Velickovic
- Ljubinka Velickovic, Institute of Pathology, Nis, Serbia. Medical Faculty, University Nis, Serbia
| | - Maja Milentijevic
- Maja Milentijevic, Institute of Pathology, Nis, Serbia. Medical Faculty, University Nis, Serbia
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29
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Kansakar U, Wang W, Markovic V, Sossey-Alaoui K. Elucidating the molecular signaling pathways of WAVE3. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:900. [PMID: 32793744 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.02.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is a complex, multistep process that requires tumor cells to evade from the original site and form new tumors at a distant site or a different organ, often via bloodstream or the lymphatic system. Metastasis is responsible for more than 90% of cancer-related deaths. WAVE3 belongs to the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family, which regulate actin cytoskeleton remodeling as well as several aspects of cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. In fact, WAVE3 has been established as a driver of tumor progression and metastasis in cancers from several origins, including triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs), which are classified as the most lethal subtype of breast cancer, due to their resistance to standard of care therapy and highly metastatic behavior. In this review, we will attempt to summarize the recent advances that have been made to understand how WAVE3 contributes to the molecular mechanisms that control cancer progression and metastasis. We will also review the signaling pathways that are involved in the regulation of WAVE3 expression and function to identify potential therapeutic options targeted against WAVE3 for the treatment of patients with metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urna Kansakar
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Rammelkamp Center for Research, MetroHealth, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Rammelkamp Center for Research, MetroHealth, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Vesna Markovic
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Rammelkamp Center for Research, MetroHealth, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Khalid Sossey-Alaoui
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Rammelkamp Center for Research, MetroHealth, Cleveland, OH, USA
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30
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Safa AR. Resistance to drugs and cell death in cancer stem cells (CSCs). JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:341. [PMID: 35330670 PMCID: PMC8941648 DOI: 10.15761/jts.1000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Human cancers emerge from cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are resistant to cancer chemotherapeutic agents, radiation, and cell death. Moreover, autophagy provides the cytoprotective effect which contributes to drug resistance in these cells. Furthermore, much evidence shows that CSCs cause tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and cancer recurrence. Various signaling pathways including the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK), NOTCH1, and Wnt/β-catenin as well as the CSC markers maintain CSC properties. Several mechanisms including overexpression of ABC multidrug resistance transporters, a deficiency in mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, upregulation of c-FLIP, overexpression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members and inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), and PI3K/AKT signaling contribute to enhancing resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and cell death induction in CSCs in various cancers. Studying such pathways may help provide detailed understanding of CSC mechanisms of resistance to chemotherapeutic agents and apoptosis and may lead to the development of effective therapeutics to eradicate CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad R Safa
- Correspondence to: Ahmad R. Safa, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 635 Barnhill, Dr. MS A416, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,
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31
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Kuran D, Pogorzelska A, Wiktorska K. Breast Cancer Prevention-Is there a Future for Sulforaphane and Its Analogs? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061559. [PMID: 32471217 PMCID: PMC7352481 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer among women worldwide. There are several recommended methods of breast cancer prevention, including chemoprevention. There are several approved drugs used to prevent breast cancer occurrence or recurrence and metastasizing. There are also a number of new substances undergoing clinical trials and at the stage of initial study. Studies suggest that dietary factors play a crucial role in breast cancer etiology. Epidemiological studies indicate that in particular vegetables from the Brassicaceae family are a rich source of chemopreventive substances, with sulforaphane (SFN) being one of the most widely studied and characterized. This review discusses potential applicability of SFN in breast cancer chemoprevention. A comprehensive review of the literature on the impact of SFN on molecular signalling pathways in breast cancer and breast untransformed cells is presented. The presented results of in vitro and in vivo studies show that this molecule has a potential to act as a preventive molecule either to prevent disease development or recurrence and metastasizing, and as a compound protecting normal cells against the toxic effects of cytostatics. Finally, the still scanty attempts to develop an improved analog are also presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Kuran
- Department of Pharmacology, National Medicines Institute, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Pogorzelska
- Department of Drug Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, National Medicines Institute, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Wiktorska
- Department of Drug Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, National Medicines Institute, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland;
- OncoBoost Ltd., 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Wong KK. DNMT1: A key drug target in triple-negative breast cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 72:198-213. [PMID: 32461152 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer. Altered epigenetics regulation including DNA hypermethylation by DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) has been implicated as one of the causes of TNBC tumorigenesis. In this review, the oncogenic functions rendered by DNMT1 in TNBCs, and DNMT1 inhibitors targeting TNBC cells are presented and discussed. In summary, DNMT1 expression is associated with poor breast cancer survival, and it is overexpressed in TNBC subtype. The oncogenic roles of DNMT1 in TNBCs include: (1) Repression of estrogen receptor (ER) expression; (2) Promotion of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) required for metastasis; (3) Induces cellular autophagy and; (4) Promotes the growth of cancer stem cells in TNBCs. DNMT1 confers these phenotypes by hypermethylating the promoter regions of ER, multiple tumor suppressor genes, microRNAs and epithelial markers involved in suppressing EMT. DNMT1 inhibitors exert anti-tumorigenic effects against TNBC cells. This includes the hypomethylating agents azacitidine, decitabine and guadecitabine that might sensitize TNBC patients to immune checkpoint blockade therapy. DNMT1 represents an epigenetic target for TNBC cells destruction as well as to derail their metastatic and aggressive phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Keng Wong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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Zhou L, Wang Z, Yu S, Xiong Y, Fan J, Lyu Y, Su Z, Song J, Liu S, Sun Q, Lu D. CDDO-Me Elicits Anti-Breast Cancer Activity by Targeting LRP6 and FZD7 Receptor Complex. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 373:149-159. [PMID: 32015160 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.263434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway leads to the development of multiple cancers, including breast cancer. Development of therapeutic agents against this signaling pathway is an urgent need. In this study, we found that 2-cyano-3, 12-dioxooleana-1, 9(11)-dien-28-oic acid-methyl ester (CDDO-Me) could inhibit Wnt/β-catenin signaling mainly through targeting the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) 6 and Frizzled (FZD) 7 receptor complex. This compound induced the degradation and ubiquitination of LRP6 and Fzd7 via the lysosomal pathway. We further showed that CDDO-Me mediated the degradation of FZD7 in an LRP6 ectodomain-dependent manner. In breast cancer cells, treatment with CDDO-Me increased the degradation of LRP6 and FZD7 and reduced the levels of phosphorylated Disheveled (DVL) 2 and active β-catenin, resulting in the downregulation of Wnt target genes and several cancer stem cell (CSC) marker genes. In a murine xenograft bearing mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-Wnt1-driven mammary tumor, administration of CDDO-Me significantly inhibited tumor growth and was accompanied by reduced expression of phosphorylated and total LRP6, phosphorylated and unphosphorylated DVL2, active β-catenin, several Wnt target genes, and CSC marker genes. Collectively, the results of our study present that CDDO-Me is a potent Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibitor that may be a promising therapeutic agent against breast cancer. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Blocking the membrane receptor complex consisting of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) 6 and Frizzled (FZD) 7 may help developing therapeutic approaches for cancers, including breast cancers. Our study indicates that 2-cyano-3, 12-dioxooleana-1, 9(11)-dien-28-oic acid-methyl ester (CDDO-Me) can inhibit Wnt/β-catenin signaling by inducing the ubiquitination and degradation of LRP6/FZD7 membrane receptor complex via a lysosomal pathway. We also found that the ectodomain of LRP6 is essential for CDDO-Me-induced FZD7 degradation. Defining CDDO-Me as a novel inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, our results provide insight into the mechanism of its anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (L.Z., Z.W., S.Y., Y.X., J.F., Z.S., J.S., S.L., Q.S., D.L.) and Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (Y.L.)
| | - Zhongyuan Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (L.Z., Z.W., S.Y., Y.X., J.F., Z.S., J.S., S.L., Q.S., D.L.) and Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (Y.L.)
| | - Shubin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (L.Z., Z.W., S.Y., Y.X., J.F., Z.S., J.S., S.L., Q.S., D.L.) and Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (Y.L.)
| | - Yanpeng Xiong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (L.Z., Z.W., S.Y., Y.X., J.F., Z.S., J.S., S.L., Q.S., D.L.) and Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (Y.L.)
| | - Jiaoyang Fan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (L.Z., Z.W., S.Y., Y.X., J.F., Z.S., J.S., S.L., Q.S., D.L.) and Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (Y.L.)
| | - Yansi Lyu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (L.Z., Z.W., S.Y., Y.X., J.F., Z.S., J.S., S.L., Q.S., D.L.) and Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (Y.L.)
| | - Zijie Su
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (L.Z., Z.W., S.Y., Y.X., J.F., Z.S., J.S., S.L., Q.S., D.L.) and Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (Y.L.)
| | - Jiaxing Song
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (L.Z., Z.W., S.Y., Y.X., J.F., Z.S., J.S., S.L., Q.S., D.L.) and Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (Y.L.)
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (L.Z., Z.W., S.Y., Y.X., J.F., Z.S., J.S., S.L., Q.S., D.L.) and Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (Y.L.)
| | - Qi Sun
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (L.Z., Z.W., S.Y., Y.X., J.F., Z.S., J.S., S.L., Q.S., D.L.) and Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (Y.L.)
| | - Desheng Lu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (L.Z., Z.W., S.Y., Y.X., J.F., Z.S., J.S., S.L., Q.S., D.L.) and Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (Y.L.)
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Nanomedicine in osteosarcoma therapy: Micelleplexes for delivery of nucleic acids and drugs toward osteosarcoma-targeted therapies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 148:88-106. [PMID: 31958514 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma(OS) represents the main cancer affecting bone tissue, and one of the most frequent in children. In this review we discuss the major pathological hallmarks of this pathology, its current therapeutics, new active biomolecules, as well as the nanotechnology outbreak applied to the development of innovative strategies for selective OS targeting. Small RNA molecules play a role as key-regulator molecules capable of orchestrate different responses in what concerns cancer initiation, proliferation, migration and invasiveness. Frequently associated with lung metastasis, new strategies are urgent to upgrade the therapeutic outcomes and the life-expectancy prospects. Hence, the prominent rise of micelleplexes as multifaceted and efficient structures for nucleic acid delivery and selective drug targeting is revisited here with special emphasis on ligand-mediated active targeting. Future landmarks toward the development of novel nanostrategies for both OS diagnosis and OS therapy improvements are also discussed.
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Bravatà V, Cammarata FP, Minafra L, Musso R, Pucci G, Spada M, Fazio I, Russo G, Forte GI. Gene Expression Profiles Induced by High-dose Ionizing Radiation in MDA-MB-231 Triple-negative Breast Cancer Cell Line. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2019; 16:257-266. [PMID: 31243106 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Radiation therapy (RT) represents a therapeutic option in breast cancer (BC). Even if a great number of BC patients receive RT, not all of them report benefits, due to radioresistance that gets activated through several factors, such as the hormone receptor status. Herein, we analyzed the gene expression profiles (GEP) induced by RT in triple-negative BC (TNBC) MDA-MB-231, to study signalling networks involved in radioresistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS GEP of MDA-MB-231 BC cells treated with a high dose of radiation, went through cDNA microarray analysis. In addition, to examine the cellular effects induced by RT, analyses of morphology and clonogenic evaluation were also conducted. RESULTS A descriptive report of GEP and pathways induced by IR is reported from our microarray data. Moreover, the MDA-MB-231 Radioresistent Cell Fraction (RCF) selected, included specific molecules able to drive radioresistance. CONCLUSION In summary, our data highlight, the RT response of TNBC MDA-MB-231 cell line at a transcriptional level, in terms of activating radioresistance in these cells, as a model of late-stage BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bravatà
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), Cefalù, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Cammarata
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), Cefalù, Italy
| | - Luigi Minafra
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), Cefalù, Italy
| | - Rosa Musso
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), Cefalù, Italy
| | - Gaia Pucci
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), Cefalù, Italy
| | | | - Ivan Fazio
- Casa di Cura Macchiarella, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Russo
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), Cefalù, Italy
| | - Giusi Irma Forte
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), Cefalù, Italy
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Padhariya KN, Athavale M, Srivastava S, Kharkar PS. Substituted chloroacetamides as potential cancer stem cell inhibitors: Synthesis and biological evaluation. Drug Dev Res 2019; 81:356-365. [PMID: 31800121 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Komal N. Padhariya
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology ManagementSVKM's NMIMS Mumbai India
| | - Maithili Athavale
- Department of Cancer BiologyGodavari Biorefineries Ltd. Mumbai India
| | | | - Prashant S. Kharkar
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology ManagementSVKM's NMIMS Mumbai India
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Basati G, Khaksarian M, Abbaszadeh S, Lashgarian HE, Marzban A. Cancer stem cells and nanotechnological approaches for eradication. Stem Cell Investig 2019; 6:38. [PMID: 31853454 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2019.10.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are currently known as the main cause of tumor recurrence. After chemotherapy is completed, CSCs proliferate and then differentiate to generate new tumor tissues. Similar to normal stem cells, this non-uniformly distributed cell population in the tumor tissue has self-renewal capacity and is responsible for survival of the tumor and difference in its genetic and metabolic characteristics. Followed by gene instability in CSCs, new phenotypic markers are aberrantly expressed in CSCs subpopulation. Hence, some of the surface markers and metabolic pathways that are upregulated in CSCs may be applied as specific targets for development of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In this review article, the distinctive properties of CSCs including signal pathways implicated in self-renewal and surface markers were discussed. Moreover, targeting CSCs based on their specific properties using nanodrugs was reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholam Basati
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Khaksarian
- Razi Herbal Medicine Research Center & Department of Physiology, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Saber Abbaszadeh
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Hamed Esmaeil Lashgarian
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Hepatitis Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Abdolrazagh Marzban
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Das PK, Rakib MA, Khanam JA, Pillai S, Islam F. Novel Therapeutics Against Breast Cancer Stem Cells by Targeting Surface Markers and Signaling Pathways. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 14:669-682. [DOI: 10.2174/1574888x14666190628104721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Breast cancer remains to be one of the deadliest forms of cancers, owing to
the drug resistance and tumor relapse caused by breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) despite notable advancements
in radio-chemotherapies.
Objective:
To find out novel therapeutics against breast cancer stem cells by aiming surface markers
and signaling pathways.
Methods:
A systematic literature search was conducted through various electronic databases including,
Pubmed, Scopus, Google scholar using the keywords "BCSCs, surface markers, signaling pathways
and therapeutic options against breast cancer stem cell. Articles selected for the purpose of this review
were reviewed and extensively analyzed.
Results:
Novel therapeutic strategies include targeting BCSCs surface markers and aberrantly activated
signaling pathways or targeting their components, which play critical roles in self-renewal and defense,
have been shown to be significantly effective against breast cancer. In this review, we represent a
number of ways against BCSCs surface markers and hyper-activated signaling pathways to target this
highly malicious entity of breast cancer more effectively in order to make a feasible and useful strategy
for successful breast cancer treatment. In addition, we discuss some characteristics of BCSCs in disease
progression and therapy resistance.
Conclusion:
BCSCs involved in cancer pathogenesis, therapy resistance and cancer recurrence. Thus,
it is suggested that a multi-dimensional therapeutic approach by targeting surface markers and aberrantly
activated signaling pathways of BCSCs alone or in combination with each other could really be
worthwhile in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plabon K. Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md. A. Rakib
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
| | - Jahan A. Khanam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
| | - Suja Pillai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Farhadul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
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Choi HS, Kim JH, Kim SL, Lee DS. Disruption of the NF-κB/IL-8 Signaling Axis by Sulconazole Inhibits Human Breast Cancer Stem Cell Formation. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091007. [PMID: 31480284 PMCID: PMC6770215 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are tumor-initiating cells that possess the capacity for self-renewal. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for poor outcomes caused by therapeutic resistance. In our study, we found that sulconazole—an antifungal medicine in the imidazole class—inhibited cell proliferation, tumor growth, and CSC formation. This compound also reduced the frequency of cells expressing CSC markers (CD44high/CD24low) as well as the expression of another CSC marker, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), and other self-renewal-related genes. Sulconazole inhibited mammosphere formation, reduced the protein level of nuclear NF-κB, and reduced extracellular IL-8 levels in mammospheres. Knocking down NF-κB expression using a p65-specific siRNA reduced CSC formation and secreted IL-8 levels in mammospheres. Sulconazole reduced nuclear NF-κB protein levels and secreted IL-8 levels in mammospheres. These new findings show that sulconazole blocks the NF-κB/IL-8 signaling pathway and CSC formation. NF-κB/IL-8 signaling is important for CSC formation and may be an important therapeutic target for BCSC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hack Sun Choi
- School of Biomaterials Sciences and Technology, College of Applied Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Subtropical/tropical Organism Gene Bank, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyang Kim
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Su-Lim Kim
- School of Biomaterials Sciences and Technology, College of Applied Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Dong-Sun Lee
- School of Biomaterials Sciences and Technology, College of Applied Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
- Subtropical/tropical Organism Gene Bank, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
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Scimeca M, Urbano N, Bonfiglio R, Duggento A, Toschi N, Schillaci O, Bonanno E. Novel insights into breast cancer progression and metastasis: A multidisciplinary opportunity to transition from biology to clinical oncology. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1872:138-148. [PMID: 31348975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
According to the most recent epidemiological studies, breast cancer shows the highest incidence and the second leading cause of death in women. Cancer progression and metastasis are the main events related to poor survival of breast cancer patients. This can be explained by the presence of highly resistant to chemo- and radiotherapy stem cells in many breast tumor tissues. In this context, numerous studies highlighted the possible involvement of epithelial to mesenchymal transition phenomenon as biological program to generate cancer stem cells, and thus participate to both metastatic and drug resistance process. Therefore, the comprehension of mechanisms (both cellular and molecular) involved in breast cancer occurrence and progression can lay the foundation for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutical protocols. In this review, we reported the most important findings in the field of breast cancer highlighting the most recent data concerning breast tumor biology, diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Scimeca
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy; San Raffaele University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Umberto Veronesi (FUV), Piazza Velasca 5, 20122 Milano (Mi), Italy.
| | | | - Rita Bonfiglio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Andrea Duggento
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Nicola Toschi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy; Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Orazio Schillaci
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Elena Bonanno
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy; Neuromed Group, "Diagnostica Medica" and "Villa dei Platani", Avellino, Italy
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Rodriguez D, Ramkairsingh M, Lin X, Kapoor A, Major P, Tang D. The Central Contributions of Breast Cancer Stem Cells in Developing Resistance to Endocrine Therapy in Estrogen Receptor (ER)-Positive Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11071028. [PMID: 31336602 PMCID: PMC6678134 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11071028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer stem cells (BCSC) play critical roles in the acquisition of resistance to endocrine therapy in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive (ER + ve) breast cancer (BC). The resistance results from complex alterations involving ER, growth factor receptors, NOTCH, Wnt/β-catenin, hedgehog, YAP/TAZ, and the tumor microenvironment. These mechanisms are likely converged on regulating BCSCs, which then drive the development of endocrine therapy resistance. In this regard, hormone therapies enrich BCSCs in ER + ve BCs under both pre-clinical and clinical settings along with upregulation of the core components of “stemness” transcriptional factors including SOX2, NANOG, and OCT4. SOX2 initiates a set of reactions involving SOX9, Wnt, FXY3D, and Src tyrosine kinase; these reactions stimulate BCSCs and contribute to endocrine resistance. The central contributions of BCSCs to endocrine resistance regulated by complex mechanisms offer a unified strategy to counter the resistance. ER + ve BCs constitute approximately 75% of BCs to which hormone therapy is the major therapeutic approach. Likewise, resistance to endocrine therapy remains the major challenge in the management of patients with ER + ve BC. In this review we will discuss evidence supporting a central role of BCSCs in developing endocrine resistance and outline the strategy of targeting BCSCs to reduce hormone therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rodriguez
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Marc Ramkairsingh
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Xiaozeng Lin
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Anil Kapoor
- The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Pierre Major
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8V 5C2, Canada
| | - Damu Tang
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
- The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada.
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada.
- The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada.
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Beyreis M, Gaisberger M, Jakab M, Neureiter D, Helm K, Ritter M, Kiesslich T, Mayr C. The Cancer Stem Cell Inhibitor Napabucasin (BBI608) Shows General Cytotoxicity in Biliary Tract Cancer Cells and Reduces Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030276. [PMID: 30813586 PMCID: PMC6468451 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biliary tract cancer is a devastating disease with limited therapeutic options. The involvement of cancer stem cells in biliary tract cancer is likely. Napabucasin is a previously described cancer stem cell inhibitor that is currently being used in clinical trials. However, data regarding napabucasin and biliary tract cancer are not available yet. We tested the general cytotoxic effect of napabucasin on a comprehensive biliary tract cancer in vitro model, using resazurin assay and Annexin V/7-AAD staining. The effect of napabucasin on functional cancer stem cell characteristics was analyzed via soft agar assay, aldehyde-dehydrogenase-1 assay, measurement of surface CD326 expression, and measurement of clonogenic growth. The evaluation of the effect of napabucasin on cancer stem cell protein and gene expression was performed using Western blot and reverse transcription-PCR-based human cancer stem cell array. Napabucasin showed a concentration- and cell line-dependent cytotoxic effect, and increased the apoptotic and necrotic cell fractions. Treatment with napabucasin significantly reduced the formation of tumor spheres and clonogenic growth, as well as CD326 surface expression. Expression of cancer stem cell markers were reduced following napabucasin treatment on the protein and mRNA levels. Our study provides first data regarding napabucasin as a promising substance for the treatment of biliary tract cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena Beyreis
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Martin Gaisberger
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
- Gastein Research Institute, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Martin Jakab
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Daniel Neureiter
- Institute of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK), 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Katharina Helm
- Gastein Research Institute, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
- Institute of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK), 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Markus Ritter
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
- Institute of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK), 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Tobias Kiesslich
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK), 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Christian Mayr
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK), 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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