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Thompson MD, Percy ME, Cole DEC, Bichet DG, Hauser AS, Gorvin CM. G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) gene variants and human genetic disease. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2024:1-30. [PMID: 38497103 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2023.2286606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Genetic variations in the genes encoding G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can disrupt receptor structure and function, which can result in human genetic diseases. Disease-causing mutations have been reported in at least 55 GPCRs for more than 66 monogenic diseases in humans. The spectrum of pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants includes loss of function variants that decrease receptor signaling on one extreme and gain of function that may result in biased signaling or constitutive activity, originally modeled on prototypical rhodopsin GPCR variants identified in retinitis pigmentosa, on the other. GPCR variants disrupt ligand binding, G protein coupling, accessory protein function, receptor desensitization and receptor recycling. Next generation sequencing has made it possible to identify variants of uncertain significance (VUS). We discuss variants in receptors known to result in disease and in silico strategies for disambiguation of VUS such as sorting intolerant from tolerant and polymorphism phenotyping. Modeling of variants has contributed to drug development and precision medicine, including drugs that target the melanocortin receptor in obesity and interventions that reverse loss of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor from the cell surface in idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Activating and inactivating variants of the calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) gene that are pathogenic in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and autosomal dominant hypocalcemia have enabled the development of calcimimetics and calcilytics. Next generation sequencing has continued to identify variants in GPCR genes, including orphan receptors, that contribute to human phenotypes and may have therapeutic potential. Variants of the CaSR gene, some encoding an arginine-rich region that promotes receptor phosphorylation and intracellular retention, have been linked to an idiopathic epilepsy syndrome. Agnostic strategies have identified variants of the pyroglutamylated RF amide peptide receptor gene in intellectual disability and G protein-coupled receptor 39 identified in psoriatic arthropathy. Coding variants of the G protein-coupled receptor L1 (GPR37L1) orphan receptor gene have been identified in a rare familial progressive myoclonus epilepsy. The study of the role of GPCR variants in monogenic, Mendelian phenotypes has provided the basis of modeling the significance of more common variants of pharmacogenetic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Thompson
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maire E Percy
- Departments of Physiology and Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David E C Cole
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel G Bichet
- Department of Physiology and Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexander S Hauser
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Caroline M Gorvin
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
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Wang XB, Chen P, Yu XE, Yao ZL, Guo TC, Pan BC. Identification of two compound heterozygous GNRHR mutations in two siblings with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Asian J Androl 2024; 26:120-122. [PMID: 37338467 PMCID: PMC10846821 DOI: 10.4103/aja20232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bin Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | | | | | | | - Ting-Chao Guo
- Urology Surgery of The Affiliated Reproductive Hospital of China Medical University and Liaoning Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Liaoning Research Institute of Family Planning (The Affiliated Reproductive Hospital of China Medical University), Shenyang 110031, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Medical Genetics, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Bo-Chen Pan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
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Erratum to a partial loss-of-function variant in GNRNR gene in a Chinese cohort with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Transl Androl Urol 2022; 11:1611. [PMID: 36507481 PMCID: PMC9732699 DOI: 10.21037/tau-2022-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.21037/tau-20-1390.].
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Welch BA, Cho HJ, Ucakturk SA, Farmer SM, Cetinkaya S, Abaci A, Akkus G, Simsek E, Kotan LD, Turan I, Gurbuz F, Yuksel B, Wray S, Topaloglu AK. PLXNB1 mutations in the etiology of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13103. [PMID: 35170806 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) comprises a group of rare genetic disorders characterized by pubertal failure caused by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency. Genetic factors involved in semaphorin/plexin signaling have been identified in patients with IHH. PlexinB1, a member of the plexin family receptors, serves as the receptor for semaphorin 4D (Sema4D). In mice, perturbations in Sema4D/PlexinB1 signaling leads to improper GnRH development, highlighting the importance of investigating PlexinB1 mutations in IHH families. In total, 336 IHH patients (normosmic IHH, n = 293 and Kallmann syndrome, n = 43) from 290 independent families were included in the present study. Six PLXNB1 rare sequence variants (p.N361S, p.V608A, p.R636C, p.V672A, p.R1031H, and p.C1318R) are described in eight normosmic IHH patients from seven independent families. These variants were examined using bioinformatic modeling and compared to mutants reported in PLXNA1. Based on these analyses, the variant p.R1031H was assayed for alterations in cell morphology, PlexinB1 expression, and migration using a GnRH cell line and Boyden chambers. Experiments showed reduced membrane expression and impaired migration in cells expressing this variant compared to the wild-type. Our results provide clinical, genetic, molecular/cellular, and modeling evidence to implicate variants in PLXNB1 in the etiology of IHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A Welch
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Hyun-Ju Cho
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Seyit Ahmet Ucakturk
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Stephen Matthew Farmer
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Semra Cetinkaya
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatric Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Abaci
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gamze Akkus
- Division of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Enver Simsek
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osman Gazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Leman Damla Kotan
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ihsan Turan
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Fatih Gurbuz
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Bilgin Yuksel
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A Kemal Topaloglu
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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