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Pesta M, Travnicek I, Kulda V, Ostasov P, Windrichova J, Houfkova K, Knizkova T, Bendova B, Hes O, Hora M, Topolcan O, Polivka J. Prognostic Value of Tumor Tissue Up-regulated microRNAs in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC). In Vivo 2024; 38:1799-1805. [PMID: 38936941 PMCID: PMC11215600 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.13631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The management of patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) includes prognosis assessment based on TNM classification and biochemical markers. This approach stratifies patients with advanced ccRCC into groups of favorable, intermediate, and poor prognosis. The aim of the study was to improve prognosis estimation using microRNAs involved in the pathogenesis of ccRCC. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study was based on a histologically-verified set of matched ccRCC FFPE tissue samples (normal renal tissue, primary tumor, metastasis, n=20+20+20). The expression of 2,549 microRNAs was analyzed using the SurePrint G3 Human miRNA microarray kit (Agilent Technologies). Prognostic value of significantly deregulated microRNAs was further evaluated on microRNA expression and clinical data of 475 patients obtained from TCGA Kidney Clear Cell Carcinoma (KIRC) database. RESULTS There were 13 up-regulated and 6 down-regulated microRNAs in tumor tissues compared to control tissues. Among them, survival analysis revealed those with prognostic significance. Patients with high expression of miR-21, miR-27a, miR-34a, miR-106b, miR-210, and miR-342 showed significantly unfavorable outcome. The opposite was observed for miR-30e, patients with low expression had significantly shorter survival. CONCLUSION The inclusion of these microRNAs in a prognostic panel holds the potential to enhance stratification scoring systems, on which the treatment of ccRCC patients is based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pesta
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Immunoanalysis, University Hospital in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Travnicek
- Department of Urology, University Hospital in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Kulda
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic;
| | - Pavel Ostasov
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Jindra Windrichova
- Laboratory of Immunoanalysis, University Hospital in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Houfkova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Knizkova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Bendova
- Department of Urology, University Hospital in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Hes
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Hora
- Department of Urology, University Hospital in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Topolcan
- Laboratory of Immunoanalysis, University Hospital in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Polivka
- Laboratory of Immunoanalysis, University Hospital in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
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Murata M, Bilim V, Shirono Y, Kazama A, Hiruma K, Tasaki M, Tomita Y. MicroRNAs as Potential Regulators of GSK-3β in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:7432-7448. [PMID: 37754254 PMCID: PMC10529713 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45090470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has improved with newer therapies, including molecular-targeted therapies and immuno-oncology agents. Despite these therapeutic advances, many patients with metastatic disease remain uncured. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is a promising new therapeutic strategy for RCC; however, the precise regulatory mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) act as post-translational regulators of target genes, and we investigated the potential regulation of miRNAs on GSK-3β in RCC. We selected nine candidate miRNAs from three databases that could potentially regulate GSK-3β. Among these, hsa-miR-4465 (miR-4465) was downregulated in RCC cell lines and renal cancer tissues. Furthermore, luciferase assays revealed that miR-4465 directly interacted with the 3' untranslated region of GSK-3β, and Western blot analysis showed that overexpression of miR-4465 significantly decreased GSK-3β protein expression. Functional assays showed that miR-4465 overexpression significantly suppressed cell invasion of A498 and Caki-1 cells; however, cell proliferation and migration were suppressed only in Caki-1 and A498 cells, respectively, with no effect on cell cycle and apoptosis. In conclusion, miR-4465 regulates GSK-3β expression but does not consistently affect RCC cell function as a single molecule. Further comprehensive investigation of regulatory networks is required in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Murata
- Department of Urology, Division of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; (V.B.); (Y.S.); (A.K.); (K.H.); (M.T.); (Y.T.)
| | - Vladimir Bilim
- Department of Urology, Division of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; (V.B.); (Y.S.); (A.K.); (K.H.); (M.T.); (Y.T.)
- Department of Urology, Kameda Daiichi Hospital, Niigata 950-0165, Japan
| | - Yuko Shirono
- Department of Urology, Division of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; (V.B.); (Y.S.); (A.K.); (K.H.); (M.T.); (Y.T.)
| | - Akira Kazama
- Department of Urology, Division of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; (V.B.); (Y.S.); (A.K.); (K.H.); (M.T.); (Y.T.)
- Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Kaede Hiruma
- Department of Urology, Division of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; (V.B.); (Y.S.); (A.K.); (K.H.); (M.T.); (Y.T.)
| | - Masayuki Tasaki
- Department of Urology, Division of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; (V.B.); (Y.S.); (A.K.); (K.H.); (M.T.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yoshihiko Tomita
- Department of Urology, Division of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; (V.B.); (Y.S.); (A.K.); (K.H.); (M.T.); (Y.T.)
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Larrue R, Fellah S, Van der Hauwaert C, Hennino MF, Perrais M, Lionet A, Glowacki F, Pottier N, Cauffiez C. The Versatile Role of miR-21 in Renal Homeostasis and Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213525. [PMID: 36359921 PMCID: PMC9657972 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA species that control gene expression and confer robustness to biological processes. Over the last two decades, their important roles during kidney development, homeostasis and the treatment of diseases have been established, in particular during the onset and progression of various forms of acute and chronic renal disorders. In recent years, miR-21, one of the best-characterized miRNAs to date, has received much attention in renal physiology in particular given its high degree of conservation and expression in kidneys, as well as its potent pathogenic role in various debilitating renal diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge on miR-21’s involvement in both renal homeostasis and diseases, in particular its double-edged-sword role in acute versus chronic kidney injuries. Finally, we also discuss the potential of miR-21 as a biomarker and therapeutic target in renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Larrue
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277—CANTHER—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sandy Fellah
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277—CANTHER—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Cynthia Van der Hauwaert
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277—CANTHER—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Département de la Recherche en Santé, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Michaël Perrais
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277—CANTHER—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Arnaud Lionet
- CHU Lille, Service de Néphrologie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - François Glowacki
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277—CANTHER—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Service de Néphrologie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Pottier
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277—CANTHER—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Christelle Cauffiez
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277—CANTHER—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
- Correspondence:
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Pan-Cancer Analysis Predicts the Immunological and Prognostic Role of ZC3H12C in KIRC. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:4541571. [PMID: 35795311 PMCID: PMC9251093 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4541571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
ZC3H12C is an important member of the CCCH-zinc finger protein family and is mainly involved in host immune and inflammatory diseases. However, its abnormal expression and prognostic value in cancer have not yet been established. Through comparative analysis of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, we found that ZC3H12C is the most relevant to the prognosis, grade, and stage of renal clear cell carcinoma (ccRCC) across 33 cancers. With the help of patient transcription and clinical data from the TCGA and GEO (GSE53757, GSE36895) databases, we determined that in the immune environment of patients with ccRCC, ZC3H12C was clearly negatively correlated with Tregs and was significantly positively correlated with monocytes. In addition, protein phosphorylation and DNA methylation analysis also showed that ZC3H12C negatively regulates the role of cancer in ccRCC. Our research may provide new insights into ccRCC immunotherapy and bring forth novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Wang B, Xiao H, Yang X, Zeng Y, Zhang Z, Yang R, Chen H, Chen C, Chen J. A novel immune-related microRNA signature for prognosis of thymoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:4739-4754. [PMID: 35675033 PMCID: PMC9217705 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immune microenvironment and microRNAs serve as common predictors for diagnosis and prognosis of tumors. METHODS Expression of 122 genes and 126 microRNAs in thymoma was obtained from TCGA database. The proportion of tumor-infiltrating cells was calculated, and IMRS was constructed. TREM2hi score was calculated before functional enrichment analysis on gene sets. RESULTS IMRS3, TREM2hi score, and CD8+ T lymphocyte abundance were significantly different among WHO classifications. WHO classification, Masaoka staging, and miR-130b-5p, miR-1307-3p, miR-425-5p, CD8, CD68, and CCL18 expression were prognostic factors for relapse-free survival and overall survival. IMRS3 upregulation polarized macrophages into M2, which rejected CD8+ T and other effector lymphocytes to promote thymoma malignant progression. CONCLUSIONS BRRS may present a novel immune-related microRNA signature for TET prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.,Department of Oncology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - He Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Pathology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Ying Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 410309, China
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Chongqing 100039, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.,Department of Oncology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Hang Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.,Department of Oncology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Chuan Chen
- Department of Oncology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Junxia Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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miRNA Pattern in Hypoxic Microenvironment of Kidney Cancer—Role of PTEN. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050686. [PMID: 35625614 PMCID: PMC9138332 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, and disturbances of their expression are the basis of many pathological states, including cancers. The miRNA pattern in the context of tumor microenvironment explains mechanisms related to cancer progression and provides a potential target of modern therapies. Here we show the miRNA pattern in renal cancer focusing on hypoxia as a characteristic feature of the tumor microenvironment and dysregulation of PTEN, being a major tumor suppressor. Methods comprised the CRSPR/Cas9 mediated PTEN knockout in the Renca kidney cancer cell line and global miRNA expression analysis in both in vivo and in vitro (in normoxic and hypoxic conditions). The results were validated on human cancer models with distinct PTEN status. The increase in miR-210-3p in hypoxia was universal; however, the hypoxia-induced decrease in PTEN was associated with an increase in miR-221-3p, the loss of PTEN affected the response to hypoxia differently by decreasing miR-10b-5p and increasing miR-206-3p. In turn, the complete loss of PTEN induces miR-155-5p, miR-100-5p. Upregulation of miR-342-3p in knockout PTEN occurred in the context of the whole tumor microenvironment. Thus, effective identification of miRNA patterns in cancers must consider the specificity of the tumor microenvironment together with the mutations of key suppressors.
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Unal U, Cecener G, Tezcan Unlu H, Aytac Vuruskan B, Efendi Erdem E, Egeli U, Ozturk Nazlioglu H, Kaygisiz O, Tunca B, Vuruskan H. Investigation of VHL gene associated with miR-223 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:2073-2083. [PMID: 34851479 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clear cell type renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In this study, we examined the expressions of VHL and miR-223 in ccRCC patients׳ tissues to investigate the possible role in the development of ccRCC. METHODS AND RESULTS This study collected five expression profiles (GSE36139, GSE3, GSE73731, GSE40435, and GSE26032) from Gene Omnibus Data. Expressions of VHL and miR-223 in paraffinized tumor and normal tissues of 100 Turkish patients' ccRCC tissues were determined by bioinformatic data mining and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The VHL gene was subjected to mutational analysis by DNA sequencing, and pVHL was analyzed using western blotting. Our study's t-test and Pearson correlation analysis showed that VHL gene expression in tumoral tissues with a - 0.39-fold decrease was not significantly lower than normal tissues (p = 0.441), and a 0.97-fold increase miR-223 (p = 0.045) was determined by real-time PCR. Also, as a result of DNA sequence analysis performed in the VHL gene, it was found that 26% of the patients have mutations. The mutations for (VHL):c.60C>A (p.Val20=) and (VHL):c.467delA (p.Tyr156Leu) was detected for the first time in Turkish patients. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated that the differences in the expression levels of miR-223 have the potential to be biomarkers to determine the poor prognosis in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ufuk Unal
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Gulsah Cecener
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Havva Tezcan Unlu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Berna Aytac Vuruskan
- Department of Medical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ecem Efendi Erdem
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Unal Egeli
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Hulya Ozturk Nazlioglu
- Department of Medical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Onur Kaygisiz
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Berrin Tunca
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Hakan Vuruskan
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
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Li H, Chen L, Ke ZB, Chen SH, Xue XY, Zheng QS, Wei Y, Zeng K, Xu N. Angiogenesis-Related Molecular Subtypes and a Novel Prognostic Signature in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:6325-6342. [PMID: 34629897 PMCID: PMC8497487 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s332732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to develop and validate a novel angiogenesis-related gene (ARG) signature and molecular subtypes by bioinformatics analysis. Materials and Methods The transcriptome data and clinical data were obtained from TCGA and ICGC database. We performed consensus clustering analysis to identify angiogenesis molecular subtypes for ccRCC. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to develop a novel ARG-related signature as a prognostic biomarker for ccRCC. Internal and external validation were then performed in TCGA and ICGC cohort, respectively. Results We identified a total of two angiogenesis molecular subtypes of ccRCC. The overall survival (OS) of subtype 1 ccRCC was significantly decreased compared with that of subtype 2 ccRCC (P=0.001). These two molecular subtypes have significantly different tumor microenvironment and immune checkpoint inhibitor sensitivities (P<0.05). Besides, we developed a novel signature based on three ARGs (including MSX1, TIMP1 and JAG2) for subtype 1 ccRCC. The difference in OS between high- and low-risk group was statistically significant in training cohort (P=0.009), test cohort (P=0.024), the whole type 1 cohort (P<0.001), and validation cohort (P=0.041). The AUC for one-year OS prediction was 0.732, 0.710, 0.725, and 0.645 in training cohort, test cohort, the whole type 1 cohort, and validation cohort, respectively. Independent prognostic analysis showed that this signature was an independent predictor for OS of subtype 1 ccRCC (P=0.028914). The power of this prognostic signature was superior to other signatures reported in previous studies. Conclusion We developed and successfully validated a novel ARG signature for predicting prognosis of subtype 1 ccRCC, which was superior to several previous signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, People's Republic of China.,Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, People's Republic of China.,Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Bin Ke
- Department of Urology, Urology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Hao Chen
- Department of Urology, Urology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Yi Xue
- Department of Urology, Urology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Shui Zheng
- Department of Urology, Urology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Wei
- Department of Urology, Urology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, People's Republic of China.,Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Xu
- Department of Urology, Urology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, People's Republic of China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Cancer, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, People's Republic of China
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