1
|
Vukovic M, Chamlati JM, Hennenlotter J, Todenhöfer T, Lütfrenk T, Jersinovic S, Tsaur I, Stenzl A, Rausch S. Interleukin-1β/Interleukin (IL)-1-Receptor-Antagonist (IL1-RA) Axis in Invasive Bladder Cancer-An Exploratory Analysis of Clinical and Tumor Biological Significance. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2447. [PMID: 38397123 PMCID: PMC10889501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous data indicate a role of IL-1 and IL-1RA imbalance in bladder carcinoma (BC); the inhibition of IL-1 signaling might be considered a treatment option. Objective: To assess expression patterns and the prognostic role of IL-1β and IL-1RA in invasive BC and to evaluate their interaction with AKT signaling and proliferation. The study included two independent cohorts of n = 92 and n = 102 patients who underwent a radical cystectomy for BC. Specimen from BC and benign urothelium (n = 22 and n = 39) were processed to a tissue microarray and immunohistochemically stained for IL-1β, IL-1RA, AKT, and Ki-67. Expression scores were correlated to clinical variables and Ki-67 and AKT expression. An association with outcome was assessed using Wilcoxon Kruskal-Wallis tests, Chi-square tests or linear regression, dependent on the variable's category. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard analyses were used to estimate recurrence-free (RFS), cancer-specific (CSS) and overall survival (OS). Both IL-1β and IL-1RA were significantly overexpressed in invasive BC compared to benign urothelium in both cohorts (p < 0.005). IL-1β was associated with vascular invasion (210 vs. 183, p < 0.02), lymphatic invasion (210 vs. 180, <0.05) and G3 cancer (192 vs. 188, <0.04). The survival analysis revealed favorable RFS, CSS, and OS in the case of high IL-1β expression (p < 0.02, <0.03, and <0.006, respectively). Multivariate analyses revealed an independent impact of (low) IL1β expression on RFS, CSS, and OS. The IL-1β and IL-1β/IL-1RA ratios were positively correlated to the AKT expression (p < 0.05 and <0.01, respectively). Additionally, the high expression of Ki-67 (>15%) correlated with higher levels of IL-1β (p = 0.01). The overexpression of IL-1β and IL-1RA is frequently found in BC, with a prognostic significance observed for the IL-1β protein expression. The observed link between the IL-1β/IL-1RA axis and AKT signaling may indicate possible autophagy activation processes besides the known tumor-promoting effects of AKT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marko Vukovic
- Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany (S.J.)
- Department of Urology, Clinical Center of Montenegro, University of Montenegro, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Jorge M. Chamlati
- Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany (S.J.)
| | - Jörg Hennenlotter
- Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany (S.J.)
| | - Tilman Todenhöfer
- Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany (S.J.)
| | - Thomas Lütfrenk
- Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany (S.J.)
| | - Sebastian Jersinovic
- Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany (S.J.)
| | - Igor Tsaur
- Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany (S.J.)
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany (S.J.)
| | - Steffen Rausch
- Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany (S.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mohapatra AS, Mohanty P, Pradhan S, Sabat DK. Immunohistochemical Analysis of p53, CD10 and Ki67 Expression as Prognostic Biomarkers in Urinary Bladder Carcinomas Correlating with Age, Histomorphology, Grade and Stage: An Institutional Study of One and Half Year. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2023; 11:206-213. [PMID: 38213648 PMCID: PMC10779443 DOI: 10.4103/jmau.jmau_45_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bladder carcinoma ranks tenth among all cancers worldwide predominantly affecting elderly males. Common risk factors being cigarette smoke and aniline dyes. Immunohistochemical markers play a pivotal role for its diagnosis and prognosis. Aim To analyze the immunohistochemical expression of p53, CD10, Ki-67 in bladder cancers correlating with demographic features, pathological grade, and stage and to establish as prognostic biomarkers. Materials and Methods Surgical samples of total of 70 cases of bladder tumor were collected, processed, stained in routine hematoxylin and eosin followed by immunohistochemistry of p53, CD10, and Ki67 markers performed on randomly selected 30 cases only. Results Out of 70 cases 69 cases (98.6%) were carcinomas; urothelial carcinoma being 71.4% (n = 50) with male: female ratio = 7.7:1 and mean age = 61.81 ± 12.83 years. Out of 30 cases, p53 was positive in 50% of cases, 30% - negative and 20% - equivocal. p53 positive expression pattern was more in high grade (HG) than low grade (LG). Significant difference was observed in the mean p53 scoring (%) and different stages (P = 0.043). CD10 expression was negative in 56.6%, (1+) in 16.6%, and (2+) in 26.6% of cases and significant difference in CD 10 expression was observed between the high and LG (P = 0.001). Ki-67 labeling index was appreciably higher in HG than the LG tumor (32.49% ± 24.35%; 6.86% ± 8.1%). Majority of Ki-67 expression was observed in stage pT2, followed by the pT1 stage. Conclusion Cocktail of p53, CD10, and Ki67 is useful as potential prognostic markers in bladder cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajit S. Mohapatra
- Department of Pathology, IMS and SUM Hospital, S‘O’A (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Pranita Mohanty
- Department of Pathology, IMS and SUM Hospital, S‘O’A (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sarita Pradhan
- Department of Pathology, IMS and SUM Hospital, S‘O’A (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Debabrat Kumar Sabat
- Department of Urology, IMS and SUM Hospital, S‘O’A (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nikitin PV, Ryzhova MV, Galstyan SA, Kim DS, Zubova IV, Khokhlova EA, Shugay SV. Identification of different cell clusters in the endothelium of atherosclerotic vessels and determination of inter-cluster gradient of proliferative and inflammatory activity as new diagnostic markers. Biotech Histochem 2020; 96:487-497. [PMID: 32938242 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2020.1823016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize atherogenesis functionally, we studied the functional heterogeneity of endotheliocytes in carotid vessels with atherosclerotic plaques and identified several distinct cell clusters. We measured the Ki-67 labeling index (Ki-67 LI), percentage of Bcl-2 cells (CP) and expression of CCL5, IL 6 and VCAM1 in each cell cluster. We also investigated how these indicators change when the plaque becomes unstable and how they affect the risk of adverse cerebrovascular events in patients. We evaluated the inter-cluster gradient of marker activity and its relation to patient prognosis. We identified five endothelial clusters: the under plaque cluster (UPC), peripheral cluster (PC), marginal cluster (MC), transient cluster (TC) and outside plaque cluster (OC). The UPC exhibited the greatest proliferative, proinflammatory and adhesive activity, but low anti-apoptotic activity. The PC exhibited the second greatest proliferative, adhesive and proinflammatory activity. Progression of atherosclerosis and transition of a stable atherosclerotic plaque to an unstable one was accompanied by increased expression of nearly all markers. The proliferative activity in the UPC, PC and OC, and the pro-inflammatory activity in UPC and anti-apoptotic activity in the PC, were correlated with prognosis. Also, two gradients of proliferative activity and a gradient of pro-inflammatory activity were associated with risk of adverse events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P V Nikitin
- P.K. Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - M V Ryzhova
- N. N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - S A Galstyan
- N. N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - D S Kim
- N. N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - I V Zubova
- N. N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - E A Khokhlova
- N. N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - S V Shugay
- N. N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rubino S, Kim Y, Zhou J, Dhilon J, Li R, Spiess P, Poch M, Manley BJ, Pow-Sang J, Gilbert S, Sexton W, Zhang J. Positive Ki-67 and PD-L1 expression in post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy muscle-invasive bladder cancer is associated with shorter overall survival: a retrospective study. World J Urol 2020; 39:1539-1547. [PMID: 32656671 PMCID: PMC10091226 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-020-03342-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE There is an unmet need to develop prognostic biomarkers in post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients. We examine whether Ki-67 and PD-L1 expression can be used to guide adjuvant therapy. METHODS Tissue microarrays were constructed from 130 post-NAC radical cystectomy samples. Up to 5 cores per sample were included. Expressions of Ki-67 and PD-L1 were evaluated using immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS Using a Cox regression model, positive Ki-67 expression in post-NAC radical cystectomy samples was associated with poorer overall survival (OS) (HR = 2.412, 95% CI, 1.076-5.408), independent of the pathological lymph node/N-stage. Positive Ki-67 expression was also associated with lack of tumor downstaging in a multivariable logistic regression model analysis (OR = 0.081, 95% CI, 0.014-0.464). PD-L1- and PD-L1+ expression was associated with a median OS of 49.8 months and 26.9 months, respectively, which did not reach statistical significance. Patients with Ki-67/PD-L1 double-negative tumors had a significantly longer median OS of 98.2 months versus 29.9 and 26.9 months in PD-L1-/Ki-67+ and PD-L1+/Ki-67+ tumors, respectively. Lack of tumor downstaging was significantly associated with positive Ki-67 and positive PD-L1 expression. CONCLUSION Positive Ki-67 and PD-L1 expression in post-NAC radical cystectomy samples was associated with inferior OS and absence of tumor downstaging. IHC on Ki-67 and PD-L1 would help to select patients for adjuvant therapy in post-NAC muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selene Rubino
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Youngchul Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Junmin Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jasreman Dhilon
- Department of Pathology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Roger Li
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, WCB-GU, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Philippe Spiess
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, WCB-GU, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Michael Poch
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, WCB-GU, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Brandon J Manley
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, WCB-GU, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Julio Pow-Sang
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, WCB-GU, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Scott Gilbert
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, WCB-GU, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Wade Sexton
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, WCB-GU, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Jingsong Zhang
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, WCB-GU, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gene Expression Analyses in Non Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Reveals a Role for Alternative Splicing and Tp53 Status. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10362. [PMID: 31316092 PMCID: PMC6637137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46652-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) represents a crucial problem for the national health care systems due to its high rates of recurrence and the consequent need of frequent follow-ups. Here, gene expression analyses in patients diagnosed as NMIBC were performed to determine those molecular pathways involved in tumor initiation, finding that both MYC and E2F are up regulated and helps to tumor initiation and progression. Our results also support an important involvement of alternative splicing events, modifying key pathways to favour bladder tumor evolution. Finally, since MDM2 showed differential exon usage, mutations in TP53 and its protein expression have been also studied in the same patients. Our data support that recurrence is epigenetically mediated and favoured by an increase protein expression of TP53, which appears more frequently mutated in advanced stages and grades, being associated to a worse prognosis. Therefore, TP53 mutational status could be used as a potential biomarker in the first stages of NMIBC to predict recurrence and prognosis.
Collapse
|
6
|
Intensity of Nuclear Staining for Ki-67, p53 and Survivin as a New Prognostic Factor in Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 26:1211-1219. [PMID: 31346958 PMCID: PMC7242236 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00678-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the prognostic value of expression levels of biomarkers selected on the basis of the literature: p53, Ki-67, survivin, β-catenin, E-cadherin and N-cadherin in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Immunohistochemistry was performed on sections of primary papillary carcinoma of the bladder removed during transurethral resection of the tumor in 134 patients. The expression of β-catenin and E-cadherin was found in all analyzed cases and N-cadherin expression was demonstrated in 3.73% of the tissues examined. The expression of the p53 protein was confirmed in 96.27% of tissues examined. The expression of the Ki-67 protein was demonstrated in all analyzed cases. Survivin expression was found in 95.52% of the study group. Multivariate analysis confirmed the relationship between the recurrence-free survival (RFS) and the intensity of the nuclear reaction for p53 (HR 1417, 95% CI 1.001-2.007, p = 0.049) and survivin (HR 1.451; 95% CI 1.078-1.955; p = 0.014), the expression level of the Ki-67 protein expressed by the TS index (HR 1.146, 95% CI 1.116-1.823, p = 0.005) and the use of adjuvant BCG therapy (HR 0.218, 95% CI 0.097-0.489, p = 0.0002). The evaluation of Ki-67 expression and the intensity of nuclear staining for survivin and p53 may provide additional information that will allow more accurate stratification of the risk of NMIBC recurrence after TURBT.
Collapse
|
7
|
Individual patient risk of progression of urinary bladder papillary tumors estimated from biomarkers at initial transurethral resection of bladder tumor. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:1709-1718. [PMID: 31030273 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02923-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if individual, instead of group, patient progression risk could be predicted using p53, Ki67 and CK20 biomarker percentage values at initial transurethral resection of bladder tumor specimens. METHODS This was an observational study where biomarkers were measured with no knowledge of tumor outcome. Initial bladder tumor specimens were classified as non-invasive and invasive to sub-epithelium (pT1). Percentages of stained biomarker cells were tested as progression predictors from non-invasive to pT1 and pT1 to pT2. Progression probability was correlated with biomarker percentages resulting in a regression equation. RESULTS We studied 112 patients (median age = 67, range 37-91, males 83/112 (73%), with median follow-up of 39 months (range 1.7-140). Mean biomarker values were higher in stage pT1 than in non-invasive (all p < 0.001). Cut-off points separating progression from non-progression groups in stage pT1 were higher than in non-invasive for all biomarkers. Correlation R values for progression probability vs. biomarker percentages varied from 0.7 to 0.9 (all p < 0.001), regression slopes from 0.1 to 0.8 and intercepts from 11 to 35. A novel individual progression probability was calculated as the product of biomarker percentage of stained cells and slope, plus the prevalence-adjusted intercept. CONCLUSIONS Identification of individual risk of progression in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder tumors was possible using p53- and Ki67-derived progression probability using a regression equation. Combining biomarker-derived progression probability to tumor stage pT1 improves progression to pT2 predictive accuracy.
Collapse
|
8
|
Rink M, Schwarzenbach H, Vetterlein MW, Riethdorf S, Soave A. The current role of circulating biomarkers in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Transl Androl Urol 2019; 8:61-75. [PMID: 30976570 PMCID: PMC6414344 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2018.11.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is characterized by its high rate of disease recurrence and relevant disease progression rates. Up to today clinical models are insufficiently predicting outcomes for reliable patient counseling and treatment decision-making. This particularly is a serious problem in patients with high-risk NMIBC who are at high risk for failure of local treatment and thus candidates for early radical cystectomy or even systemic (neoadjuvant) chemotherapy. Next to its clinical variability, bladder cancer is genetically a highly heterogeneous disease. There is an essential need of biomarkers for improving clinical staging, real-time monitoring of disease with or without active treatment, as well as improved outcome prognostication. Liquid biopsies of circulating biomarkers in the blood and urine are promising non-invasive diagnostics that hold the potential facilitating these needs. In this review we report the latest data and evidence on cell-free circulating tumor desoxyribonucleic acid (ctDNA) and circulating tumor cells (CTC) in NMIBC. We summarize their current status in clinical diagnostics, discuss limitations and address future needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rink
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heidi Schwarzenbach
- Institute of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malte W Vetterlein
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Riethdorf
- Institute of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Armin Soave
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Aipire A, Chen Q, Cai S, Li J, Fu C, Ying T, Lu J, Li J. N-Butanol Subfraction of Brassica Rapa L. Promotes Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Induces Apoptosis of A549 Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells via Mitochondria-Dependent Pathway. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071687. [PMID: 29997319 PMCID: PMC6100205 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassica rapa L., an edible and medical vegetable, has been traditionally used in Uyghur folk medicine to treat coughs and asthma in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. In this study, we prepared an n-butanol subfraction of B. rapa L. (BRBS) and investigated the anti-tumor effect on A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. The proliferation of A549 cells was significantly inhibited by BRBS treatment in a dose- and time-dependent manner. BRBS significantly induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in A549 cells through increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial dysfunction characterized by a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c, which promoted caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase processing. Moreover, BRBS significantly suppressed the migration of A549 cells in vitro. These results suggest that BRBS inhibited A549 cell proliferation through increased ROS production and the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway. Consequently, BRBS might be a potential candidate for the treatment of lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adila Aipire
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Qiuyan Chen
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Shanshan Cai
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Jinyu Li
- College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Changshuang Fu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jun Lu
- School of Science, and School of Interprofessional Health Studies, Faculty of Health & Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Jinyao Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|