Peyronie's disease: is it genetic or not?

[Current treatment concepts for Peyronie's disease]

Plastic induration of the penis (PIP, Peyronie's disease) is an acquired and chronic disease of the penis, which is characterized by penile pain, distortion and deformation of the penis as well as the resulting impairments in sexual activity of the patient. The most probable causes are microtrauma and macrotrauma within the tunica albuginea of the corpora cavernosa, which due to an abnormal wound healing subsequently leads to the formation of fibrosis in this region. Various predisposing factors and also a genetic predisposition are discussed. The PIP occurs most frequently in the fifth to sixth decades of life. The prevalence is 0.3-20% depending on the investigated collective and the risk factors present. The PIP is subdivided into an acute inflammatory phase and a chronic postinflammatory phase. Various conservative and surgical treatment options include oral medication, penile traction therapy, intralesional injections and surgical procedures.

Significant familial clustering of Peyronie's disease in close and distant relatives

BACKGROUND

Peyronie's disease (PD) has previously been observed to co-aggregate in a small number of first-degree relative pairs (e.g., father-son). However, the familial aggregation of PD in more distant relatives, as well as the aggregation of Dupuytren's disease (DD) in probands and relatives, has not been thoroughly investigated.

OBJECTIVE

This study explored the evidence for familial clustering of PD and DD in close and distant relatives.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The Utah Population Database, which includes genealogy information linked to electronic medical records (available since 1995), was used to identify men and their relatives with PD and DD based on ICD9/10 codes. All cases were required to have high-quality genealogy data. We estimated relative risk (RR) of PD and DD in first- through fifth-degree relatives compared to matched population rates of disease. We also investigated the average relatedness of cases compared to the average relatedness of sets of matched controls. Outcome measures include estimation of relative risk and excessive relatedness as measured by a Genealogical Index of Familiality (GIF) analysis.

RESULTS

We analyzed 307 individuals with PD, and their first- through fifth-degree relatives. Approximately 0.12% of the population had PD, 95% of these were diagnosed over the age of 30 years (age range: 10-92 years), and 1.3% of PD probands had a comorbid diagnosis of DD. RR estimates for PD were significant for first- and fifth-degree relatives. RR estimates for DD were significant only for probands. The average relatedness of cases was significantly greater than matched controls, even after removing first- and second-degree relatives. We also found that 74.9% of identified PD probands belonged to pedigrees with a statistical excess of PD.

CONCLUSION

Despite the low prevalence of PD in our healthcare records, the results provide evidence that support a genetic contribution to at least a subset of PD cases.

Global Perspective on the Management of Peyronie's Disease

Introduction

Peyronie's disease is the disease that results in an alteration in the curvature of the penis, which can lead to a shortening of length, pain in erection, or difficulties in penetration, thus leading the patient to psychological alterations due to loss of functionality such as aesthetic alteration. That is why there are several studies to define the best form of treatment, which currently continues to be the first choice surgical treatment.

Objective

We present the most recommended therapies for Peyronie's disease and suggest an algorithm as a guide to direct therapy.

Methods

We used the PubMed platform to review the literature related to Peyronie's disease. Various editorials were reviewed as well as original articles and reviews focusing on the various treatments as well as their indications and results.

Results

Peyronie's disease in which conservative or drug treatment does not have a response, surgical treatment with corporoplasty, penile prosthesis implantation or both may be indicated. Corporoplasty refers to both the plication of the tunica albuginea as well as the incision of the tunica with the placement of a graft. An accurate history should always be carried out to identify erectile dysfunction as well as to be able to guide you on the repercussions of the treatment. If refractory erectile dysfunction is present, placement of a penile prosthesis with or without further adjunctive straightening maneuvers is recommended. We reviewed the indications, advantages, disadvantages, and results of the available techniques, and proposed a surgical treatment algorithm.

Conclusion

Penile shortening procedures are usually indicated in curvatures <60°, in penises with adequate length. Partial excision/incision and grafting are indicated for curvatures >60°, hourglass or hinge deformities, and short penises, if the patient's erectile function is adequate. The presence of “borderline” erectile function and/or ventral curvature tilts the choice toward shortening procedures, and refractory erectile dysfunction is an indication for penile prosthesis placement. An accurate risk/benefit assessment of the individual patient as well as meticulous patient counseling are critically important.

The contribution of the immune system to genitourinary fibrosis

Fibrotic diseases of the genitourinary tract are devastating and incompletely understood pathologies. These diseases include urethral and ureteral strictures, retroperitoneal fibrosis, and Peyronie's disease. They can contribute to obstructive uropathy and sexual dysfunction. Poor understanding of the pathophysiology of these diseases severely limits our ability to prevent and treat them. Genitourinary fibrotic diseases likely represent related pathologies that share common underlying mechanisms involving wound healing in response to injury. These diseases share the common feature of extracellular matrix abnormalities-such as collagen deposition, transforming growth factor-β accumulation, and dysregulation of collagen maturation-leading to abnormal tissue stiffness. Given the association of many of these diseases with autoimmunity, a systemic pro-inflammatory state likely contributes to their associated fibrogenesis. Herein, we explore the immunologic contribution to fibrogenesis in several fibrotic diseases of the genitourinary system. Better understanding how the immune system contributes to fibrosis in these diseases may improve prevention and therapeutic strategies and elucidate the functions of immunologic contributors to fibrosis in general.

Whole-Genome Sequencing Identifies Novel Heterozygous Mutation in ALMS1 in Three Men with Both Peyronie's and Dupuytren's Disease

Peyronie's Disease (PD) is estimated to occur in up to 13% of males and has been associated with Dupuytren's Disease (DD). We identified 3 men with PD/DD and hypothesized that there may be a genetic association between the 2 diseases. Blood samples were collected from the participants and sent for whole genome sequencing. A rare non-synonymous mutation in the ALMS1 gene was identified in 3 men. Interestingly, ALMS1 is associated with TGF-b, and aberrant fibrosis. This pilot study generates the hypothesis that mutations in ALMS1 may predispose patients to development of PD/DD.

Peyronie's disease - outcomes of collagenase clostridium histolyticum injection: A systematic review

Objective

To review recent literature pertaining to collagenase clostridium histolyticum (CCh)and other intralesional (IL) therapies for the treatment of Peyronie’s disease (PD). 

Methods

A systematic search of literature was performed using MEDLINE and PubMed.‘Peyronie’s Disease Clostridium Histolyticum’, ‘Peyronie’s Disease Intralesional’, ‘Peyronie’sDisease Causes’, and ‘Atypical Peyronie’s Disease’ were used as query entries. Inclusion criteriarequired English text from 1980 onwards and have a full text available. Records were reviewed for study power, accuracy, and relevance to our research topic. The review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses criteria.

Results

Recent literature supports the notion that CCh is the most effective IL treatment forpatients with typical and atypical PD. The capstone CCh study was the IMPRESS trial thatshowed a 34% reduction in curvature with a mean (SD) – 17.0 (14.8)° reduction with IL CCh,while men in the placebo saw an average 18.2% decrease in penile bend with a mean (SD) – 9.3 (13.6)° per person (P < 0.001). A shortened protocol for IL CCh treatment offered a 31.4%reduction in curvature, while decreasing cost and office visits, potentially increasing patientcompliance. Lastly, literature shows CCh is used most in atypical cases, with ~64.8% of patients being treated with CCh, probably because of the high efficacy and safetyprofile that it offers. Serious complications associated with CCh include urethralinjury, corporal rupture, and penile fracture.

Conclusion

Since the approval of CCh by the United States Food and Drug Administration in2013, it has been a staple in the treatment of PD, and here we report the continuedsuperiority of this therapy. CCh is an effective, minimally invasive option in most PDpopulations; however, recent changes have made CCh unavailable for commercial use outside the United States, impacting many patients who have previously benefited.

Molecular Mechanisms and Current Pharmacotherapy of Peyronie's Disease: A Review

Peyronie’s disease (PD) is a localized fibrotic lesion of the penis that has adverse effects on men’s health. In this review, we summarized the molecular mechanisms and pharmacotherapies of PD. A literature search was conducted using PubMed and Cochrane Library during 2001–2020. Although no oral or topical medication demonstrated efficacy in monotherapy of PD, several intralesional medications have yielded promising results. Currently, the effective strategy in management of PD should be combined modality therapy, including but not limited to pharmacotherapy, mechanical therapy, and psychotherapy. Meanwhile, basic research is still necessary to facilitate the development of novel and more reliable treatments. In future, more attention should be given simultaneously to epigenetic changes, inflammatory cytokines, the abnormal wound-healing process, and profibrotic and anti-fibrotic factors to provide more options for this refractory disease.